Studies were made on the distribution and survival of the mountain pine beetle over the lower stem of lodgepole pine. The relationship between density of attack and subsequent total length of egg galleries was examined as was the relationship between number of exit holes and number of emerging beetles. The influence on brood survival of tree diameter, density of egg galleries, moisture content of the outer sapwood, lethal temperatures, resinosis in the subcortical region, predators, and parasites is described. Survival is compared between broods established during different flights in the same year. The optimum weather conditions for brood survival are discussed.

The genus Cremifania Czerny combines characters of various taxa which Hennig (1958) placed in two superfamilies, the Sciomyzoidea and the Lauxanioidea. In some ways it can be considered a taxonomic link between the two groups. Important characters of the genus are compared with homologous characters in related families and its taxonomic relationships are discussed. At the same time, a family tree for the major families assigned to both superfamilies is suggested.

Cremifania does not fit well in any family as they are now defined, but, because it fits best in the Chamaemyiidae, that family is redefined to embrace the genus. The family is then divided into two subfamilies, the Cremifaniinae, new subfamily, for Cremifania, and the Chamaemyiinae comprised of two tribes, the Chamaemyiini and Leucopini, new tribe; a key to all the suprageneric categories is presented.

A new Cremifania, the second known species of the genus and the first Nearctic one, is described from New Mexico.

The aphids described in this paper are referable to the genera Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko and Macrosiphum (Sitobion). The Canadian representatives of these two groups can be distinguished by means of the keys offered below.

Stained serial sections of Gnathotrichus retusus (Lec.) and Gnathotrichus sulcatus (Lec.) males showed an enlargement of the forecoxal cavities to contain fungus cells. No similar enlargement or fungus material was found in these cavities of the females.

The gilvarius group of the genus Aspilates is revised. Thirteen species are recognized, of which A. kozhantchikovi, Siberia, A. forbesi, northern Canada, and A. elwesi, northwestern China, are described as new. Four of the species are purely Nearctic, eight purely Palaearctic, and one is Amphiberingian. Six additional subspecies are recognized, of which the following are described as new: A. aberratus assiniboiarius, prairies of Canada; A. orciferarius baffinensis, Baffin Island; A. o. churchillensis, Churchill, Man.; and A. o. occidentalis, Yukon and Alaska. A. sibiricus Djakonov is sunk as a doubtfully valid subspecies of A. taylorae Curtis and the latter is distinguished specifically from A. orciferarius.

The two aphids described here are the first that have been found on Juniperus horizontalis Moench.

In June, 1962, a type of bug injury was found by the junior author to be prevalent in a well cared for apple orchard of 800 trees at Debec, Carleton County, N.B. Adults of the bug causing the injury were collected in early July and determined by Dr. L. A. Kelton, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, as Lygidea mendax Reut., commonly known as the apple redbug. This is the first record of this species in New Brunswick.

Aspidaphis Gillette is a small genus of poorly known aphids that are readily recognizable by the flangeless cornicles and the presence of a tubercle on the eighth abdominal tergum. In addition to the present species rhree other species have been described, two of which occur in North America.

I have been assigned a subject that gives considerable latitude for interpretation. I propose to survey the broad outlines of biogeography from several different aspects. First I will discuss the scope of biogeography, in its two dimensions–almost necessarily seen as perspectives–looking outward into the world and looking backward into time. This will lead into a review of some of the principles and processes that underlie biogeographic phenomena. The two dimensions must again be considered, and we will mention both the reasons for present distributions and the not always identical reasons for distributions in the past. Then we will broaden the horizon to consider the relationship between biogeography and certain other branches of science. Finally I will try to look a little way forward and to hint at the biogeography of the future and what biogeography may be expected to tell us about the future. This is a large program for a short essay, and the treatment of individual topics must necessarily be brief and simplified.

Dioryctria reniculella may be occasionally found in abundance feeding on cones and foliage of spruce in Quebec. In this paper, the life history, habits, and description of immature stages as yet unreported in the literature are presented, along with short notes on populations and natural control organisms.

During 1960, 534 organisms were collected from 32 nests. In order of decreasing numbers they were ants, bark lice, beetles, mites, sowbugs, springtails, spiders, snails, millipeds, harvestmen, hemipterous nymphs, biting midges, a slug, a damsel bug and a wasp. Observations on their distribution among the nests are included.

When onions were grown in cages under field conditions, the number of plants killed per egg deposited by hand showed no significant differences between any of the varieties studied, indicating that onion maggot (Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)) fed, developed, and survived as well on varieties Nebuka and Hishiko (Allium fistulosum L.) as on White Globe Southport (Allium cepa L.) and Beltsville Bunching (A. cepa × A. fistulosum), even though the last two varieties were more attractive for natural oviposition in the field. When larvae were fed in petri dishes with crushed tissues of onion plants, no significant differences were obtained between any of the varieties in the duration of larval stages, number of pupae, weight of pupae, or number of adults, whereas in glass vials, a better larval development, a higher number of heavier pupae, and a higher number of adults were obtained from the unattractive varieties. Therefore, it appears that the preference of the females to lay eggs in the field on varieties White Globe South-port and Beltsville Bunching is not associated with the nutritive value of the host-plants.