Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:23:26.103Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Synoptic List of the Parasites of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in North America North of Mexico1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Richard W. Bushing
Richard W. Bushing
Affiliation:
University of California, Division of Entomology and Acarology, Berkeley
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A resumé of the North American literature concerned with hymenopterous parasites of bark beetles is presented. Morphology, seasonal history, host-tree selection, hyperparasitism, importation and colonization and their influence upon control of the host are briefly discussed.

Parasites of a given host or hosts of a known parasite can easily be found in two different lists. Parasites are listed below in an alphabetical list of bark beetle species. Hosts, including some species other than bark beetles, are listed under a separate list of parasite families and genera. Host-parasite associations in each list are supported by a numerical reference to the literature cited.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 97 , Issue 5 , May 1965 , pp. 449 - 492
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1965

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

(1) Antnon, E. W. 1949. Field experiments for control of shot-hole borer. J. econ. Ent. 42: 854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2) Ashmead, W. H. 1888. Descriptions of new Braconidae in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 11: 611–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(3) Ashmead, W. H. 1893. Descriptions of new braconids bred by Prof. A. D. Hopkins. Canad. Ent. 25: 67–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(4) Ashmead, W. H. 1894a. Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 21: 318–344.Google Scholar
(5) Ashmead, W. H. 1894b. A synopsis of the Spalangiinae of North America. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 3: 27–37.Google Scholar
(6) Ashmead, W. H. 1896. Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 23: 179–234.Google Scholar
(7) Ashmead, W. H. 1899. Summary 139th meeting of the Society — Dec. 1, 1898. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 342–345.Google Scholar
(8) Baird, A. B. 1938. The Canadian Insect Pest Review. Supplement to No. 1. Publ. Dep. Agric. Can., Div. Ent. 16: 77–154.Google Scholar
(9) Barnes, T. C. 1929. An enquiry concerning the natural history of the white-pine weevil (Pisodes strobi). Trans. 4th int. Congr. Ent., Ithaca (1928) 2: 412–413.Google Scholar
(10) Barter, G. W. 1957. Studies of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, in New Brunswick. Canad. Ent. 89: 12–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(11) Beal, J. A., and Massey, C. L.. 1945. Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): with special reference to species occurring in North Carolina. Bull. Duke Univ. School For. 10, 178 pp.Google Scholar
(12) Bedard, W. D. 1933a. The number of larval instars and the approximate length of the larval stadia of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., with a method for their determination in relation to other bark beetles. J. econ. Ent. 26: 1128–1134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(13) Bedard, W. D. 1933b. The relation of parasites to mountain pine beetle control in western white pine. Unpubl. Rep. For. Ins. Field Sta., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 4 pp. In files of Pacif. Southw. For. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
(14) Bedard, W. D. 1937. Biology and control of the douglas-fir beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera — Scolytidae) with notes on associated species. Res. Stud. St. Coll. Wash. 5: 103–105.Google Scholar
(15) Bedard, W. D. 1938. An annotated list of the insect fauna of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata Rafinesque) in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Canad. Ent. 70: 188–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(16) Bedard, W. D. 1950. The Douglas-fir beetle. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 817, 10 pp.Google Scholar
(17) Blackman, M. W. 1915. II. Observations on the life history and habits of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine. Tech. Publ. N.Y. St. Coll. For. 16: 11–66.Google Scholar
(18) Blackman, M. W. 1919. Notes on forest insects. I. On two bark-beetles attacking the trunks of white pine trees. Psyche, Camb., Mass. 26: 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(19) Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H.. 1918. I. Notes on insects bred from the bark and wood of American larch — Larix laricina (Du Roc.) Koch. Tech. Publ. N.Y. St. Coll. For. 18: 9–115.Google Scholar
(20) Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H.. 1924. I. On the succession of insects living in the bark and wood of dying, dead and decaying hickory. Tech. Publ. N.Y. St. Coll. For. 24: 3–269.Google Scholar
(21) Bourne, A. I. et al. , 1937. Department of Entomology (Annu. Rep. 1936). Bull. Mass. agric. Exp. Sta. 339: 46–61.Google Scholar
(22) Boutin, A. 1926. Quelques insectes ravageurs de nos bois. I. Le scolyte de l'epinette (Dendroctonus piceaperda). Nat. canad. 53: 7–14.Google Scholar
(23) Bright, D. E. Jr., 1963. Bark beetles of the genus Dryocoetes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 56: 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(24) Britton, W. E. 1920. Nineteenth report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut for the year 1919. Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. 218: 144–155.Google Scholar
(25) Brooks, F. E. 1916. Orchard bark-beetles and pinhole borers, and how to control them. Fmrs' Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 763, 15 pp.Google Scholar
(26) Brooks, F. E. 1919. The flathead apple-tree borer. Fmrs' Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1065, 12 pp.Google Scholar
(27) Browne, F. G. 1963. Taxonomic notes on Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Ent. Ber., Amst. 23: 53–59.Google Scholar
(28) Brues, C. T. 1910. Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic Hymenoptera.—IX. Bull. Wis. nat. Hist. Soc. 8: 67–85.Google Scholar
(29) Bugbee, R. E. 1956. Synonymy, new combinations and nomina nuda in the genus Eurytoma Illiger (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 49: 503–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(30) Burke, H. E. 1920. The Pacific oak twig-girdler. J. econ. Ent. 13: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(31) Burke, H. E. 1929. The Pacific flathead borer. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 83, 36 pp.Google Scholar
(32) Burks, B. D. 1943. The North American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus — a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 93: 505–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(33) Burks, B. D. 1959. The North American species of Trigonura (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 52: 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(34) Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico. Ore. St. Coll. Coop. Ass., Corvallis.Google Scholar
(35) Chapman, J. W. 1911. The leopard moth and other insects injurious to shade trees in the vicinity of Boston. Part II. The elm bark-beetle (Eccoptogaster multistriata Marsh.). Harvard Univ., Contr. Ent. Bussey Inst. 2: 30–40.Google Scholar
(36) Chittenden, F. H. 1893. Observations on some hymenopterous parasites of Coleoptera. Insect Life 5: 247–251.Google Scholar
(37) Chittenden, F. H. 1898. On the parasites of adult Coleoptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 75–79.Google Scholar
(38) Chittenden, F. H. 1899. Some insects injurious to garden and orchard crops. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. 19(n.s.), 99 pp.Google Scholar
(39) Chittenden, F. H. 1900. The bronze apple-tree weevil. In Howard, L. O., Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Division of Entomology. IV. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. 22 (n.s.), 109 pp.Google Scholar
(40) Chittenden, F. H. 1909. The fruit-tree bark beetle (Scolytus rugulosus Ratzb.). Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. 29 (2nd ser.), 8 pp.Google Scholar
(41) Clemens, W. A. 1916. The pine bark beetle. Bull. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Sta. 383: 287–298.Google Scholar
(42) Cook, A. J., and Davis, G. C.. 1891. Keresene emulsion, some new insects. Bull. Mich. agric. Exp. Sta. 73, 16 pp.Google Scholar
(43) Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. Misc. Publ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 657, 679 pp.Google Scholar
(44) Crawford, J. C. 1911. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. I. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 39: 617–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(45) Crawford, J. C. 1912. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. No. 5. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 43: 163–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(46) Crawford, J. C. 1913. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. No. 7. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 45: 309–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(47) Cresson, E. T. 1873. Riley's Fifth Annual Report. In 8th Annu. Rep. Mo. Bd. Agric. (1872) Suppl., 67 pp.Google Scholar
(48) Crosby, C. R. 1908. Some notes on Metapelma spectabilis Westw. Canad. Ent. 40: 458–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(49) Cushman, R. A. 1919. Descriptions of new North American Ichneumon-flies. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 55: 517–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(50) Cushman, R. A. 1927. The parasites of the pine tip moth, Rhyacionia fustrana (Comstock). J. agric. Res. 34: 615–622.Google Scholar
(51) Cushman, R. A. 1931. Three new Braconidae parasitic on bark beetles. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 301–304.Google Scholar
(52) Dalla Torre, C. G. 1898a. Catalogus Hymenopterorum. Vol. IV. Braconidae. Lipsiae.Google Scholar
(53) Dalla Torre, C. G. 1898b. Catalogus Hymenopterorum. Vol. V. Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae. Lipsiae.Google Scholar
(54) DeLeon, D. 1930. The parasites, predators and associated insects of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.) in lodgepole pine. Unpubl. Rep. For. Ins. Field Sta., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 22 pp. In files of Pacif. Southw. For. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
(55) DeLeon, D. 1931. The important parasites, predators, and associated insects of the mountain pine beetle in western white pine. Unpubl. Rep. For. Ins. Field Sta., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. 13 pp. In files of Pacif. Southw. For. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
(56) DeLeon, D. 1934a. An annotated list of the parasites, predators, and other associated fauna of the mountain pine beetle in western white pine and lodgepole pine. Canad. Ent. 66: 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(57) DeLeon, D. 1934b. The morphology of Coeloides dendroctoni Cushman (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. N.Y. ent. Soc. 42: 297–317.Google Scholar
(58) DeLeon, D. 1935a. A study of Medetera aldrichii Wh. (Diptera-Dolichopodidae), a predator of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., Coleo.-Scolytidae). Ent. amer. 15(n.s.): 59–90.Google Scholar
(59) DeLeon, D. 1935b. The biology of Coeloides dendroctoni Cushman (Hymenoptera-Braconidae) an important parasite of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 28: 411–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(60) DeLeon, D. 1952. Insects associated with Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoia gigantea in California. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 23: 75–91.Google Scholar
(61) Eaton, C. B. 1942. Biology of the weevil Cylindrocopturus eatoni Buchanan, injurious to ponderosa and Jeffrey pine reproduction. J. econ. Ent. 35: 20–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(62) Essig, E. O. 1917. The olive insects of California. Bull. Calif. agric. Exp. Sta. 283: 43–64.Google Scholar
(63) Essig, E. O. 1926. Insects of western North America. MacMillan and Co., New York.Google Scholar
(64) Evenden, J. C. 1943. The mountain pine beetle, an important enemy of western pines. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 664, 25 pp.Google Scholar
(65) Felt, E. P. 1903. Insects affecting forest trees. Rep. For. Comm. N.Y. 7: 479–534.Google Scholar
(66) Felt, E. P. 1905. Insects affecting park and woodland trees. Mem. N.Y. St. Mus. 8(1), 459 pp.Google Scholar
(67) Felt, E. P. 1906. Insects affecting park and woodland trees. Mem. N.Y. St. Mus. 8(2): 333–887.Google Scholar
(68) Finnegan, R. J. 1958. The pine weevil Pissodes approximatus Hopk. in southern Ontario. Canad. Ent. 90: 348–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(69) Fiske, W. F. 1908. Notes on insect enemies of wood boring Coleoptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 9: 23–27.Google Scholar
(70) Fronk, W. D. 1947. The southern pine beetle — its life history. Tech. Bull. Va. agric. Exp. Sta. 108, 12 pp.Google Scholar
(71) Furniss, M. M. 1959. Quarterly progress report, July to September. Unpubl. Rep. Interm. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Div. For. Ins. Res. 2 pp. For. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric.Google Scholar
(72) Furniss, R. L. 1942. Biology of Cylindrocopturus furnissi Buchanan on Douglas-fir. J. econ. Ent. 35: 853–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(73) Gahan, A. B. 1927. Miscellaneous descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera with some synonymical notes. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 71: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(74) Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 40: 209–227.Google Scholar
(75) Gahan, A. B. 1946. Review of some chalcidoid genera related to Cerocephala Westwood. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 96: 349–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(76) Garman, P., Brigham, W. T. and De Caprio, A.. 1953. Control of peach insects. Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. 575, 64 pp.Google Scholar
(77) Girault, A. A. 1916a. Descriptions of and observations on some chalcidoid Hymenoptera. Canad. Ent. 48: 242–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(78) Girault, A. A. 1916b. New miscellaneous chalcidoid Hymenoptera with notes on described species. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 9: 291–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(79) Girault, A. A. 1916c. Notes on described chalcidoid Hymenoptera with new genera and species. Soc. ent. 31: 42–44.Google Scholar
(80) Girault, A. A. 1917. New chalcid flies, with notes. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 12: 86–89.Google Scholar
(81) Gobeil, A. R. 1936a. The biology of Ips perturbatus. Canad. J. Res. (D) 14: 181–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(82) Gobeil, A. R. 1936b. Notes sur la biologie d'Ips perturbatus Eichh. Nat. canad. 63: 97–103.Google Scholar
(83) Graham, K. 1963. Concepts of forest entomology. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York.Google Scholar
(84) Graham, S. A. 1918. An interesting habit of a wax moth parasite. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 11: 175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(85) Graham, S. A. 1926. Biology and control of the white-pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Bull. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Sta. 449, 32 pp.Google Scholar
(86) Harrington, W. H. 1891. Two new species of Canadian Pimplinae. Canad. Ent. 23: 132–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(87) Harrington, W. H. 1902. Notes on Pityophthorus coniperda Schwarz. Canad. Ent. 34: 72–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(88) Hedqvist, Karl-Johan. 1959. Notes on Chalcidoidea. IV. Genus Tomicobia Ashm. Opusc. ent. 24: 177–184.Google Scholar
(89) Hedqvist, Karl-Johan. 1960. Notes on Macromesus Walk. (Hym. Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) and description of a new species. Ent. Tidskr. 81: 140–143.Google Scholar
(90) Hess, W. N. 1920. The ribbed pine-borer. Mem. Cornell agric. Exp. Sta. 33: 367–381.Google Scholar
(91) Hetrick, L. A. 1940. Some factors in natural control of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. J. econ. Ent. 33: 554–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(92) Hoffman, C. H. 1938. Notes on Leperisinus aculeatus (Say) and its parasites (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. econ. Ent. 31: 118–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(93) Hoffman, C. H. 1940. Additions to annotated list of insects reared from elm bark and wood. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 35: 54–63.Google Scholar
(94) Hoffman, C. H. 1942. Annotated list of elm insects in the United States. Misc. Publ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 466, 20 pp.Google Scholar
(95) Hopkins, A. D. 1891. Report of the Entomologist. Forest and shade tree insects—II. 3rd Annu. Rep. W. Va. agric. Exp. Sta. (1890): 171–180.Google Scholar
(96) Hopkins, A. D. 1892. Some bred W. Virginia Braconidae. Insect Life 4: 256–259.Google Scholar
(97) Hopkins, A. D. 1893a. Catalog of West Virginia Scolytidae and their enemies with list of trees and shrubs attacked. Bull. W. Va. agric. Exp. Sta. 31: 119–168.Google Scholar
(98) Hopkins, A. D. 1893b. Catalogue of West Virginia forest and shade tree insects. Bull. W. Va. agric. Exp. Sta. 32: 171–251.Google Scholar
(99) Hopkins, A. D. 1899a. Report on investigations to determine the cause of unhealthy conditions of the spruce and pine from 1880-1893. Bull. W. Va. agric. Exp. Sta. 56, 461 pp.Google Scholar
(100) Hopkins, A. D. 1899b. Preliminary report on the insect enemies of forests in the northwest. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. 21 (n.s.), 27 pp.Google Scholar
(101) Hopkins, A. D. 1901. Insect enemies of the spruce in the northeast. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. 28 (n.s.), 81 pp.Google Scholar
(102) Hopkins, A. D. 1913. Summary 270th meeting of the Society — Oct. 2, 1913. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 15: 160.Google Scholar
(103) Hopping, G. R. 1963. Generic characters in the tribe Ipini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with a new species, a new combination, and new synonymy. Canad. Ent. 95: 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(104) Howard, L. O. 1888. A commencement of a study of the parasites of cosmopolitan insects. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 1: 118–136.Google Scholar
(105) Howden, H. F., and Vogt, G. B.. 1951. Insect communities of standing dead pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 44: 581–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(106) Johnson, N. E. 1960. Douglas-fir beetle: A problem analysis. For. Res. Note Weyer-haeuser Timb. Co. 29, 41 pp.Google Scholar
(107) Johnson, W. G. 1899. Summary 139th meeting of the Society – Dec. 1, 1898. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 342–345.Google Scholar
(108) Kaston, B. J. 1938. Check list of elm insects. Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. 408: 235–242.Google Scholar
(109) Kaston, B. J. 1939. The native elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff) in Connecticut. Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. 420, 39 pp.Google Scholar
(110) Kaston, B. J., and Becker, W. B.. 1936. Spathius canadensis Ashm., a parasite of Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichh.). J. econ. Ent. 29: 807.Google Scholar
(111) Kaston, B. J., and Becker, W. D.. 1937. Notes on hymenopterous parasites of elm1 insects, pp. 351–361. In Britton, W. E. 1937. Connecticut State Entomologist, Thirty-sixth Report (1936).Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. 396: 289–415.Google Scholar
(112) Keen, F. P. 1928. Insect enemies of California pines and their natural control. Bull. Calif. Dep. nat. Res. 7, 113 pp.Google Scholar
(113) Keen, F. P. 1958. Cone and seed insects of western forest trees. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1169, 168 pp.Google Scholar
(114) Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, synoptic catalog. Agric. Monogr. U.S. Dep. Agric., 1st Suppl. 2, 305 pp.Google Scholar
(115) Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mt. Vernon, New York.Google Scholar
(116) Leng, C. W., and Mutchler, A. J.. 1927. Supplement 1919 to 1924 (inclusive) to Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mt. Vernon, New York.Google Scholar
(117) Leonard, M. D. et al. , 1928. A list of the insects of New York. Hymenoptera, pp. 870–1033. Cornell Mem. 101, 1100 pp.Google Scholar
(118) Linsley, E. G. 1961. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part I. Introduction. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 18: 1–135.Google Scholar
(119) Lintner, J. A. 1888. Report of the State Entomologist, 1887. Annu. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. nat. Hist. 41: 123–358.Google Scholar
(120) Little, E. L. Jr., 1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). Agric. Handb. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv. 41, 472 pp.Google Scholar
(121) MacAloney, H. J. 1932. The white-pine weevil. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 221, 30 pp.Google Scholar
(122) MacFadyen, A. 1957. Animal ecology — aims and methods. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London.Google Scholar
(123) Massey, C. L., and Wygant, N. D.. 1954. Biology and control of the Engelmann spruce beetle in Colorado. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 944, 35 pp.Google Scholar
(124) McGugan, B. M., and Coppel, H. C.. 1962. Part II — Biological control of forest insects, 1910–1958, pp. 35–216. In A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Tech. Commun. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control 2, 216 pp. Commonw. Agric. Bureau, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England.Google Scholar
(125) Miller, J. M., and Keen, F. P.. 1960. Biology and control of the western pine beetle. Misc. Publ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 800, 381 pp.Google Scholar
(126) Morris, R. F. 1957. The interpretation of mortality data in studies on population dynamics. Canad. Ent. 89: 49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(127) Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1925. A revision of the parasitic wasps of the genus Microbracon occurring in America north of Mexico. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 67: 1–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(128) Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1935. Synonymical notes on Ecphylus Foerster with descriptions of new species (Hym.-Braconidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 37: 21–24.Google Scholar
(129) Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1936. The genera of parasitic wasps of the braconid subfamily Euphorinae with a review of the nearctic species. Misc. Publ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 241, 36 pp.Google Scholar
(130) Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1938. The genus Dendrosoter Wesmael in the United States (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 40: 281–287.Google Scholar
(131) Muesebeck, C. F. W., Krombein, K. V. and Townes, H. K.. 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. Agric. Monogr. U.S. Dep. Agric. 2, 1420 pp.Google Scholar
(132) Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1957. Four new species of Eubadizon Nees from western United States (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 52: 51–56.Google Scholar
(133) Newcomer, E. J. 1958. Some parasites and predators of fruit pests in the pacific northwest. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 34: 87–91.Google Scholar
(134) Packard, A. S. 1890. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees. 5th Rep. U.S. ent. Comm., 955 pp.Google Scholar
(135) Pechuman, L. L. 1937. An annotated list of insects found in the bark and wood of Ulmus americana L. in New York State. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 32: 8–21.Google Scholar
(136) Pechuman, L. L. 1938. A preliminary study of the biology of Scolytus sulcatus Lec. J. econ. Ent. 31: 537–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(137) Peck, O. 1963. A catalogue of the nearctic Chalcidoidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Canad. Ent. Suppl. 30, 1092 pp.Google Scholar
(138) Pierce, W. D. 1908. A list of parasites known to attack American Rhyncophora. J. econ. Ent. 1: 380–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(139) Pierce, W. D., and Cushman, R. A.. 1915. A few notes on the habits of parasitic Hymenoptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 17: 164–167.Google Scholar
(140) Plummer, C. C., and Pillsbury, A. E.. 1929. The white pine weevil in New Hampshire. Bull. N.H. agric. Exp. Sta. 247, 32 pp.Google Scholar
(141) Prebble, M. L., and Graham, K.. 1957. Studies of attack by ambrosia beetles in soft-wood logs on Vancouver Island, B.C. For. Sci. 3: 90–112.Google Scholar
(142) Proctor, W. 1946. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. VII. The insect fauna. Bull. Wistar Inst., 566 pp. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
(143) Reid, R. W. 1957. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. Part III. Notes on the biologies of several hymenopterous parasites. Canad. Ent. 89: 5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(144) Riley, C. V., and Howard, L. O.. 1890–1891. Some of the bred Hymenoptera in the National collection. Insect Life 2: 348–353; 3: 15–18; 57–61; 151–158; 460–464; 4: 122–126.Google Scholar
(145) Robert, A., Bro. 1947. Research on insects of elm. Bi-m. Progr. Rep. Can. Dep. Agric., For. Biol. Div. 3: 2.Google Scholar
(146) Rohwer, S. A. 1914. Synopsis of the North American species of the genus Capitonius Brullé. Canad. Ent. 46: 316–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(147) Rohwer, S. A. 1917. Drescriptions of thirty-one new species of Hymenoptera. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 53: 151–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(148) Rohwer, S. A. 1919. Descriptions of three parasites of Agrilus angelicus (Hym.). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 21: 4–8.Google Scholar
(149) Ruckes, H. 1956. A bethylid parasite of cone beetles. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 32: 184–185.Google Scholar
(150) Russo, G. 1938–1939. VI. Contributo alla conoscenza dei Coleotteri Scolitidi Fleotribi: Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) Fauv. II. Biografia, simbionti, danni e lotta. Boll. Lab. Ent. agric. Portici 2: 3–420.Google Scholar
(151) Ryan, R. B. 1961. A biological and developmental study of Coeloides brunneri Vier., a parasite of the Douglas fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 172 pp. (Also obtainable as No. 61–3939, University Microfilms, Inc. 313 No. First St., Ann Arbor. Michigan.)Google Scholar
(152) Ryan, R. B. 1962. Durations of the immature stadia of Coeloides brunneri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at various constant temperatures with descriptions of five larval instars. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 55: 403–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(153) Ryan, R. B., and Rudinsky, J. A.. 1962. Biology and habits of the Douglas-fir beetle parasite, Coeloides brunneri Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in western Oregon. Canad. Ent. 94: 748–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(154) Salman, K. A. 1933. Forest insects of the year 1932. Mon. Bull. Calif. Dep. Agric. 22: 131–137.Google Scholar
(155) Schaefer, C. H. 1962. Life history of Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its principal parasite Cephalonomia utahensis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 55: 569–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(156) Schedl, K. E. 1932. Parasites reared from forest insects in 1929. Canad. Ent. 64: 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(157) Smith, J. B. 1889. Notes and news. Ent. amer. 5: 216.Google Scholar
(158) Smith, J.B. 1890. Note. Ent. amer. 6: 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(159) Struble, G. R. 1931. The fir engraver and associated insects in white fir. Unpubl. Rep. Pacif. Southw. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. 36 pp. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Ins. Invest.Google Scholar
(160) Struble, G. R. 1937. The fir engraver beetle, a serious enemy of white fir and red fir. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 419, 15 pp.Google Scholar
(161) Struble, G. R. 1949. Biological and host factors in relation to Ips outbreaks in the southern Sierra sub-region. Progress report — season of 1947. Unpubl. Rep. Pacif. Southw. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. 19 pp. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Ins. Invest.Google Scholar
(162) Struble, G. R. 1957. The fir engraver, a serious enemy of western true firs. Prod. Res. Rep. U.S. Dep. Agric. 11, 18 pp.Google Scholar
(163) Struble, G. R. 1961. Monterey pine Ips. For. Pest Leafl. U.S. Dep. Agric. 56, 7 pp.Google Scholar
(164) Struble, G. R., and Hall, R. C.. 1955. The California five-spined engraver, its biology and control. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric. 964, 21 pp.Google Scholar
(165) Swaine, J. M. 1924. The control of the destructive spruce bark beetle in eastern Canada. Pamphl. Dep. Agric. Can., Ent. Br. 48(n.s.), 28 pp.Google Scholar
(166) Sweetman, H. L. 1958. The principles of biological control. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.Google Scholar
(167) Taylor, R. L. 1929a. The biology of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and a study of its parasites from an economic viewpoint. Ent. amer. 9(n.s.): 167–246.Google Scholar
(168) Taylor, R. L. 1929b. The biology of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and a study of its insect parasites from an economic viewpoint. Ent. amer. 10(n.s.): 1–86.Google Scholar
(169) Thatcher, R. C. 1960. Bark beetles affecting southern pines: a review of current knowledge. Occ. Pap. Sth. For. Exp. Sta. 108, 25 pp.Google Scholar
(170) Thomas, J. B. 1955. Notes on insects and other arthropods in red and white pine logging slash. Canad. Ent. 87: 338–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(171) Thompson, W. R. 1943. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section I. Parasite host catalogue. Part I. Parasites of Arachnida and Coleoptera. Imp. Inst. Ent., Parasit. Serv., Belleville, Ont., Can.Google Scholar
(172) Townes, H. K., and Townes, M.. 1959. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico. 1. Subfamily Metopiinae. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 216, 318 pp.Google Scholar
(173) Townes, H. K., and Townes, M.. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico. 2. Subfamilies Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 216, 676 pp.Google Scholar
(174) Townes, H. K., and Townes, M.. 1962. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico. 3. Subfamily Gelinae, Tribe Mesostenini. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 216, 602 pp.Google Scholar
(175) Treherne, R. C. 1916. A preliminary list of parasitic insects known to occur in Canada. 46th Annu. Rep. ent. Soc. Ont. (1915): 178–193.Google Scholar
(176) Viereck, H. L. 1910. Hymenoptera, pp. 579–700. In Smith, J. B., The insects of New Jersey. Annu. Rep. N.J. Sta. Mus. (1909), 888 pp.Google Scholar
(177) Viereck, H. L. 1911. Descriptions of one new genus and three new species of Ichneumon flies. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 41: 293–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(178) Viereck, H. L. et al. , 1916. Hymenoptera of Connecticut. Bull. Conn. geol. and nat. Hist. Surv. 22, 825 pp.Google Scholar
(179) Walkley, L. M. 1952. An unusual Aulacine from New Mexico. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 54: 185–186.Google Scholar
(180) Washburn, F. L. 1918. The Hymenoptera of Minnesota. Annu. Rep. Sta. Ent. Minn. 17: 145–237.Google Scholar
(181) Watson, E. B. 1928. The bionomics of the spruce bark-beetle (Dendroctonus piceaperda, Hopk.). Sci. Agric. 8: 613–631.Google Scholar
(182) Webster, F. M. 1899. On the sudden appearance and disappearance of some species of insects. Ent. News 10: 70–71.Google Scholar
(183) Wood, S. L. 1957. Distributional notes on and synonymies of some North American Scolytidae (Coleoprera). Canad. Ent. 89: 396–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar