Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:29:48.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

I.L. Wise*
Affiliation:
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
R.J. Lamb
Affiliation:
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
M.A.H. Smith
Affiliation:
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
*
2Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).

Abstract

Modern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.

Résumé

Les blés, Triticum aestivum L., à grains nus modernes sont plus vulnérables à la cécidomyie du blé, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) que les espèces sauvages ancestrales à glumes. Les cultivars d’orge, Hordeum vulgare L., à grains nus deviennent de plus en plus communs dans l’ouest canadien. La vulnérabilité à la cécidomyie du blé a été évaluée chez des cultivars d’orge à glumes et d’orge à grains nus, à deux rangs et à six rangs, afin de déterminer si cet insecte peut devenir un ravageur important de l’orge et pour établir quelles caractéristiques de la plante peuvent en affecter la vulnérabilité. En nature, les populations de larves sur 10 cultivars d’orge se sont avérées beaucoup plus faibles que sur les plants de blé. En laboratoire, lorsque la gaine de la feuille terminale était repoussée vers l’arrière pour exposer les épis avant la floraison, les femelles de l’insecte pondaient abondamment sur les épillets, quoique moins sur les jeunes épis. Peu de larves ont réussi à se développer sur les épis qui avaient déjà fleuri. Tous les cultivars sont parvenus à la fin de la floraison ou presque avant que les épis ne sortent de la gaine de la feuille terminale et les cultivars à deux rangs ont fleuri plus tôt que les cultivars à six rangs. La densité des larves était semblable dans l’orge à grains nus et dans l’orge à glumes, ce qui signifie que des facteurs autres que la présence des glumes peuvent expliquer la vulnérabilité réduite de l’orge. Comme l’orge fleurit à l’intérieur de la gaine de la feuille terminale, sa période de vulnérabilité aux infestations est beaucoup plus courte que celle du blé, comme on peut le constater par les infestations moins importantes sur les cultivars à deux rangs à floraison hâtive que sur les cultivars à six rangs à floraison plus tardive. De plus, la fermeture serrée des glumes foliacés qui forment les fleurons de l’orge rend l’accès des jeunes graines aux larves néonates plus difficile que dans le cas du blé. À des stades comparables de la croissance des cultures, la densité des larves sur tous les cultivars d’orge correspondait à < 10% de celle enregistrée sur le blé de printemps. L’introduction d’orge à grains nus dans la production canadienne ne risque pas d’augmenter les dommages à l’orge par la cécidomyie du blé jusqu’à un niveau qui ait des répercussions économiques.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Contribution No. 1804 of the Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

References

Barnes, H.E. 1956. Gall midges of economic importance. pp 5781in Volume VII: Gall midges of cereal crops. London: Crosby Lockwood and Son LtdGoogle Scholar
Briggs, D.E. 1978. Barley. London: Chapman and HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, H., Lamb, R.J. 1999. Oviposition and larval establishment of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on wheat (Gramineae) at different growth stages. The Canadian Entomologist 131: 475–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, R.H., Mann, L.W. 1996. Susceptibility of red spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa, during heading and anthesis to damage by wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist 128: 367–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagné, R.J., Doane, J.F. 1999. The larval instars of the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 5763Google Scholar
Kurppa, S. 1989. Susceptibility and reaction of wheat and barley varieties grown in Finland to damage by the orange wheat blossom midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 28: 371–83Google Scholar
Lamb, R.J., Wise, I.L., Olfert, O.O., Gavloski, J., Barker, P.S. 1999. Distribution and seasonal abundance of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat. The Canadian Entomologist 131: 387–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R.J., McKenzie, R.I.H., Wise, I.L., Barker, P.S., Smith, M.A.H. 2000 a. Resistance to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat (Gramineae). The Canadian Entomologist 132: 591605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, R.J., Tucker, J.R., Wise, I.L., Smith, M.A.H. 2000 b. Trophic interaction between Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and spring wheat: implications for yield and seed quality. The Canadian Entomologist 132: 607–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J.E., Kephar, K.D., Bauer, A., Connor, J.E. 1988. Growth staging of wheat, barley and wild oat: a strategic step to timing of field operations. Bozeman, Montana: American Cyanamid Co.Google Scholar
Olfert, O.O., Mukerji, M.K., Doane, J.F. 1985. Relationship between infestation levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat in Saskatchewan. The Canadian Entomologist 117: 593–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poehlman, J. 1985. Adaptation and distribution. pp 117in Rasmusson, D.C. (Ed), Barley, Agronomy, Monograph 26. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of AgronomyGoogle Scholar
Reeher, M.M. 1945. The wheat midge in the Pacific northwest. Circular 732. Washington, DC: United States Department of AgricultureGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT® user's guide, version 8. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute IncGoogle Scholar
Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food. 2000. Varieties of grain crops 2000. Saskatchewan Seed Guide, The Western Producer. Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Agriculture and FoodGoogle Scholar
Smith, M.A.H., Lamb, R.J. 2001. Factors influencing oviposition by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on wheat spikes (Gramineae). The Canadian Entomologist 133: 533–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwood TRE. 1978. Ecological methods. 2nd edition. London: Chapman and Hall. pp 1011Google Scholar
Tedin, H. 1919. Skada af hvetmygglarver pa tvaradskorn 1919. Sveriges Utsadesforenings Tidskrift 29: 227–30Google Scholar
Tottman, D.R., Makepeace, R.J. 1979. An explanation of the decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations. Annals of Applied Biology 93: 221–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wise, I.L., Lamb, R.J., Smith, M.A.H. 2001. Domestication of wheats (Gramineae) and their susceptibility to herbivory by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist 133: 255–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A.T., Doane, J. 1987. Wheat midge infestation of spring cereals in northeastern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67: 117–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, S. 1965. Wheat midge. [In Chinese.] Beijing, China: Agricultural PressGoogle Scholar