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SPATIAL–TEMPORAL VARIABILITY AND THE STUDY OF AQUATIC INSECTS1, 2

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Vincent H. Resh  and
David M. Rosenberg
Vincent H. Resh
Affiliation:
Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA94720
David M. Rosenberg
Affiliation:
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6
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Abstract

Spatial and temporal variability are essential considerations in the study of aquatic insects. Traditionally, these two sources of variability are treated separately; however, they should be considered together because they occur concurrently in natural systems. To illustrate this interaction, we constructed two-way variability tables in which spatial (habitat, reach or zone, system, intersystem) and temporal (within a day, within a season, within a year, year to year) scales were ordered on separate axes, and examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability were entered at the intersects of the scales. We examined three aspects of aquatic insect life histories in lotic and lentic waters using such tables: emergence, feeding and growth, and movements and migrations. It proved easier to find examples for the stream tables than for the lake tables, perhaps because of greater spatial and temporal variability in lotic than lentic waters. Also, more papers have been published on stream than on lake insects over the last decade or so. Spatial and temporal scales at which lotic and lentic research is done were determined by examining the recent contents of five key aquatic journals (≈ 500 articles). Research on aquatic insects appears generally to be done at relatively long temporal scales, but at smaller spatial and shorter temporal scales in lotic than lentic systems. Perusal of the literature to find examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability revealed the prevalence of a “mean-values” appproach to data analysis, in which investigators “homogenize” data to reduce spatial and temporal variability. However, it is this spatial and temporal variability that often provides an explanation of factors causing the patterns observed. A “variance” approach, in which data are disaggregated and fluctuations or extremes are considered, may be far more informative and may elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Résumé

La variabilité spatiale et temporelle sont des aspects essentiels de l’étude des insectes aquatiques. Habituellement ils sont traités séparément bien qu’ils coincident dans les habitats naturels. Afin d’illustrer leur interaction, on a construit des tableaux de variabilité à deux dimensions dont les échelles spatiale (habitat, zone, système ou inter-système) et temporelle (journalière, saisonnière, annuelle et inter-annuelle) sont représentées sur des axes différents, et des cas de variabilité spatiale et temporelle coïncidente y ont été placés à l’intersection des échelles. On a ensuite étudié trois aspects des cycles vitaux d’insectes des milieux lentique et lotique à l’aide de ces tableaux : l’émergence, l’alimentation et la croissance, et les déplacements et migrations. Il s’est avéré plus facile de trouver des exemples pour les cours d’eau que les lacs, possiblement à cause de la plus grande variabilité spatiale et temporelle des eaux lotiques que lentiques. Par ailleurs, il s’est possiblement publié plus d’articles concernant des insectes de cours d’eau que de lacs, au cours de la dernière décennie. Les échelles spatiales et temporelles qui sont utilisées en recherche lotique et lentique ont été caractérisées par l’étude du contenu de cinq revues clés de la discipline, soit environ 500 articles. La recherche sur les insectes aquatiques couvre une échelle temporelle relativement longue, mais des échelles spatiale et temporelle plus restreintes dans les eaux lotiques que lentiques. Le ratissage de la litérature afin de trouver des exemples de variabilité temporelle et spatiale coincidente révèle que l’usage de valeurs moyennes prévaut dans l’analyse des données, la tendance étant d’homogénéiser les données afin de réduire la variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Or, c’est justement la variabilité spatiale et temporelle qui pourrait expliquer les facteurs générant les patrons observés. Une démarche reposant sur l’étude de la variance par le dégroupement des données et l’examen des fluctuations et des extrêmes, pourrait être de loin plus informative et permettre d’élucider les mécanismes fondamentaux.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 121 , Issue 11 , November 1989 , pp. 941 - 963
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1989

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