Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:48:58.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Joseph D. Shorthouse  and
Robert G. Lalonde
Joseph D. Shorthouse
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
Robert G. Lalonde
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Stems of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), with galls of Urophora cardui (L.) at various stages of development, were brushed with a concentrated solution of dimefhoate to kill the gall-inducing larvae. Tissues of untreated and treated galls were compared to study the influence of larvae on each phase of gall growth and development. Galls treated in the initiation phase stopped growing. Galls treated in the growth phase grew slightly, primary nutritive tissue was replaced by a thick layer of proliferating callus, and lignified tissue appeared in its normal location. Galls treated in the maturation phase retained the arrangement of their secondary nutritive tissue but it degraded and callus did not develop in the larval chambers. We concluded that active larvae were necessary for normal gall growth and for the retention of primary nutritive cells, but larvae were not necessary for the formation of lignified tissues or for the retention of secondary nutritive cells.

Résumé

Des tiges du chardon des champs [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] portant des galles d’Urophora cardui (L.) à divers stades du développement ont été badigeonnées d’une solution concentrée de diméthoate afin d’éliminer les larves inductrices de galles. Les tissus de galles traitées et non traitées ont été comparés afin d’étudier l’influence des larves à chacune des phases de croissance et de développement de la galle. Les galles traitées au stade d’initiation ont cessé de se former. La croissance de galles traitées en phase de croissance a été faible; le tissu nutritif primaire a été remplacé par une épaisse couche de callus en prolifération et le tissu ligneux est apparu en position normale. L’arrangement du tissu nutritif secondaire était maintenu dans les galles traitées en phase de maturation, mais il s’est dégradé et aucun callus n’est apparu dans les chambres larvaires. On a conclu que les larves sont nécessaires à la croissance normale de la galle et pour la rétention des cellules nutritives primaires, mais ne sont pas essentielles pour la formation des tissus ligneux et la rétention des cellules nutritives secondaires.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 120 , Issue 7 , July 1988 , pp. 639 - 646
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beck, E.G. 1954. The nature of the stimulus in the “Solidago” gall induced by the larva of Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis. pp. 235–251in Abnormal and Pathological Plant Growth. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. No. 6.Google Scholar
Bennett, S.H. 1957. The behavior of systemic insecticides applied to plants. Annu. Rev. Ent. 2: 279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, R. 1952. Wound healing in higher plants. II. Bot. Rev. 18: 655–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronner, R. 1977. Contribution à l'étude histochimique des tissus nourriciers des zoocecidies. Marcellia 40: 1–134.Google Scholar
Harris, P. 1980. Effects of Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Centaurea diffusa Lam. and C. maculosa Lam. (Compositae). Z. ang. Ent. 90: 190–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartnett, D.C., and Abrahamson, W.G.. 1979. The effects of the stem gall insects on life history patterns in Solidago canadensis. Ecology 60: 910–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jankiewicz, L.S., Plich, H., and Antoszewsi, R.. 1969. Preliminary studies on the translocation of 14C-labelled assimilates and towards the gall evoked by Cynips (Diplolepis) quercus – foli L. on oak leaves. Marcellia 36: 163–172.Google Scholar
Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical Histochemistry. Freeman, San Francisco. 408 pp.Google Scholar
Koehler, C.S. 1964. Control of Asterolecanium scales and cynipid leaf galls on oak in northern California. J. econ. Ent. 57: 579–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küster, E. 1911. Die Gallen der Pflanzen Ein Lehrbuch der Botaniker und Entomologen. Hirzel, Leipzig. 439 pp.Google Scholar
Lalonde, R.G., and Shorthouse, J.D.. 1982. Exit strategy of Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its gall on Canada thistle. Can. Ent. 114: 873–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalonde, R.G., and Shorthouse, J.D.. 1984. Developmental morphology of the gall of Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the stems of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Can. J. Bot. 62: 1372–1384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalonde, R.G., and Shorthouse, J.D.. 1985. Growth and development of larvae and galls of Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae) on Cirsium arvense (Compositae). Oecologia 65: 161–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mani, M.S. 1964. Ecology of Plant Galls. Junk, The Hague. 434 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J., and Maresquelle, H.J.. 1983. Anatomie des Galles. Borntraeger, Berlin. 662 pp.Google Scholar
Peschken, D.P., and Harris, P.. 1975. Host specificity and biology of Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) a biocontrol agent for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Canada. Can. Ent. 107: 1101–1110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohfritsch, O. 1971. Développement cécidien et rôle du parasite dans quelques galles d'arthropodes. Marcellia 37: 233–239.Google Scholar
Rohfritsch, O., and Shorthouse, J.D.. 1982. Insect galls. pp. 131–152in Kahl, G., and Schell, J.S. (Eds.), Molecular Biology of Plant Tumors. Academic Press, New York. 617 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shorthouse, J.D. 1975. The roles of insect inhabitants in six Diplolepis (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) rose leaf galls of Western Canada. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. 293 pp.Google Scholar
Shorthouse, J.D. 1986. Significance of nutritive cells in insect galls. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 88: 368–375.Google Scholar
Shorthouse, J.D., and Lalonde, R.G.. 1986. Formation of flowerhead galls by the Canada thistle gall-fly Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae), under cage conditions. Can. Ent. 118: 1199–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, H.E. 1962. Control of the hackberry nipple gall maker with new organic insecticides. J. econ. Ent. 55: 555–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwölfer, H., Englert, H.W., and Pattullo, W.. 1970. Investigations on the biology, population ecology and distribution of Urophora cardui (L.). Weed Proj. for Canada, Prog. Rep. 27. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control, Delemont. 17 pp.Google Scholar