Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T06:07:04.513Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Review and identification keys to the ichneumonid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Andrew M.R. Bennett
Andrew M.R. Bennett
Affiliation:
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0C6 (e-mail: [email protected])
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Wasps of the family Ichneumonidae recorded as parasitoids of Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America are summarized. A total of 113 species in 45 genera and 11 subfamilies have been reliably reared from 10 species of Nearctic Choristoneura. Twenty-one more species are listed as possible parasitoids of Nearctic Choristoneura, based on rearings from Palearctic Choristoneura species and (or) limited introductions to North America. Well-illustrated identification keys are provided to the subfamilies, all genera, and species of 39 of the genera. The species of Choristoneura used as hosts by the 113 ichneumonid species are tabulated, as well as the wasps’ geographic ranges. The biological characteristics of the ichneumonid subfamilies parasitizing Choristoneura spp. are described and compared. Erroneous Choristoneura host records and synonyms for all ichneumonid taxa previously recorded from Nearctic Choristoneura spp. are given. Phaeogenes gaspesianus Provancher is moved to Dirophanes Förster, forming D. gaspesianus (Provancher) comb. nov. New host records are Phaeogenes cacoeciae Viereck and Scambus hispae (Harris) on C. rosaceana (Harris), D. gaspesianus and Pimpla disparis Viereck on C. fumiferana (Clemens) (P. disparis having been introduced to New Brunswick to control the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)), and Exochus turgidus Holmgren on C. occidentalis Freeman.

Résumé

On trouvera ici une rétrospective des guêpes de la famille Ichneumonidae signalées comme parasitoïdes de Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) en Amérique du Nord. En tout, 113 espèces appartenant à 45 genres et 11 sous-familles ont été élevées de façon fiable à partir des 10 espèces nord-américaines de Choristoneura. Vingt-et-un espèces additionnelles sont signalées comme parasitoïdes possibles des Choristoneura néarctiques, d’après des élevages faits sur des Choristoneura paléarctiques et (ou) des introductions de portée limitée en Amérique du Nord. Des clés bien illustrées ont été dressées pour l’identification des sous-familles, de l’ensemble des genres et des espèces de 39 de ces genres. Des tableaux présentent les espèces de Choristoneura utilisés comme hôtes par les 113 espèces, ainsi que les répartitions géographiques des guêpes. Une description de la biologie des sous-familles d’ichneumonidés parasitoïdes de Choristoneura permet des comparaisons entre les groupes. Une liste est donnée des signalisations d’hôtes et des synonymies erronées pour tous les taxons d’ichneumonidés mentionnés antérieurement comme parasitoïdes de Choristoneura néarctiques. Phaeogenes gaspesianus Provancher est transféré au genre Dirophanes Förster, devenant D. gaspesianus (Provancher) comb. nov. De nouvelles associations d’hôtes sont signalées: Phaeogenes cacoeciae Viereck et Scambus hispae (Harris) chez C. rosaceana (Harris), D. gaspesianus et Pimpla disparis Viereck chez C. fumiferana (Clemens) (P. disparis a été introduit au Nouveau-Brunswick pour contrôler la spongieuse, Lymantria dispar (L.)) et Exochus turgidus Holmgren chez C. occidentalis Freeman.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 140 , Issue 1 , February 2008 , pp. 1 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2008

References

Allen, D.C. 1968. The Phaeogenes sensu stricto of North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61: 625–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.C., Knight, F.B., Foltz, J.L., and Mattson, W.J. 1969. Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62: 1469–1475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, H.W. 1962. Parasites of the oriental fruit moth in the eastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1265.Google Scholar
Askew, R.R., and Shaw, M.R. 1986. Parasitoid communities: their size, structure and development. In Insect parasitoids. Edited by Waage, J. and Greathead, D.. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, United Kingdom. pp. 225–265.Google Scholar
Aubert, J.F. 1969. Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes, 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organisés, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Baird, A.B. 1925. The introduction and colonization in Ontario of two hymenopterous parasites of the European corn borer. Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 55: 54–56.Google Scholar
Bartlett, B.R., Clausen, C.P., DeBach, P., Goeden, R.D., Legner, E.F., McMurtry, J.A., and Oatman, E.R. 1978. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Agriculture Handbook No. 480, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia.Google Scholar
Biddinger, D.J., Felland, C.M., and Hull, L.A. 1994. Parasitism of tufted apple budmoth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in conventional insecticide and pheromone-treated Pennsylvania apple orchards. Environmental Entomology, 23: 1568–1579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J.R. 1960. Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the lower St. Lawrence and Gaspé regions of Quebec. The Canadian Entomologist, 92: 384–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J.R. 1965. Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks in Quebec. The Canadian Entomologist, 97: 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, G.A. 1974. Parasites of forest Lepidoptera in Canada, subfamily Metopiinae and Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Part 1. Publication No. 1336, Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Bradley, G.A. 1978. Parasites of forest Lepidoptera in Canada, subfamily Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Part 2. Forestry Technical Report 26, Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Brown, J.W. 2005. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). World catalogue of insects, 5: 1–741.Google Scholar
Bucher, G.E. 1953. Biotic factors of control of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hbn.) (n. comb.) in Europe. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science, 33: 448–469.Google Scholar
Čapek, M., Hladil, J., and Šedivý, J. 1982. Verzeichnis der ausverschiedenen Insekten erzogenen parasitischen Hymenopteren. Teil VI. Entomologicke Problemy, Bratislava, 17: 325–371. [Not seen, cited from Yu et al. 2005.]Google Scholar
Cappuccino, N., Lavertu, D., Bergeron, Y., and Régnière, J. 1998. Spruce budworm impact, abundance and parasitism rate in a patchy landscape. Oecologia (Heidelberg), 114: 236–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, R.W. 1979. Family Ichneumonidae. In Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Edited by Krombein, K.V., Hurd, P.D. Jr., Smith, D.R., and Burks, B.D.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia. pp. 315–740.Google Scholar
Carolin, V.M., and Coulter, W.K. 1959. The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52: 550–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, C.P. 1978. Tortricidae. In Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. Edited by Clausen, C.P.. Agriculture Handbook No. 480, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia. pp. 236–240.Google Scholar
Coop, L.B., Knight, A., and Fisher, G. 1989. Parasitism of orange Tortrix on caneberry, Rubus spp. in western Oregon and Washington. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 86: 63–65.Google Scholar
Coppel, H.C., and Arthur, A.P. 1954. Notes on introduced parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario. Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 84: 55–58.Google Scholar
Coronado-Rivera, J., González-Herrera, A., Gauld, I.D., and Hanson, P. 2004. The enigmatic biology of the ichneumonid subfamily Lycorininae. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 13: 223–227.Google Scholar
Cossentine, J., and Kuhlmann, U. 2002. Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, apple ermine moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 275–278.Google Scholar
Cossentine, J.E., Deglow, E.K., Jensen, L.B.M., and Bennett, A.M.R. 2004. A biological assessment of Apophua simplicipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a parasitoid of the oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). BioControl Science and Technology, 14: 691–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossentine, J.E., Deglow, E.K., Jensen, L.B.M., and Bennett, A.M.R. 2007. A biological assessment of Glypta variegata (Hymentoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a parasitoid of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). BioControl Science and Technology, 17: 325–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulson, J.R., Fuester, R.W., Schaefer, P.W., Ertle, L.R., Kelleher, J.S., and Rhoads, L.D. 1986. Exploration for and importation of natural enemies of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in North America: an update. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88: 461–475.Google Scholar
Crossman, S.S., and Webber, R.T. 1924. Recent European investigations of parasites of the gipsy moth Porthetria dispar L. and the brown-tail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. Journal of Economic Entomology, 17: 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, R.A. 1920. The North American ichneumon-flies of the tribes Lycorini, Polysphinctini, and Theroniini. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 58: 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, R.A. 1928. Family Ichneumonidae. In A list of the insects of New York. Edited by Leonard, M.D.. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, University Press, Ithaca, New York. 101: 920–960.Google Scholar
Cusson, M., Barron, J.R., Goulet, H., Régnière, J., and Doucet, D. 1998. Biology and status of Tranosema rostrale rostrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of the eastern spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91: 87–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1964. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 5, subfamily Diplazontinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 3: 1–304.Google Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1971. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 6, subfamily Mesochorinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 16: 1–376.Google Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1979. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 8, subfamily Cremastinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 29: 1–702.Google Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1984. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 9, subfamilies Theriinae and Anoma-loninae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 36: 1–610.Google Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1988. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 10, subfamily Banchinae, tribe Glyptini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 43: 1–644.Google Scholar
Dasch, C.E. 1992. The ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: Part 12, subfamilies Microleptinae, Helictinae, Cylloceriinae and Oxytorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 52: 1–470.Google Scholar
Dickason, E.A., and Poonyathawon, R.G. 1972. Parasites of the omnivorous leaftier in Oregon. Environmental Entomology, 1: 419–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diller, E.H. 1981. Bemerkungen zur Systematik der Phaeogenini mit einem vorläufigen Katalog der Gattungen (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Entomofauna, 2: 93–111.Google Scholar
Dixon, J.C., and Benjamin, D.M. 1963. Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56: 266–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doğanlar, M., and Beirne, B.P. 1978. Fruit tree leafrollers (Lepidoptera) and parasites (Hymenoptera) introduced in the Vancouver district, British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 75: 23–24.Google Scholar
Dowden, P.B., Buchanan, W.D., and Carolin, V.M. 1948. Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41: 457–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowden, P.B., Carolin, V.M., and Dirks, C.O. 1950. Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946–1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43: 774–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entomological Society of Canada Insect Common Names Committee. 2005. Common names list [online]. Available from http://www.esc-seq.org/common_names.html [accessed 28 June 2006].Google Scholar
Frankenhuyzen, K. van. 2002. Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, jack pine budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 75–78.Google Scholar
Franklin, H.J. 1948. Cranberry insects in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 445.Google Scholar
Franz, J. 1941. Der Tannentriebwickler Cacoecia murinana Hb.: Beiträge zur Bionomie und Ökologie. II. Teil. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 27: 585–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, T.N. 1967. On coniferophagous species of Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America. I. Some new forms of Choristoneura allied to C. fumiferana. The Canadian Entomologist, 99: 449–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauld, I.D. 1984. An introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History) Publication No. 895.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D. 1991. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 1. Introduction, keys to subfamilies, and keys to the species of the lower pimpliform subfamilies Rhyssinae, Poemeniinae, Acaenitinae and Cylloceriinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47: 1–589.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D., Wahl, D.B, Bradshaw, K., Hanson, P., and Ward, S. 1997. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 2. Introduction and keys to species of the smaller subfamilies, Anomaloninae, Ctenopelmatinae, Diplazontinae, Lycorininae, Phrudinae, Tryphoninae (excluding Netelia) and Xoridinae, with an appendix on the Rhyssinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 57: 1–485.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D., Ward, S., and Mallet, V. 2000. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Introduction and keys to species of the subfamilies Brachycyrtinae, Cremastinae, Labeninae and Oxytorinae, and with an appendix on the Anomaloninae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 63: 1–453.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D., Sithole, R., Gomez, J.U., and Godoy, C. 2002 a. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 66: 1–768.Google Scholar
Gauld, I.D., Wahl, D.B., and Broad, G.R. 2002 b. The suprageneric groups of the Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): a cladistic re-evaluation and evolutionary biological study. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136: 421–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerig, L. 1960. Zur Morphologie der Larvenstadien einiger parasitischer Hymenopteren des grauen Lärchenwicklers (Zeiraphera griseana Hübner). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 46: 121–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goulet, H., and Huber, J.T. 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Publication 1894/E, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Graham, A.R. 1958. Recoveries of introduced species of parasites of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Entomologist, 90: 595–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, V.K. 1984. A revision of the world species of Hercus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). International Journal of Entomology, 26: 222–234.Google Scholar
Hagley, E.A.C., and Barber, D.R. 1992. Foliage feeding Lepidoptera and their parasites recovered from unmanaged apple orchards in southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 122 (1991): 1–7.Google Scholar
Hamel, D.R. 1977. The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Montana. The Canadian Entomologist, 109: 1409–1415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1961 a. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part I. Introduction, key to Nearctic genera of Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae, and synopsis of the Protichneumonini north of Mexico. The Canadian Entomologist, 92(Suppl. 15) (1960): 1–88.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1961 b. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part II. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: genera Orgichneumon, Cratichneumon, Homotherus, Aculichneumon, Spilichneumon. The Canadian Entomologist, 92(Suppl. 18) (1960): 89–206.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1961 c. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part III. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: genera Ichneumon and Thyrateles. The Canadian Entomologist, 93(Suppl. 21): 207–368.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1961 d. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part IV. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: genera Chasmias, Neamblymorpha, Anisopygus, Limerodops, Eupalamus, Tricholabus, Pseudamblyteles, Eutanyacra, Ctenichneumon, Exemphanes, Ectopimorpha, Pseudoamblyteles. The Canadian Entomologist, 93(Suppl. 23): 369–506.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1962 a. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part V. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: genera Protopelmus, Patrocloides, Probolus, Stenichneumon, Aoplus, Limonethe, Hybophorellus, Rubicundiella, Melanichneumon, Stenobarichneumon, Platylabops, Hoplismenus, Hemihoplis, Trogomorpha. The Canadian Entomologist, 94(Suppl. 26): 507–672.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1962 b. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part VI. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini (genus Plagiotrypes), Acanthojoppini, Listrodromini and Platylabini. The Canadian Entomologist, 94(Suppl. 27): 675–802.Google Scholar
Heinrich, G.H. 1962 c. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the northeastern region (Hymenoptera). Part VII. Synopsis of the Trogini. Addenda and corrigenda. The Canadian Entomologist, 94(Suppl. 29): 803–886.Google Scholar
Horstmann, K. 1971. Untersuchungen über die Parasiten der an Eichen lebenden Tortriciden waehrend einer Massenvermehrung des gruenen Eichenwicklers (Tortrix viridana L.). Waldhygiene, 8: 226–242.Google Scholar
Huber, J.T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S., and McCarthy, P. 1996. The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyper-parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. The Canadian Entomologist, 128: 1167–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1945. Opinion 159. On the status of the names Ephialtes Schrank, 1802, Ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758, Pimpla Fabricius 1804–1805, and Ephialtes Gravenhorst, 1829 (class Insecta, order Hymenoptera). In Opinions and decisions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Vol. 2. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, London, United Kingdom. pp. 275–290.Google Scholar
Jaynes, H.A., and Drooz, A.T. 1952. The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45: 1057–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamijo, K. 1973. The parasite complex of Choristoneura diversana Hubner injurious to todo-fir, Abies sachalinensis Masters. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17: 77–83. [In Japanese with English summary.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasparyan, D.R. 1973. Fauna of the USSR Hymenoptera. Vol. III. No. 1. Ichneumonidae (subfamily Tryphoninae) Tribe Tryphonini. Nauka Publishers, Leningrad, USSR. [In Russian; translated from Russian, Amerind Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1981.]Google Scholar
LaSalle, J., and Gauld, I.D. 1993. Hymenoptera: their diversity, and their impact on the diversity of other organisms. In Hymenoptera and biodiversity. Edited by LaSalle, J. and Gauld, I.D.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 126.Google Scholar
Leonard, D.E., and Simmons, G.A. 1974. The effects of Zectran on the parasitoids of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 106: 545–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S.Y., Fitzpatrick, S.M., Troubridge, J.T., Sharkey, M.J., Barron, J.R., and O'Hara, J.E. 1999. Parasitoids reared from the oblique banded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infesting raspberries. The Canadian Entomologist, 131: 399–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S.Y., Fitzpatrick, S.M., Hueppelsheuser, T., Cossentine, J.E., and Vincent, C. 2002. Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 78–83.Google Scholar
Loan, C.C. 1981. North American species of Phytodietus and Neuchorus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Tryphoninae). Naturaliste Canadien, 108: 331–470.Google Scholar
Loan, C.C., and Doğanlar, M. 1980. Oedemopsis scabricula in British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Tryphoninae). Naturaliste Canadien, 107: 11–14.Google Scholar
McGregor, M.D. 1970. Biological observations on the life history and habits of Choristoneura lambertiana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on lodgepole pine in southeastern Idaho and western Montana. The Canadian Entomologist, 102: 1201–1208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGugan, B.M., and Blais, J.R. 1959. Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 91: 758–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, M.E. 1974. Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3: 186–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C.A., and Renault, T.R. 1976. Incidence of parasitoids attacking endemic spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations in New Brunswick. The Canadian Entomologist, 108: 1045–1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, N.J., and Kenis, M. 1991. A study of the parasitoid complex of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidea), and its relevance for biological control of related hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81: 429–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momoi, S. 1973. New ichneumonid parasites of microlepidopterous pests of conifers in Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Mushi, 47: 31–46.Google Scholar
Morley, C. 1903. Ichneumonologia Britannica (the ichneumons of Great Britain). Vol. 1. Ichneumoninae. James H. Keys, Plymouth, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Morris, K.R.S. 1937. The prepupal stage in Ichneumonidae, illustrated by the life-history of Exenterus abruptorius Thb. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 28: 525–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nealis, V.G. 1991. Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985–1987. The Canadian Entomologist, 123: 1065–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niwa, C.G., Stelzer, M.J., and Beckwith, R.C. 1987. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on parasites of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Econonomic Entomology, 80: 750–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hara, J.E. 2005. A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia. Zootaxa, 938: 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otvos, I.S., Conder, N., and FrankenhuyzenK, van K, van. 2002. Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In: Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 69–75.Google Scholar
Pisica, C., and Petcu, I.P. 1967. Gazdele Ichneumonidelor (Hym.) din R.S.Romania, obtinute prin culturi. Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iasi, Sect. IIa, 13: 345–349. [Not seen, cited from Yu et al. 2005.]Google Scholar
Poole, R.W., and Gentili, P. 1996. Nomina Insecta Nearctica. Vol. 2: Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Trichoptera. Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland.Google Scholar
Prentice, R.M. 1955. The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Walker) (n.comb) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 87: 461–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quicke, D.L.J., Fitton, M.G., Broad, G.R., Crocker, B., Laurenne, N.M., and Miah, I. 2005. The parasitic wasp genera Skiapus, Hellwigia, Nonnus, Chriodes, and Klutiana (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): recognition of the Nesomesochorinae stat. rev., and Nonninae stat. nov., and transfer of Skiapus and Hellwigia to the Ophinoninae. Journal of Natural History, 39: 2559–2578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, H.H. 1936. The ancestry and wing venation of the Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 29: 99–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanborne, M. 1984. A revision of the world species of Sinophorus Forster (Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 38: 1–403.Google Scholar
Schaefer, P.W., Fuester, R.W., Chianese, R.J., Rhoads, L.D., and Tichenor, R.B. 1989. Introduction and North American establishment of Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a polyphagous pupal parasite of Lepidoptera, including gypsy moth. Environmental Entomology, 18: 1117–1125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaupp, W.C. Jr., Volney, W.J.A., and Waters, W.E. 1991. Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidea) in southern Oregon. The Canadian Entomologist, 123: 1095–1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimitschek, E. 1943. Untersuchungen über Parasitenreihen. Mitteilungen der Hermann-Göring-Akademie der Deutschen Forstwissenschaft, 3: 272–305. [Not seen, cited from Yu et al. 2005.]Google Scholar
Schimitschek, E. 1964. Liste der 1934–1936 und 1940–1953 gezogenen Parasiten und ihrer Wirte. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 53: 320–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonitzer, K., Hower, E., Melzer, R.R., and Diller, E. 2006. Taxonomie und vergleichende Morphologie der Gattung Dirophanes Foerster, 1869 (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Phaeogenini). Mitteilungen der Minchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 95: 87–142. [In German with English summary.]Google Scholar
Schwenke, W. 1999. Revision of the European Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana, 26(Suppl.): 1–124. [In German with English summary.]Google Scholar
Shaw, M.R. 2004. Notes on the biology of Lycorina triangulifera Holmgren (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Lycorininae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 13: 302–308.Google Scholar
Shea, P.J., Johnson, D.R., and Nakamoto, R. 1984. Effects of five insecticides on two primary parasites of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Freeman) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Protection Ecology, 7: 259–268.Google Scholar
Shepherd, R.F., and Cunningham, J.C. 1984. Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Edited by Kelleher, J.S. and Hulme, M.A.. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, United Kingdom. pp. 277–279.Google Scholar
Smith, S.M., van Frankenhuyzen, K., Nealis, V.G., and Bourchier, R.S. 2002. Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 58–68.Google Scholar
Stevens, R.E., Borg, T.K., and Thatcher, T.O. 1977. Notes on a pine-feeding budworm, Choristoneura lambertiana ponderosana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the Colorado Rockies. The Canadian Entomologist, 109: 1269–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torgersen, T.R., and Beckwith, R.C. 1974. Parasitoids associated with the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in interior Alaska. The Canadian Entomologist, 106: 1247–1265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townes, H.K. 1944. A catalogue and reclassification of the Nearctic Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Part I. The subfamilies Ichneumoninae, Tryphoninae, Cryptinae, Phaeogeninae and Lissonotinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 11: 1–477.Google Scholar
Townes, H.K. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae. Part 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 11: 1–300.Google Scholar
Townes, H.K. 1970. The genera of Ichneumonidae. Part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 13: 1–307.Google Scholar
Townes, H.K. 1983. Revisions of twenty genera of Gelini (Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 35: 1–281.Google Scholar
Townes, H.K., and Townes, M. 1959. Ichneumon-flies of American north of Mexico: 1, subfamily Metopiinae. United States National Museum Bulletin, 216(1): 1–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townes, H.K., and Townes, M. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of American north of Mexico: 2, subfamily Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. United States National Museum Bulletin, 216(2): 1–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townes, H.K., and Townes, M. 1962. Ichneumon-flies of American north of Mexico: 3, subfamily Gelinae, tribe Mesostenini. United States National Museum Bulletin, 216(3): 1–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townes, H.K., and Townes, M. 1978. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 7, subfamily Banchinae, tribes Lissonotini and Banchini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 26: 1–614.Google Scholar
Townes, H.K., Gupta, V.K., and Townes, M. 1992. The ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico. Part 11. Tribes Oedemopsini, Tryphonini and Idiogrammatini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 50: 1–296.Google Scholar
Unruh, T., Short, R., Herard, F., Chen, K., Hopper, K., Pemberton, R., Lee, J., Ertle, L., Swan, K., Fuester, R., and Lagasa, E. 2003. Introduction and establishment of parasitoids for the biological control of the apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), in the Pacific Northwest. Biological Control, 28: 332–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varty, I.W. 1984. Review of biological control opportunities against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). In Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969–1980. Edited by Kelleher, J.S. and Hulme, M.A.. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, United Kingdom. pp. 273–276.Google Scholar
Waage, J., and Greathead, D. 1985. Insect parasitoids. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Wahl, D. 1993 a. Cladistics of the genera of Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Systematic Entomology, 18: 371–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahl, D.B. 1993 b. Superfamily Ichneumonoidea. In Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Edited by Goulet, H. and Huber, J.T.. Publication 1894/E, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 395–442.Google Scholar
Wahl, D.B., and Gauld, I.D. 1998. The cladistics and higher classification of the Pimpliformes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Systematic Entomology, 23: 265–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walley, G.S. 1940. A revision of the ichneumon-flies of the genus Campoplegidea occurring in America north of Mexico. Scientific Agriculture, 20: 647–734.Google Scholar
Walley, G.S. 1953. Hymenopterous parasites of Choristoneura pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 85: 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiackowski, S.K. 1957. Results of cultivation of forest insect parasites, 1. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 26: 311–320. [In Polish with English summary.]Google Scholar
Wilkes, A. 1946. The introduction of insect parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana Clem., into eastern Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 78: 82–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkes, A., and Anderson, M. 1947. Notes on the recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw., in eastern Canada. Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 77: 40–44.Google Scholar
Wilkes, A.H., Coppel, H.C., and Mathers, W.G. 1948. Notes on the insect parasites of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist, 80: 138–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, D., and Horstmann, K. 1997. Catalogue of world Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 58(1–2): 1–1558.Google Scholar
Yu, D., van Achterberg, K., and Horstmann, K. 2005. World Ichneumonoidea 2004. Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. [CD/DVD]. Taxapad®, Vancouver, British Columbia. [Available for sale at http://www.taxapad.com].Google Scholar
Zwolfer, H. 1956. Zur Kenntnis der parasiten das Tannentriebwicklers, Choristoneura (Cacoecia) murinana Hb. Teil I. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 39: 387–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwölfer, H. 1961. A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hüb.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Technical Bulletin, 1: 1–162.Google Scholar