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RESPONSES OF CONOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO BEHAVIORAL CHEMICALS IN FIELD TRIALS: A TRANSCONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Nancy Gillette Rappaport ,
John D. Stein ,
Adolfo Arturo del Rio Mora ,
Gary DeBarr ,
Peter de Groot  and
Sylvia Mori
Nancy Gillette Rappaport*
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, California, United States 94701
John D. Stein
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States 26505
Adolfo Arturo del Rio Mora
Affiliation:
University of Michoacán, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
Gary DeBarr
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, Georgia, United States 30602
Peter de Groot
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
Sylvia Mori
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, California, United States 94701
*
1 Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: [email protected]).
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Abstract

We tested six behavioral chemicals, pityol, conophthorin, 4-allylanisole, verbenone, 2-hexenol, and α-pinene, in a series of field trials directed at six combinations of Conophthorus Hopkins – Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) in sites distributed across North America. Beetle – host tree combinations included Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins on Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae on Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood on Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood on Pinus teocote Schl. & Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) on Pinus strobus L., and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins on Pinus resinosa Ait. trans-Verbenol was tested only on C. resinosae on P. resinosa. Traps baited with pityol caught more beetles than unbaited traps in nearly all of the assays, and conophthorin consistently inhibited male beetle response to pityol for all species tested. Behavioral responses of species of Conophthorus to α-pinene appeared to parallel host phylogeny, inasmuch as beetles using Haploxylon pines as hosts utilized α-pinene as a synergist for the beetle-produced pityol, whereas beetles using Diploxylon pines as hosts did not. α-Pinene was a synergist for pityol in C. ponderosae on P. monticola and C. coniperda on P. strobus, but not for species of Conophthorus on any other pines tested. Conophthorus ponderosae on P. ponderosa was the only beetle–host combination tested where verbenone was a synergist for pityol, but this effect was not consistent in all years of testing. It was also the only beetle–host combination in which 4-allylanisole was a repellent. For all other beetle–host combinations, verbenone was neutral to slightly repellent and 4-allylanisole was either synergistic or neutral in pityol-baited traps. Promising synergists and interruptants/repellents were identified for implementation in pest-management regimes, including conophthorin as an interruptant for all species of Conophthorus tested, 4-allylanisole as an interruptant for C. ponderosae on P. ponderosa, α-pinene as a synergist for pityol in all species tested on Haploxylon pines, and 4-allylanisole as a synergist for pityol in C. conicolens and C. coniperda.

Résumé

Nous avons testé six substances chimiques affectant le comportement, le pityol, la conophthorine, le 4-allylanisole, la verbénone, le 2-hexenol, et l’α-pinène, au cours d’une série de tests en nature sur six combinaisons de Conophthorus Hopkins – Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) en plusieurs endroits répartis dans toute l’Amérique du Nord. Les combinaisons coléoptère – arbre-hôte ont été les suivantes : Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins sur Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae sur Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood sur Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood sur Pinus teocote Schl. et Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) sur Pinus strobus L. et Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins sur Pinus resinosa Alt. Le trans-verbénol a été testé seulement sur C. resinosae sur P. resinosa. Les pièges garnis de pityol ont capturé plus d’insectes que les pièges non garnis dans presque tous les tests et la conophthorine inhibait systématiquement la réponse des mâles au pityol chez toutes les espèces testées. La réponse de toutes les espèces de Conophthorus à l’α-pinène semble fonction de la phylogénie de l’hôte puisque les scolytes qui utilisent les pins Haploxylon comme hôtes utilisent l’α-pinène comme synergiste du pityol, alors que les scolytes qui utilisent les pins Diploxylon comme hôtes n’utilisent pas l’α-pinène. L’α-pinène a été synergiste du pityol chez C. ponderosae sur P. monticola et chez C. coniperda sur P. strobus, mais pas chez les espèces de Conophthorus testées sur d’autres espèces de pins. La combinaison de C. ponderosae sur P. ponderosa a été la seule où la verbénone a servi de synergiste au pityol, mais cet effet a varié d’une année à l’autre. Il s’agit aussi de la seule combinaison pour laquelle le 4-allylanisole avait des propriétés repoussantes. Pour toutes les autres combinaisons, la verbénone était neutre ou légèrement repoussante, et le 4-allylanisole était synergiste ou neutre dans les pièges à pityol. Les meilleurs synergistes et interrupteurs/repousseurs ont été identifiés pour être intégrés dans des programmes d’aménagement : la conophthorine, qui inhibe toutes les espèces de Conophthorus, le 4-allylanisol qui inhibe C. ponderosae sur P. ponderosa, l’α-pinène qui sert de synergiste du pityol chez toutes les espèces testées sur des pins Haploxylon, et le 4-allylanisole le synergiste du pityol chez C. conicolens et C. coniperda.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 132 , Issue 6 , December 2000 , pp. 925 - 937
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2000

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