Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:42:24.774Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE HIGHER SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENETIC CONCEPTS IN ENTOMOLOGY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

G. G. E. Scudder
G. G. E. Scudder
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reviews recent work on the higher systematics of insects and summarizes the various phylogenetic concepts advocated. It is evident that there is considerable difference of opinion. This is likely to prevail since the fossil record is inadequate. It is suggested that a numerical analysis of the insects at the Order level might be profitable.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 105 , Issue 9 , September 1973 , pp. 1251 - 1263
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bei-Bienko, G. Yu. 1962. On the general classification of insects. Ent. Rev. (s/t trans.) 40: 3–10.Google Scholar
Berlese, A. 1909. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Redia 6: 1–182.Google Scholar
Blackith, R. E. and Reyment, R. A.. 1971. Multivariate morphometrics. Academic Press, London and New York.Google Scholar
Borradaile, L. A., Potts, F. A., Eastham, L. E. S., and Saunders, J. T.. 1963. The Invertebrata. A manual for the use of students. 4th ed. rev. by Kerkut, G. A.. University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Borror, D. J. and DeLong, D. M.. 1971. An introduction to the study of insects. 3rd ed. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1965. On the real nature of transantarctic relationships. Evolution 19: 496–505.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 11: 1–472.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1968. Application of phylogenetic principles in systematics and evolutionary theory, pp. 473–495. In Ørvig, T. (Ed.), Current problems in lower vertebrate phylogeny.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1972. Evolution, causal biology, and classification. Zoologica Scripta 1: 107–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, R. B. 1964. Dynamics in metazoan evolution. The origin of the coelom and segments. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Colless, D. H. 1967. The phylogenetic fallacy. Syst. Zool. 16: 289–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colless, D. H. 1969 a. The phylogenetic fallacy revisited. Syst. Zool. 18: 115–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colless, D. H. 1969 b. The interpretation of Hennig's phylogenetic systematics — a reply to Dr. Schlee. Syst. Zool. 18: 134–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowson, R. A. et al. 1967. Arthropoda: Chelicerata, Pycnogonida, Palaeoisopus, Myriapoda and Insecta. The fossil record. pp. 499–534. Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Dahl, E. 1969. The insects as arthropods. Opusc. ent. 34: 1–9.Google Scholar
Darlington, P. J. 1970. A practical criticism of Hennig-Brundin “Phylogenetic systematics” and Antarctic biogeography. Syst. Zool. 19: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, P. J. 1972. What is cladism? Syst. Zool. 21: 128–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Beer, G. R. 1951. Embryos and ancestors. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ewing, H. E. 1942. The origin and classification of the Apterygota. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 44: 75–98.Google Scholar
Gilyarov, M. S. 1969. The Thirteenth International Entomological Congress, Moscow, August, 1968. Ent. Rev. (s/t trans.) 48: 6–12.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1971. The insect wing. I. Origin and development of wings from notal lobes. J. Kans. ent. Soc. 44: 421–433.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1972 a. The insect wing. II. Vein homology and the archetypal insect wing. J. Kans. ent. Soc. 45: 54–58.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1972 b. The insect wing. III. Venation of the orders. J. Kans. ent. Soc. 45: 145–162.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1972 c. The insect wing. IV. Venational trends and the phylogeny of the winged orders. J. Kans. ent. Soc. 45: 295–308.Google Scholar
Handschin, E. 1958. Die systematische Stellung der Collembolen. Proc. X int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 499–508.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1950. Grundzuge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverl. Berlin.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1965. Phylogenetic systematics. A. Rev. Ent. 10: 97–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1969. Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten. W. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Hughes, N. F. and Smart, J.. 1967. Plant-insect relationships in Palaeozoic and later time. The fossil record. pp. 107–117. Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. 1970. Contemporary systematic philosophies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1: 19–54.Google Scholar
Huxley, J. S. 1957. The three types of evolutionary process. Nature, Lond. 180: 454.Google Scholar
Imms, A. D. 1957. A general textbook of entomology. 9th ed. rev. by Richards, O. W. and Davies, R. G.. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Z. S. 1967. The phylogenetic relationships of the Chilopoda to other groups of the Atelocerata. Ent. Rev. (s/t trans.) 46: 12–20.Google Scholar
Lange, A. B. 1971. Evolution and system of Chelicerata. Proc. XIII int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 162–163.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. 1940 a. De vingede Insekters polyfyletiske Oprindelse. Ent. Meddr 22: 46–47.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. 1940 b. The origin of winged insects. Vidensk. Meddr dansk. naturh. Foren. 104: 127–168.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. 1943. The wings of cockroaches and the phylogeny of insects. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 106: 287–318.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae.Google Scholar
MacKerras, I. M. 1967. Grades in the evolution and classification of insects. J. Austr. ent. Soc. 6: 3–11.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1949. Studies on Onychophora. VII. The early embryonic stages of Peripatopsis, and some general considerations concerning the morphology and phylogeny of the arthropods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (B) 233: 483–580.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1959. Functional morphology and the evolution of diagnostic characters of arthropodan groups. Proc. XV int. Congr. Zool. (1958), pp. 390–393.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1964. Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of arthropods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (B) 247: 1–183.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1966 a. The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. 9. Functional requirements and body design in Symphyla and Pauropoda and the relationship between Myriapoda and pterygote insects. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 46: 103–141.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1966 b. Two views of insects. Nature, Lond. 210: 1303–1304.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1967. The polychaete Spinther and the origin of the Arthropoda. J. Nat. Hist. 1: 1–22.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1970. Arthropoda: Introduction. In Florkin, M. and Scheer, B. T. (Eds.), Chemical zoology, Vol. 5, pp. 1–34. Academic Press, London and New York.Google Scholar
Manton, S. M. 1972. The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. 10. Locomotory habits, morphology and evolution of the hexapod classes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 51: 203–400.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1925. Ueber zwei Grundtypen der Flugel bei den Insekten und Ihre Evolution. Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere 4: 465–501.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1938. Etudes sur l'historie géologique et de phylogénie des Ordres des insectes (Pterygota) 1e partie. Palaeoptera et Neoptera-Polyneoptera. Trav. Inst. Palaeont. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 7(4): 1–150.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1963. Some evolutionary aspects of the insect thorax. A. Rev. Ent. 8: 59–76.Google Scholar
Matsuda, R. 1970. Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax. Mem. ent. Soc. Can., No. 76. 431 pp.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. 1969. Principles of systematic zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Michener, C. D. 1970. Diverse approaches to systematics. Evolutionary Biol. 4: 1–38.Google Scholar
Mickel, C. E. 1955. Some milestones in the history of insect classification. Can. Ent. 87: 57–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, P. J. and Lowe, D. A.. 1971. Ultrastructure of the respiratory and non-respiratory dorso-ventral muscles of the larva of a dragonfly. J. Insect Physiol. 17: 1947–1960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, E. C. 1971. Vertebrate paleozoology. Wiley-Interscience, New York.Google Scholar
Pipa, R. L. 1955 (unpub.). A comparative histological study of the indirect flight muscles of various insect orders. M.Sc. Diss., Univ. Connecticut.Google Scholar
Pratt, V. 1972. Numerical taxonomy — a critique. J. theor. Biol. 36: 581–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, C. A. 1960. Polyphyletic or monophyletic ancestry of mammals, or what is a class? Evolution 14: 314–322.Google Scholar
Riek, E. F. 1971. The origin of insects. Proc. XIII int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 292–293.Google Scholar
Rohdendorf, B. B. 1961. Description of the first winged insect from the Devonian beds of Timan. Ent. Rev. (A.I.B.S. trans.) 40: 260–262.Google Scholar
Rohdendorf, B. B., Bekker-Migdisova, Ye. E., Marynova, O. M., and Sharov, A. G.. 1961. Palaeozoic insects of the Kuznets Basin. Trans. Palaeont. Inst. U.R.S.S. 85: 1–705 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1955. The evolution of the insect orders. Ent. News 66: 197–208.Google Scholar
Schlee, D. 1969. Hennig's Principles of phylogenetic systematics, and “Intuitive, statisticophenetic taxonomy.” Syst. Zool. 18: 127–134.Google Scholar
Schwanwitsch, B. N. 1943. Subdivision of Insecta Pterygota into subordinate groups. Nature, Lond. 152: 727–728.Google Scholar
Schwanwitsch, B. N. 1958. Alary musculature as a basis of the system of pterygote insects. Proc. X int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, pp. 605–610.Google Scholar
Scudder, G. G. E. 1957. Reinterpretation of some basal structures in the insect ovipositor. Nature, Lond. 180: 340–341.Google Scholar
Scudder, G. G. E. 1961 a. The comparative morphology of the insect ovipositor. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 113: 25–40.Google Scholar
Scudder, G. G. E. 1961 b. The functional morphology and interpretation of the insect ovipositor. Can. Ent. 93: 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scudder, G. G. E. 1971. Comparative morphology of insect genitalia. A. Rev. Ent. 16: 379–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharov, A. G. 1959. On the systematics of primary Apterygota. Trans. Inst. Morph. Zhivotn. Akad. Nauk. U.R.S.S. 27: 175–186.Google Scholar
Sharov, A. G. 1966. Basic arthropodan stock with special reference to insects. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. 1959. Mesozoic mammals and the polyphyletic origin of mammals. Evolution 13: 405–414.Google Scholar
Smith, J. E., Carthy, J. D., Chapman, G., Clark, R. B., and Nichols, D.. 1971. The invertebrate panorama. Weindenfeld and Nicolson, London.Google Scholar
Sneath, P. H. A. 1971. Numerical taxonomy: criticisms and critiques. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 3: 147–157.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1938. Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora, and Arthropoda. Smithson. misc. Collns 97(6): 1–159.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R. and Sneath, P. H. A.. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco and London.Google Scholar
Stensiö, E. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of the Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea. In Ørvig, T. (Ed.), Current problems of lower vertebrate phylogeny. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Swammerdam, J. J. 1669. Historia Insectorum Generalis, ofte Algemeene Verhandeling van de Bloedeloose Dierkens. Utrecht.Google Scholar
Tiegs, O. W. and Manton, S. M.. 1958. The evolution of the Arthropoda. Biol. Rev. 33: 255–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1930. The evolution of the Class Insecta. Pap. & Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania 1930: 1–89.Google Scholar
Tuxen, S. L. 1971. All Apterygota are true insects with no symphylan connection. Proc. XIII int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 1, p. 311.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, D. F. et al. 1970. The Insecta of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. B. 1915. Some old classifications of insects. Can. Ent. 47: 369–376.Google Scholar
Wille, A. 1960. The phylogeny and relationships between the insect orders. Rev. Biol. Trop. 8: 93–123.Google Scholar