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Phylogenetic comparative methods reveal higher wing loading in ant-attended Tuberculatus aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2012

Izumi Yao
Izumi Yao*
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
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Abstract

Aphids of the genus Tuberculatus Mordvilko feed on Fagaceae trees and exhibit various interactions with ants, ranging from non-attendance to intermediate or close associations. Despite possession of fully developed wings, two ant-attended species, Tuberculatus quercicola (Matsumura) and Tuberculatus sp. A, exhibited extremely low dispersal. I examined the correlation between wing loading (ratio of body volume to wing area) and ant associations in 20 species of Tuberculatus. Based on a 1317 bp sequence in two mitochondrial regions, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by neighbor-joining (NJ), most parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian analyses. All phylogenetic trees showed that mutualistic interactions with ants have evolved in Tuberculatus at least five times. Comparative analyses based on the NJ, MP, and ML trees showed that increase in wing loading is correlated with ant associations, suggesting that ant-attended aphids have allocated more resources to their bodies than to their wings, resulting in lowered dispersal.

Résumé

Les pucerons du genre Tuberculatus Mordvilko se nourrissent d'arbres de Fagaceae et connaissent diverses interactions avec les fourmis, variant d'aucune interaction à des associations moyennes ou fortes. Malgré la possession d'ailes complètement développées, deux espèces entretenues par les fourmis, Tuberculatus quercicola (Matsumura) et Tuberculatus sp. A, ont une dispersion très restreinte. La corrélation a été déterminée entre la charge alaire (rapport du volume corporel sur la surface des ailes) et l'association avec les fourmis chez 20 espèces de Tuberculatus. Les arbres phylogénétiques basés sur une séquence de 1317 pb dans deux régions mitochondriales, la cytochrome oxydase I (COI) et la sous-unité 1 de la NADH déshydrogénase (ND1), ont été élaborés par les méthodes du plus proche voisin (NJ), de la parcimonie maximale (MP) et de la vraisemblance maximale (ML), ainsi que par analyse bayésienne. Tous les arbres phylogénétiques montrent que les interactions mutualistes avec les fourmis sont apparues au moins à cinq reprises chez Tuberculatus. Des analyses comparatives basées sur les arbres NJ, MP et ML indiquentop que l'accroissement de la charge alaire est corrélé aux associations avec les fourmis, ce qui laisse croire que les pucerons entretenus par les fourmis allouent plus de ressources à leur corps qu'à leurs ailes, ce qui entraîne une dispersion réduite.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 143 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , pp. 35 - 43
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2011

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