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OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), POPULATIONS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jacques Régnière  and
Pierre Duval
Jacques Régnière
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
Pierre Duval
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
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Abstract

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Overwintering mortality in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), was measured between 1983 and 1990 in several natural stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), in Quebec and Ontario. Overwintering losses (disappearance of larvae) averaged 25.2%, occurred mostly in late summer and early fall, and were probably caused by, in large part, failure to spin a hibernaculum, diapause-free development, and invertebrate predation. An average of 24.1% of larvae were found dead in the hibernaculum. This mortality also occurred early in diapause and during post-diapause development, and overwintering mortality did not vary much from year to year. We conclude that overwintering mortality does not result from adverse winter weather conditions or from gradual loss of hibernacula. Overall overwintering mortality from the loss of hibernating larvae plus death within the hibernaculum averaged 43.2% and was not related to infection with the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). We observed no influence of position in the tree crown on overwintering survival. There was a 40% decrease in overwintering survival among larvae from eggs laid very late in a female’s oviposition sequence. Survival within the hibernaculum on shoots of A. balsamea bearing different types of spinning substrates varied considerably, and was highly correlated with larval spinning preferences. Shoots bearing lichen mats, rough bark, male flower scars, or 1-year-old annular scales were most suitable, whereas shoots bearing annular scales older than 1 year or smooth bark were least suitable. The efficiency of the NaOH extraction technique to recover overwintering spruce budworm larvae was found to be highly variable, and to depend on population density, shoot type, and the proportion of live larvae on the branches.

Résumé

La survie hivernale de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), a été mesurée entre 1983 et 1990 dans plusieurs peuplements naturels de sapin baumier, Abies balsamea (L.), en Ontario et au Québec. Les pertes hivernales (disparition de larves) étaient de 25,2% en moyenne, se sont produites principalement en fin d’été et au début de l’automne et étaient probablement attribuables surtout à l’échec du tissage d’un hibernaculum, au développement sans diapause et à la prédation par les invertébrés. La mortalité dans l’hibernacle était de 24,1% en moyenne et s’est aussi produite surtout en début de diapause et pendant le développement post-diapausal. La survie hivernale n’a pas varié beaucoup d’une année ou d’un endroit à l’autre. Il est conclu que la survie hivernale ne résulte pas principalement de conditions climatiques hivernales défavorables ou de la perte graduelle d’hibernacles. La mortalité globale en hibernation (pertes de larves plus mort dans l’hibernacle) était de 43,2% en moyenne et n’a pas été affectée par l’infection avec la microsporidie Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). Aucun effet de la position des larves dans la couronne des arbres sur leur survie hivernale n’a été noté. Une baisse de 40% du taux de survie a été notée parmi les larves issues d’œufs pondus à la fin de la séquence de ponte des femelles. La survie dans l’hibernacle sur les pousses du sapin baumier a varié en fonction du substrat de tissage et une forte correlation a été notée entre les préférences de tissage des larves et leur taux de survie. Les tiges portant des lichens, de l’écorce rugueuse, des cicatrices de fleurs mâles ou des écailles annulaires de l’année étaient les plus favorables. Les tiges ne portant que des écailles annulaires de plus d’un an, ou ne comportant aucune aspérité, étaient les moins appropriées. L’efficacité d’extraction de larves de tordeuse en hibernation par la technique de la soude caustique a été très variable et est fortement influencée par le niveau de population, le type de tiges et la proportion de larves vivantes dans les échantillons.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 130 , Issue 1 , February 1998 , pp. 13 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1998

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