Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:31:54.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) OUTBREAK IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

J. A. Witter ,
W. J. Mattson  and
H. M. Kulman
J. A. Witter
Affiliation:
School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
W. J. Mattson
Affiliation:
U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Expt. Sta., St. Paul
H. M. Kulman
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar began in northern Minnesota in 1964 and ended abruptly in 1972. During 1968–71 when egg densities ranged from 1 to 9 million per acre, caterpillars caused virtually complete tree defoliation in all study plots. As a result, tree stem densities and basal areas were reduced per plot by 41 and 27%, respectively. Tree mortality was more severe on plots having higher water tables. Graphical and components of variance analyses both showed that: (1) variations in annual egg densities were due mostly to variations in survival during the egg to 30-day larval stage (SI) and secondly to variations in survival during the 30-day larval to adult stage (S2), (2) S2 tended to change in the opposite direction from S1, (3) the net result was a tendency to produce a constant amount of eggs per unit area. Variations in S1 were due primarily to pharate larval mortality and mortality of larvae 2–3 weeks after hatch while variations in S2 were due mainly to unmeasured mortality factors such as starvation, disease, dispersal, etc. Survival during the egg stage (SE) and fecundity (F) varied significantly by years, but not by plots and both were apparently related to weather conditions. Plots of two simultaneous equations were presented to demonstrate the nature of population change in relation to the densities of eggs and 30-day larvae per acre.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 107 , Issue 8 , August 1975 , pp. 837 - 854
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baltensweiler, W. 1971. The relevance of changes in the composition of larch bud moth populations for the dynamics of its numbers, pp. 208–219. In den Boer, P. J. and Gradwell, G. R. (Eds.), Adv. Study Inst. on the Dynamics of Popul. Centre for Agr. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Blais, J. R., Prentice, R. M., Sippell, W. L., and Wallace, D. R.. 1955. Effects of weather on the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Hbn., in central Canada in the spring of 1953. Can. Ent. 87: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, D. J. 1960. Forest insect and disease surveys in the Kenora Forest District. Can. Forest Serv., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. A. Rep. For. Biol. Ranger, pp. 363–371.Google Scholar
Buchan, P. E. 1961. Forest insect and disease surveys in the Kenora Forest District. Can. Forest Serv., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. A. Rep. For. Biol. Ranger, pp. 397–405.Google Scholar
Buchan, P. E., Jackson, G. G., and Thompson, M. J.. 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965. Forest insect and disease surveys in the western forest region. Can. Forest Serv., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. A. Rep. For. Biol. Ranger: 367–472 (1962); A. Rep.: G1–G40 (1963); A. Rep.: G1–G42 (1964); A. Rep.: G1–G48 (1965).Google Scholar
Campbell, I. M. 1966. Genetic variation related to survival in lepidopteran species, pp. 129–135. In Gerhold, H. D., Schreiner, E. J., McDermott, R. E., and Winieski, J. A. (Eds.), Breeding pest-resistant trees. Pergamon Press, Oxford, England.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. W. 1967. The analysis of numerical change in gypsy moth populations. For. Sci. Monogr. 15. 33 pp.Google Scholar
Carroll, W. J. 1956. History of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and notes on its biology. Can. Ent. 88: 587–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltz, J. L., Knight, F. B., and Allen, D. C.. 1972. Numerical analysis of fluctuations of the jack pine budworm. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65: 82–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fralish, J. S. 1972. Youth, maturity, and old age, pp. 52–58. In Aspen: Symposium proceedings. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-1.Google Scholar
Hanec, W. 1966. Cold-hardiness in the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). J. Insect Physiol. 12: 1443–1449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodson, A. C. 1941. An ecological study of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Minn. agric. Exp. Stn Tech. Bull. 148. 55 pp.Google Scholar
Ives, W. G. H. 1973. Heat units and outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Can. Ent. 105: 529–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulman, H. M. 1971. Effect of defoliation on tree growth. A. Rev. Ent. 16: 289–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, V. H. 1899. The forest tent caterpillar. N.Y. agric. Exp. Stn Tech. Bull. 148. 55 pp.Google Scholar
Mansingh, A. 1974. Studies on insect dormancy. II. Relationship of cold-hardiness to diapause and quiescence in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fab.), (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Can. J. Zool. 52: 629–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. A. 1971. The spruce budworm in eastern North America. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Animal Control Habitat Management 3: 169–177.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. (Ed.). 1963. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. ent. Soc. Can., No. 31. 332 pp.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1971. Observed and simulated changes in genetic quality in natural populations of Hyphantria cunea. Can. Ent. 103: 893–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. and Fulton, W. C.. 1970. Models for the development and survival of Hyphantria cunea in relationship to temperature and humidity. Mem. ent. Soc. Can., No. 70. 60 pp.Google Scholar
Mott, D. G. 1966. The analysis of determination in population systems, pp. 179–194. In Watt, K. E. F. (Ed.), Systems analysis in ecology. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prentice, R. M. 1954. Decline of populations of the forest tent caterpillar in central Saskatchewan. Can. Forest Ent. Pathol. Br., Bi-mon. Progr. Rep. 10(5): 2.Google Scholar
Readshaw, J. L. 1964. A theory of phasmatid outbreak release. Aust. J. Zool. 13: 475–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sippell, W. L. 1957. A study of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., and its parasite complex in Ontario. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mich., Ann Arbor. 147 pp.Google Scholar
Stairs, G. R. 1972. Pathogenic microorganisms in the regulation of forest insect populations. A. Rev. Ent. 17: 355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struble, G. R. 1972. Biology, ecology, and control of the lodgepole pine needle miner. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1458. 38 pp.Google Scholar
Tothill, J. D. 1919. The meaning of natural control. Proc. Acadian ent. Soc. 4: 10–14.Google Scholar
Varley, G. C. and Gradwell, G. R.. 1970. Recent advances in insect population dynamics. A. Rev. Ent. 15: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1960. The effect of population density on fecundity in insects. Can. Ent. 92: 674–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weed, C. M. 1900. The forest tent caterpillar. N.H. agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 75: 107–132.Google Scholar
Wellington, W. G. 1960. Qualitative changes in natural populations during changes in abundance. Can. J. Zool. 38: 298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellington, W. G. 1964. Qualitative changes in populations in unstable environments. Can. Ent. 96: 436–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetzel, B. W., Kulman, H. M., and Witter, J. A.. 1973. Effects of cold temperatures on hatching of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Can. Ent. 105: 1145–1149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickman, B. E., Mason, R. R., and Thompson, C. G.. 1973. Major outbreaks of the Douglas-fir tussock moth in Oregon and California. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-5. 18 pp.Google Scholar
Witter, J. A. and Kulman, H. M.. 1972 a. Mortality factors affecting eggs of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Can. Ent. 104: 705–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witter, J. A. and Kulman, H. M.. 1972 b. A review of the parasites and predators of tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.) in North America. Minn. agric. Exp. Stn Tech. Bull. 289. 48 pp.Google Scholar
Witter, J. A., Kulman, H. M., and Hodson, A. C.. 1972. Life tables for the forest tent caterpillar. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65: 25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar