Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T08:15:18.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM, LECANIUM TILIAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Amos Rubin  and
B. P. Beirne
Amos Rubin
Affiliation:
Pestology Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
B. P. Beirne
Affiliation:
Pestology Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Lecanium tiliae (L.) is now attacked in British Columbia by three species of parasites, about 18 predators, and a fungus. Parasites are the most important natural enemies but parasitize an average of only 30% of the scales. Reasons for low parasite effectiveness include: hyper-parasitism by one species, Coccophagus lycimnia, which is apparently a recent arrival in the district, on itself and on the chief parasite, Blastothrix longipennis; a tendency for C. lycimnia to be relatively abundant in low scale populations; differences in sex ratio of B. longipennis between low and high host populations; and parasite mortality in the scales. It was confirmed that the parasites pass the summer as diapausing adults rather than in alternate hosts. It is concluded that the biological control attempt of 1928 and 1929 that has been widely regarded as a success was in fact probably a failure, as the introduced parasite, B. sericea, did not apparently become established. An attempt in 1969 and 1970 with an introduced fungus also failed.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 107 , Issue 4 , April 1975 , pp. 337 - 342
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Flanders, S. E. 1936. A biological phenomenon affecting the establishment of Aphelinidae as parasites. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 29: 251–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1937. Ovipositional instincts and developmental sex differences in the genus Coccophagus. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 6: 401–422.Google Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1967. Deviateontogenesis in the aphelinid male (Hymenoptera) associated with the ovipositional behavior of the parental female. Entomophaga 12: 415–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1969. Alternative differential mortality of the sexes concomitant to sex differentiation in host relations. Entomophaga 14: 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1970. Observations on host plant induced behavior of scale insects and their endoparasites. Can. Ent. 102: 913–926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glendenning, R. 1925. The lecanium scale outbreak in Vancouver, B.C. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 22: 21–26.Google Scholar
Glendenning, R. 1931. The progress of parasite introduction in British Columbia. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 28: 29–32.Google Scholar
Glendenning, R. 1932. Blastothrix sericea. J. econ. Ent. 25: 151.Google Scholar
Glendenning, R. 1933. A successful parasite introduction into British Columbia. Can. Ent. 65: 169–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glendenning, R. 1934. On the control of Eulecanium coryli (L.) in British Columbia by the parasite Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.). Proc. Fifth Pac. Sci. Congr. (Canada 1933), Vol. 5, pp. 3543–3545.Google Scholar
Graham, K. and Prebble, M. L.. 1953. Studies of the lecanium scale, Eulecanium coryli (L.), and its parasite, Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.), in British Columbia. Can. Ent. 85: 153–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kincaid, T. 1927. Lecanium coryli (L.). Spec. Publ. Calif. Dep. Agric., No. 73, pp. 43–44.Google Scholar
Maple, J. D. 1947. The eggs and first larvae of Encyrtida and their morphological adaptations for respiration. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 8: 25–122.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. H. 1954. Statuses of some introduced parasites and their hosts in British Columbia. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 50: 19–27.Google Scholar
Peck, O. 1963. A catalogue of the nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Can. Ent. Suppl. 30. 1092 pp.Google Scholar
Proverbs, M. D. 1957. Control of soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) in British Columbia peach and apricot orchards. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 54: 3–8.Google Scholar
Sugonyaev, E. S. 1965. Palearctic species of the genus Blastothrix Mayr (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with remarks on their biology and useful role, 2. Ent. Rev. 44: 225–233.Google Scholar
Timberlake, P. H. 1913. Preliminary report on the parasites of Coccus hesperidum in California. J. econ. Ent. 6: 293–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, P. H. 1929. A new species of encyrtid genus Metaphycus from Washington (Hymenoptera). Pan.-Pacif. Ent. 6: 43–45.Google Scholar