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MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE RHYNCHOTAN HEAD (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA, HOMOPTERA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

K. G. A. Hamilton
K. G. A. Hamilton
Affiliation:
Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6
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Abstract

The structure of the sclerous parts of representative Rhynchota is analyzed and compared with those of Psocoptera and Thysanoptera. Known data on embryology and musculature are also considered in deriving homologies of the structures. The term "suture" is redefined. Standardized terms for the sclerous parts of the head capsules of Rhynchota are recommended and compared with those of previous authors. A phylogenetic synthesis is presented, demonstrating the evolution of the homopterous head capsule through intermediate stages represented in the modern fauna by Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera–Gymnocerata. Evidence is presented that Coleorrhyncha are related to Hemiptera rather than to Homoptera, that the Gymnocerata and Cryptocerata are natural groups within the Hemiptera and that Cicadomorpha, Aphidomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha are natural groups within the Homoptera.

Résumé

L’auteur analyse la structure des parties sclérifiées des Rhynchotes représentatifs et les compare à celles des Psocoptères et des Thysanoptéres. Il étudie également les données connues sur l’embryologie et la musculature pour dégager des ressemblances entre les structures. Le terme "suture" est redéfini. Des termes normalisés pour les parties sclérifiées des capsules céphaliques des Rhynchotes sont recommandés et comparés à ceux avancés par les auteurs précédents. L’ouvrage présente une synthèse phylogénétique en démontrant l’évolution de la capsule céphalique des Homoptères aux stades intermédiaires de croissance représentés dans la faune moderne par les Psocoptères, les Thysanoptéres et les Hémiptères–Gymnocérates. Il semblerait que les Coléorrhynches soient apparentés aux Hémiptères plutôt qu’aux Homoptères, que les Gymnocérates et les Cryptocérates soient des groupes naturels qui se classent dans les Hémiptères et que les Cicadomorphes, les Aphidomorphes et les Fulgoromorphes constituent des groupes naturels entrant dans l’ordre des Homoptères.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 113 , Issue 11 , November 1981 , pp. 953 - 974
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1981

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