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LONG LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

H.V. Danks
H.V. Danks
Affiliation:
Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1P 6P4
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Abstract

Several insect species have life cycles that last more than 1 year, because of very slow growth, repeated or prolonged dormancies, or very long lived adults. These long life cycles are correlated with environmental adversities, such as cold or unpredictable temperatures, patchy, unreliable or low quality food supplies, and natural enemies, as well as with some other properties such as large size. Long life cycles are most prevalent when several of these factors are present simultaneously. Adversities tend to prolong the life cycle of all individuals in the population, whereas unpredictability tends to extend the life cycle of only some individuals. Extreme extensions, such as diapause for more than 10 years, usually affect only a very small fraction of the population. Modest extensions, such as development over 2 years, prolonged dormancy for one additional adverse season, cohort-splitting between 1- and 2-year life cycles, and oviposition over two seasons, are relatively common. Insects with long life cycles provide insights into the nature of adaptations to adverse and unpredictable conditions, and also provide useful material for the analysis of questions related to population and community structure.

Résumé

Le cycle de vie de plusieurs espèces d’insectes dépasse 1 année en raison d’une croissance très lente, de périodes multiples ou prolongées de dormance ou de la très longue durée de leur vie adulte. Il existe une corrélation entre la durée de ce cycle et les difficultés que les insectes rencontrent dans leur habitat, telles que le froid ou des températures imprévisibles, le caractère irrégulier, peu fiables ou médiocre de la nourriture disponible, et la présence d’ennemis naturels ou encore entre la durée du cycle de vie et certaines caractéristiques des insectes eux-mêmes, comme une grande taille. Le cycle de vie est long surtout lorsque plusieurs de ces facteurs existent simultanément. Des conditions difficiles ont généralement pour effet d’allonger le cycle de vie de tous les individus composant une population, tandis que des conditions imprévisibles ont plutôt tendance à prolonger le cycle de vie de quelques individus. Habituellement, une très faible partie d’une population traverse des stades beaucoup plus longs que la norme, comme une diapause de plus de 10 ans. Une modeste prolongation de certains stades, comme une croissance s’étendant sur 2 ans, une dormance qui dure une saison de plus que d’habitude, la subdivision d’une cohorte entre individus qui vivent 1 an et individus qui vivent 2 ans, ainsi que la ponte répartie sur 2 ans sont des phénomènes relativement communs. Les insectes dont le cycle de vie est long nous aident à comprendre la nature des adaptations à des conditions défavorables et imprévisibles et nous fournissent des renseignements utiles pour l’analyse de questions touchant la structure des populations et des groupes.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 124 , Issue 1 , February 1992 , pp. 167 - 187
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1992

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