Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:33:15.440Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LIFE HISTORIES AND SEASONAL BIOLOGY OF FOUR HYPERPARASITES OF THE TOBACCO HORNWORM, MANDUCA SEXTA (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE)12

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jeremy N. McNeil  and
R. L. Rabb
Jeremy N. McNeil
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
R. L. Rabb
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Hypopteromalus tabacum (Fitch), Catolaccus aeneoviridis (Girault), Spilochalcis side (Walker), and Spilochalcis hirtifemora (Ashmead) were hyperparasites of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Linnaeus), most frequently reared from cocoons of the primary parasite, Apanteles congregatus (Say). The life history of each species was studied and the distinctive features of egg, last larval instar, and pupal stage were described.

In 1969 through 1972 parasitization of the tobacco hornworm by A. congregatus started at low levels in June or July, increasing to nearly 100% by the end of September. A corresponding increase in the seasonal incidence of hyperparasitism was observed, although the level of hyperparasitism never exceeded 85% in any year. Each year S. side and S. hirtifemora were the first hyperparasites recorded; however, H. tabacum was always the most abundant. The number of C. aeneoviridis varied greatly from year to year.

Peak spring emergence of H. tabacum and C. aeneoviridis occurred in April just before that of the primary parasite, A. congregatus, and as this was several months prior to their appearance in tobacco fields a number of possible alternate hosts for the hyperparasites were investigated.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 105 , Issue 8 , August 1973 , pp. 1041 - 1052
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arthur, A. P. 1958. Development, behaviour, and descriptions of the immature stages of Spilochalcis side (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Can. Ent. 90: 590–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoach, C. J. and Rabb, R. L.. 1971. Life history of Winthemia manducae (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasite of the tobacco hornworm. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 64: 339–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoach, C. J. and Rabb, R. L.. 1972. Seasonal abundance and natural mortality of Winthemia manducae (Diptera: Tachinidae) and degree of parasitism of its host, the tobacco hornworm. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65: 779–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrier, M. H., Guthrie, F. E., and Rabb, R. L.. 1959. Tobacco foliage losses to hornworms and budworms in North Carolina, 1957 and 1958. J. econ. Ent. 52: 761–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, B. B. 1940. The hornworm parasite, Apanteles congregatus (Say) and the hyperparasite, Hypopteromalus tabacum (Fitch). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 33: 231–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, J. U. 1938 a. Observations on the hornworms attacking tobacco in Tennessee and Kentucky. J. econ. Ent. 31: 706–712.Google Scholar
Gilmore, J. U. 1938 b. Notes on Apanteles congregatus (Say) as a parasite of tobacco hornworms. J. econ. Ent. 31: 712–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, F. R. 1959. The natural enemies of the hornworms on tobacco (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 52: 741–755.Google Scholar
Madden, A. H. and Chamberlin, F. S.. 1945. Biology of the tobacco hornworm in the southern cigar-tobacco district. U.S. Dep. Agric. tech. Bull. 896. 51 pp.Google Scholar
McNeil, J. N. 1972. Biology and ecology of four hyperparasites of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University.Google Scholar
McNeil, J. N. and Rabb, R. L.. The role of certain physical and physiological factors in diapause initiation of two hyperparasites of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol. In press.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Z. P. 1909. Insect enemies of tobacco. N.C. Dep. Agric. spec. Bull. 28. 72 pp.Google Scholar
Parker, F. D. 1970. Seasonal mortality and survival of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Missouri and the effect of introducing an egg parasite, Trichogramma evanescens. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 63: 984–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quate, L. W. and Steffan, W. A.. 1966. An alternate method for mounting Phlebotomus and other small Diptera. J. med. Ent. 3: 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabb, R. L. 1969. Environmental manipulations as influencing populations of tobacco hornworms. Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management. Vol. 1, pp. 175–191.Google Scholar
Rabb, R. L. and Thurston, R.. 1969. Diapause in Apanteles congregatus. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 62: 125–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar