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Integrated systematics of the Simuliidae (Diptera): evolutionary relationships of the little-known Palearctic black fly Simulium acrotrichum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2012

Peter H. Adler  and
Yao Te Huang
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Abstract

Simulium (Simulium) acrotrichum Rubtsov, a black fly from Central Asia, provides a platform for examining the evolutionary relationships of selected species groups in the subgenus Simulium Latreille. The female, male, pupa, and larva of S. acrotrichum are properly associated and morphologically redescribed and illustrated. The banding sequence of the larval polytene chromosomes is compared with that of the Simulium subgeneric standard, from which it differs by nearly 30 fixed rearrangements. Structural and chromosomal features indicate that S. acrotrichum is the sister species of S. flavidum Rubtsov. Simulium acrotrichum can be placed confidently in a group consisting of the S. malyschevi Dorogostaisky, Rubtsov, and Vlasenko and S. reptans (L.) groups, which are part of a larger clade that also includes the S. jenningsi Malloch group. This more inclusive clade is defined chromosomally by a minimum of four fixed inversions, compared with the standard map for the subgenus Simulium. All four inversions are uniquely derived relative to the two selected outgroups, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum Zetterstedt and Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer). The independent monophyly of the S. malyschevi and S. reptans groups, however, cannot be tested without study of additional group members. The problems illustrated by the taxonomic identity and phylogenetic placement of S. acrotrichum argue for an integrated approach to simuliid systematics, drawing from the character stores of morphology, cytology, and molecular biology.

Résumé

Simulium (Simulium) acrotrichum Rubtsov, une simulie d'Asie Centrale, fournit une base pour l'examen des relations évolutives de certains groupes d'espèces choisis au sein du sous-genre Simulium Latreille. Nous établissons les associations correctes entre la femelle, le mâle, la nymphe et la larve de S. acrostrictum et en décrivons et illustrons la morphologie. Nous comparons la séquence des bandes sur les chromosomes polytènes de la larve aux standards du sous-genre Simulium dont elle diffère par presque 30 réarrangements fixes. Les caractères structuraux et chromosomiques indiquent que S. acrotrichum est l'espèce-sæur de S. flavidum Rubtsov. On peut avec confiance placer S. acrotricum dans un ensemble comprenant les groupes de S. malyschevi Dorogostaisky, Rubstov et Vlasenko et de S. reptans (L.), qui font partie d'un clade élargi qui contient aussi le groupe de S. jenningsi Malloch. Ce clade plus inclusif se définit par un minimum de quatre inversions chromosomiques fixes, par rapport à la carte standard du sous-genre Simulium. Les quatre inversions sont toutes dérivées de manière unique par rapport aux deux groupes externes sélectionnés, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum Zetterstedt et Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer). Cependant la monophylie indépendante des groupes de S. mayschevi et de S. reptans ne peut être testée sans l'examen d'autres membres de ces groupes. Les problèmes illustrés par l'identité taxonomique et le placement taxonomique de S. acrotrichum sont un argument pour une approche intégrée à la systématique des simuliidés qui tirerait avantage des banques de caractères morphologiques, cytologiques et moléculaires.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Research Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 143 , Issue 6 , December 2011 , pp. 612 - 628
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2011

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