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Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

H.V. Danks
H.V. Danks
Affiliation:
Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4 (e-mail: [email protected])
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Abstract

A review of insect adaptations for resistance to cold and for life-cycle timing reveals the complexity of the adaptations and their relationships to features of the environment. Cold hardiness is a complex and dynamic state that differs widely among species. Surviving cold depends on habitat choice, relationships with ice and water, and synthesis of a variety of cryoprotectant molecules. Many aspects are time-dependent and are integrated with other factors such as taxonomic affinity, resource availability, natural enemies, and diapause. Timing adaptations reflect the fact that all environments change over many different time frames, from days to thousands of years. Environments differ in severity and in the extent, nature, variability, and predictability of change, as well as in how reliably cues indicate probable conditions in the future. These differences are reflected by a wide range of insect life-cycle systems, life-cycle delays, levels of responsiveness to various environmental signals, genetic systems, and circadian responses. In particular, the degree of environmental change, its predictability on different time frames, and whether it can be monitored effectively dictate the balance between fixed and flexible timing responses. These same environmental features have to be characterized to understand cold hardiness, but this has not yet been done. Therefore, the following key questions must be answered in order to put cold hardiness into the necessary ecological context: How much do conditions change? How consistent is the change? How reliable are environmental signals?

Résumé

La présente rétrospective des adaptations pour la résistance au froid et l'ajustement temporel des cycles biologiques illustre la complexité des adaptations et leurs relations aux caractéristiques du milieu. La résistance au froid est un état dynamique et complexe qui varie considérablement d'une espèce à l'autre. La survie au froid dépend du choix de l'habitat, des relations avec la glace et l'eau et de la synthèse d'une gamme de molécules cryoprotectrices. Plusieurs des aspects sont reliés au temps et sont aussi intégrés à d'autres facteurs, tels que l'affinité taxonomique, la disponibilité des ressources, les ennemis naturels et la diapause. Les adaptations d'ajustement temporel sont reliées au fait que tous les milieux changent à des échelles temporelles multiples, allant de jours à plusieurs millénaires. Les milieux différent entre eux quant à la rigueur et à l'étendue, la nature, la variabilité et la prévisibilité du changement; de plus, les indices des conditions futures probables y sont plus ou moins fiables. Ces différences se reflètent dans les systèmes de cycles biologiques des insectes, les délais dans les cycles biologiques, les degrés de réaction aux divers signaux environnementaux, les systèmes génétiques et les réponses circadiennes. En particulier, le degré de changement environnemental, sa prévisibilité aux différentes échelles temporelles et la possibilité d'en faire un suivi efficace déterminent l'équilibre entre un ajustement temporel fixe et un flexible. Ces mêmes caractéristiques de l'environnement doivent être définies de manière à pouvoir comprendre la résistance au froid, mais ce n'est pas encore fait. Pour replacer la résistance au froid dans son contexte écologique obligé, les questions essentielles à poser sont donc: quelle est l'importance du changement de conditions? ce changement est-il uniforme? les signaux de l'environnement sont-ils fiables?

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The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 138 , Issue 1: Adaptations and Constraints: a Symposium in Honour of Richard Ring / Adaptations et contraintes : un symposium en l'honneur de Richard Ring , February 2006 , pp. 1 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2006

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