Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T20:03:04.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Infestation parameters for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) parasitising true thrushes (Aves: Passeriformes: Turdidae) in Manitoba, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

Terry D. Galloway Open the ORCID record for Terry D. Galloway [Opens in a new window] ,
Robert J. Lamb  and
Zoe D.L. Rempel
Terry D. Galloway*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
Robert J. Lamb
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
Zoe D.L. Rempel
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Seven species of Turdidae (Aves: Passeriformes) in Manitoba, Canada were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in 1993–2019: Turdus migratorius (N = 570), Catharus ustulatus (N = 135), Catharus guttatus (N = 49), Catharus minimus (N = 12), Catharus fuscescens (N = 1), Sialia sialis (N = 4), and Sialia currucoides (N = 3). Five species of lice on T. migratorius had a prevalence of 24.0% and a mean intensity of 16.7. Overall prevalence for lice on C. ustulatus, C. guttatus, and C. minimus was 25.0%–59.2%; mean intensity was 7.0–23.3. On S. sialis, the prevalence was 50.0%; mean intensity was 10.0. No lice infested C. fuscescens or S. currucoides. Infestation parameters for each louse–host combination are provided. Louse infestations were highly aggregated. Female lice were more prevalent than males, especially for Ricinus elongatus (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Ricinidae) infesting T. migratorius (eight males; 81 females), or there was no significant deviation from 50:50. Infestation parameters were higher for adult T. migratorius than for juveniles or feathered chicks but not significantly so. Mean intensity was greater in spring than in fall. Louse abundance was lower than on hosts of similar size in Manitoba and lower than on thrushes in other studies.

Type
Research Papers
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 153 , Issue 5 , October 2021 , pp. 538 - 555
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of Canada

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Subject editor: Lisa Lumley

References

Amaral, H.L.C., Bergmann, F.B., Santos, P.R.S., Krüger, R.F., and Graciolli, G. 2013. Community of arthropod ectoparasites of two species of Turdus Linnaeus, 1758 (Passeriformes: Turdidae) in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 112: 621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ash, J.S. 1960. A study of the Mallophaga of birds with particular reference to their ecology. Ibis, 102: 93–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avibase. 2020. Avibase: the world bird database [online]. Available from https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp [accessed May 2020].Google Scholar
Baum, H. 1968. Biologie und Ökologie der Amselfederläuse. Angewandte Parasitologie, 9: 129–175.Google Scholar
Brooke, M. de L. 2010. Vertical transmission of feather lice between adult blackbirds Turdus merula and their nestlings: a lousy perspective. Journal of Parasitology, 96: 1076–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.H. and Wilk, A.L. 1944. Mallophaga of Alberta: a list of species with hosts. The Canadian Entomologist, 76: 127–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueter, C., Weckstein, J., Johnson, K.P., Bates, J.M., and Gordon, C.E. 2009. Comparative phylogenetic histories of two louse genera found on Catharus thrushes and other birds. Journal of Parasitology, 95: 295–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carey, B., Christianson, W., Curtis, C.E., de March, L., Holland, G.E., Koes, R.F., et al. 2003. Thrushes (family Turdidae). In The birds of Manitoba. Edited by P. Taylor. Avian Research Committee, Manitoba Naturalists Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Pp. 296–305.Google Scholar
Carleton, R.E., Mertins, J.W., and Yabsley, M.J. 2012. Parasites and pathogens of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis): a field survey of a population nesting within a grass-dominated agricultural habitat in Georgia, U.S.A., with a review of previous records. Comparative Parasitology, 79: 30–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, D.H. and Drown, D.M. 2001. Critical evaluation of five methods for quantifying chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Parasitology, 87: 1291–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, D.H., Gregory, R.D., and Price, R.D. 1992. Comparative ecology of Neotropical bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 781–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, C.L. and Crites, J.L. 1975. Arthropod parasites of passerine birds from South Bass Island, Ohio. Journal of Medical Entomology, 12: 483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dik, B. and Dinçer, Ş. 2012. [Chewing lice species (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) found on blackbirds (Turdus merula): new records from Turkey.] Turkish Journal of Parasitology, 36: 23–27 (In Turkish).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichler, W. 1963. Arthropoda. Insecta. Phthiraptera 1. Mallophaga. In Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches. Edited by H.G. Bronns. 111. Insecta. 7b Phthiraptera. Leipzig, Germany.Google Scholar
Enout, A.M.J., Lobato, D.N., Cristiano, S., de Azevedo, C.S.A., and Antonini, Y. 2009. Parasitismo por malófagos (Insecta) e ácaros (Acari) em Turdus leucomelas (Aves) nas estações reprodutiva e de muda de penas no Parque Estadualdo Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Zoologia, 26: 534–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enout, A.M.J., Lobato, D.N.C., Diniz, F.C., and Antonini, Y. 2012. Chewing lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) and feather mites (Acari, Astigmata) associated with birds of the Cerrado in Central Brazil. Parasitology Research, 111: 1731–1742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everson, K.M., McLaughlin, J.F., Cato, I.A., Evans, M.M., Gastaldi, A.R., Mills, K.K., et al. 2019. Speciation, gene flow, and seasonal migration in Catharus thrushes (Aves: Turdidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139: 106564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M.S. 1969. Synchronized life cycles in the orange-crowned warbler and its mallophagan parasites. Ecology, 50: 315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D. 2005. Ectoparasites from native and introduced birds from Christchurch and surrounding areas, New Zealand. Tuhinga, Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 16: 13–20.Google Scholar
Galloway, T.D. and Lamb, R.J. 2014. Abundance and stability are species traits for four chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) on feral pigeons, Columba livia Gmelin (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 146: 444–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D. and Lamb, R.J. 2015. Abundance and stability of populations of a chewing louse, Mulcticola macrocephalus (Kellogg) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), on common nighthawks, Chordeiles minor (Forster) (Aves: Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae), in Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 147: 723–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D. and Lamb, R.J. 2016. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) infesting woodpeckers, flickers, and sapsuckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae) in Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 148: 520–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D. and Lamb, R.J. 2019. Infestation parameters for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting owls (Aves: Strigidae, Tytonidae) in Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 151: 608–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D. and Lamb, R.J. 2021. The population dynamics of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) infesting birds (Aves). Annual Review of Entomology, 66: 209–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, T.D., Proctor, H.C., and Mironov, S.V. 2014. Chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) and feather mites (Acari: Astigmatina: Analgoidea, Pterolichoidea): ectosymbionts of grassland birds in Canada. Chapter 5. In Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Volume 3. Biodiversity and systematics. Part 1. Edited by H. Cárcamo and D. Giberson. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 139–188.Google Scholar
Gill, F., Donsker, D., and Rasmussen, P. (editors). 2020. IOC World Bird List. Version 10.1. https://doi.org/10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, J., Goldberg, T.L., and Hamer, G.L. 2011. Field investigation of innate immunity in passerine birds in suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47: 603–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustafsson, D.R. and Bush, S.E. 2017. Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia-complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key. Zootaxa, 413: 1–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halajian, A., Sychra, O., Luus-Powell, W., Engelbrecht, D., and Papousek, I. 2014. An annotated checklist of amblyceran chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) from wild passerine birds (Passeriformes) in South Africa. African Entomology, 22: 762–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute for Bird Populations. 2014. Standardized 4- and 6-letter bird species codes [online]. Available from www.birdpop.org/docs/misc/Alpha_codes_tax.pdf [accessed May 2020].Google Scholar
Jewer, D.D. and Threlfall, W. 1978. Parasites of the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) and northern waterthrush (Seiurus noveborascensis) in Newfoundland, Canada. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 45: 270–272.Google Scholar
Keirans, J.E. 1967. The Mallophaga of New England birds. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America. Station Bulletin 492. 179 pp. Available from http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44257.pdf [accessed May 2020].Google Scholar
Kounek, P., Sychra, O., Capek, M., and Literák, I. 2013. Chewing lice of genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from Turdidae (Passeriformes) of Costa Rica, with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3620: 201–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, M. and Taylor, P. 2003. American robin. In The birds of Manitoba. Manitoba Avian Research Committee, Manitoba Naturalists Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P. 304.Google Scholar
Kyei-Poku, G.K., Colwell, D.D., Coghlin, P., Benkel, B., and Floate, K.D. 2005. On the ubiquity and phylogeny of Wolbachia in lice. Molecular Ecology, 14: 285–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamb, R.J. and Galloway, T.D. 2019. Host body size and the abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting eight owl species (Aves: Strigiformes) in Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 151: 621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindell, C.A., Gavin, T.A., Price, R.D., and Sanders, A.L. 2002. Chewing louse distributions on two Neotropical thrush species. Comparative Parasitology, 69: 212–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llanos-Soto, S., Córdoba, M., Moreno, L., Kinsella, J.M., Mironov, S., Cicchino, A., et al. 2019. External and intestinal parasites of the Austral thrush Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Turdidae) in central Chile. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 28: 432–442.Google Scholar
Malcomson, R.O. 1960. Mallophaga of North American birds. Wilson Bulletin, 72: 182–197.Google Scholar
Marshall, A.G. 1981. The ecology of ectoparasitic insects. Academic Press, New York, New York, United States of America.Google Scholar
Markov, G.C. 1940. [Seasonal and annual variations in the parasitofauna of starlings in connection with changes in meteorological factors.] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 19: 741–749 (In Russian).Google Scholar
Moyer, B.R., Gardiner, D.W., and Clayton, D.H. 2002. Impact of feather molt on ectoparasites: looks can be deceiving. Oecologia, 131: 203–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, B.C. 1972. A revision of the New World species of Ricinus (Mallophaga) occurring on Passeriformes (Aves). University of California Publications in Entomology. Volume 68. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States of America.Google Scholar
Oslejskova, L., Kounkova, S., Gustafsson, D.R., Resendes, R., Rodrigues, P., Literak, I., and Sychra, O. 2020. Insect ectoparasites from wild passerine birds in the Azores Islands. Parasite, 27: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oniki, Y. 1990. Survey of lice (Mallophaga) and some remarks on their life cycles on birds at Balbina, Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasiliera de Biologia, 50: 615–617.Google Scholar
Outlaw, D.C., Voelker, G., Mila, B., and Girman, D.J. 2003. Evolution of long-distance migration in and historical biogeography of Catharus thrushes: a molecular phylogenetic approach. The Auk, 120: 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palma, R.L. 2017. Phthiraptera (Insecta): a catalogue of parasitic lice from New Zealand. Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa. Number. Landcare Research New Zealand, Lincoln, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Palma, R.L. and Barker, S.C. 1996. Phthiraptera. In Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 26. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. Edited by A. Wells. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia, Pp. 81–247, 333–361 (Appendices I–IV), 373–396 (Index).Google Scholar
Peters, H.S. 1936. A list of external parasites from birds of the eastern part of the United States. Bird Banding, 7: 9–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulin, R. 1993. The disparity between observed and uniform distributions: a new look at parasite aggregation. International Journal of Parasitology, 23: 937–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, R.D., Hellenthal, R.A., and Palma, R.L. 2003. World checklist of chewing lice with host associations and keys to families and genera. In The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Edited by R.D. Price, R.A. Hellenthal, R.L. Palma, K.P. Johnson, and D.H. Clayton. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America. Pp. 1–448.Google Scholar
Reeves, W.K., Durden, L.A., Ritzi, C.M., Beckham, K.R., Super, P.E., and OConnor, B.M. 2007. Ectoparasites and other ectosymbiotic arthropods of vertebrates in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Zootaxa, 1392: 31–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, W.R. 1964. A short method for making balsam mounts of aphids and scale insects. The Canadian Entomologist, 96: 963–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiczigel, J., Marozzi, M., Fabian, I., and Rózsa, L. 2019. Biostatistics for parasitologists: a primer to quantitative parasitology. Trends in Parasitology, 35: 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rheinwald, G. 1968. Die Mallophagengattung Ricinus De Geer, 1778. Revision der ausseramerikanischen Arten. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum, 65: 181–326.Google Scholar
Rózsa, L., Reiczigel, J., and Majoros, G. 2000. Quantifying parasites in samples of hosts. Journal of Parasitology, 86: 228–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sychra, O., Literák, I., Podzemný, P., and Benedikt, V. 2008. Insect ectoparasites from wild passerines in the Czech Republic. Parasite, 15: 599–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sychra, O., Literák, I., Podzemný, P., Harmat, P., and Hrabák, R. 2011. Insect ectoparasites on wild birds in the Czech Republic during the pre-breeding period. Parasite, 18: 13–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SYSTAT Software, Inc. 2009. SYSYAT 13, Statistics I. SYSTAT Software, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.B. 1934. Records of Siphunculata and Mallophaga from Canadian hosts. The Canadian Entomologist, 66: 279–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Threlfall, W. and Wheeler, T.A. 1986. Ectoparasites from birds in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 22: 273–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Topp, C.M., Pruett, C.L., McCracken, K.G., and Winker, K. 2013. How migratory thrushes conquered northern North America: a comparative phylogeography approach. PeerJ 1: e206. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valan, M., Sychra, O., and Literák, I. 2016. Redescriptions and new host records of chewing lice of the genus Ricinus (Phthiraptera: Ricinidae) from the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 4154: 179–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheeler, T.A. and Threlfall, W. 1986. Observations on the Ectoparasites of some Newfoundland passerines. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 630–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, T.A. and Threlfall, W. 1989. Synopsis of the parasites of vertebrates in Canada. In Ectoparasites of birds. Edited by M.J. Kennedy. Alberta Agriculture, Animal Health Division. 85 pp.Google Scholar
Whitehead, W.E. 1934. Records of some Quebec Mallophaga and Anoplura. Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants Report, 25–26: 84–87.Google Scholar
Whitehead, W.E. 1954. Avian Mallophaga from Quebec. The Canadian Entomologist, 86: 65–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winker, K. and Pruett, C.L. 2006. Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the genus Catharus (Turdidae). The Auk, 123: 1052–1068.Google Scholar