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FOLIAR AND SYSTEMIC APPLICATIONS OF NEEM SEED EXTRACT FOR CONTROL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), INFESTING BLACK AND WHITE SPRUCE SEED ORCHARDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Kevin W. Wanner ,
Blair V. Helson  and
Barry C. Kostyk
Kevin W. Wanner
Affiliation:
Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1235 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5N5
Blair V. Helson*
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
Barry C. Kostyk
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
*
2Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
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Abstract

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Neem seed extract (20, 60, and 180 ppm azadirachtin) applied to the crowns of black spruce trees immediately prior to female reproductive bud flush, resulted in high mortality of early instar spruce budworm larvae. Dose-dependent reductions of 40–93%, as compared with check trees, were observed 2 and 4.5 weeks after treatment. Seed cone protection from grazing damage, however, was moderate; at 60 ppm azadirachtin, the incidence of cone grazing was reduced 29%, and the proportion of severely grazed cones reduced 39%, as compared with check trees. Larval mortality and bud damage observed in the laboratory corroborated field results. High toxicity to second-instar larvae, and performance during adverse weather conditions, supports the potential of neem seed extract for control of spruce budworm defoliation. However, both laboratory and field results indicate that feeding occurs before the effects of neem seed extract manifest, resulting in moderate protection of cones. Whereas foliage can tolerate low levels of feeding, female strobili are damaged significantly. Excellent protection of foliage was achieved from systemic injections of neem seed extract to white and black spruce trees (1.5 g azadirachtin/tree). Neem seed extract, formulated for systemic application, could provide a botanical alternative for control of forest pests in urban environments.

Résumé

L’application d’extraits de la graine du margousier (20, 60 et 180 ppm d’azadirachtine) au feuillage d’épinettes noires juste avant l’éclosion des bourgeons femelles a entraîné une mortalité élevée des larves de premier stade de la tordeuse. Des réductions de 40 à 93%, selon la dose, calculées par comparaison à des arbres témoins, ont été observées 2 et 4,5 semaines après le traitement. La protection des cônes femelles contre le broutage n’était cependant pas très bonne; avec 60 ppm d’azadirachtine, le broutage des cônes a été réduit de 29% et la proportion de cônes gravement endommagés par le broutage a été réduite de 39% par comparaison aux arbres témoins. La mortalité des larves et les dommages aux bourgeons observés en laboratoire étaient comparables aux résultats obtenus sur le terrain. La forte toxicité des extraits pour les larves de deuxième stade et leur performance dans des conditions atmosphériques peu favorables confirment le potentiel des extraits de la graine du margousier comme agents de lutte contre la défoliation par la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette. Cependant, les résultats de laboratoire aussi bien que ceux obtenus en nature indiquent que les larves ont le temps de se nourrir avant que ne se manifestent les effets du produit, et les cônes sont, de ce fait, modérément protégés. Alors que les feuilles peuvent tolérer de faibles taux d’activité alimentaire, les strobiles femelles sont fortement endommagés. Une excellente protection du feuillage a été obtenue par l’injection systémique d’un extrait de la graine du margousier à des épinettes blanches et noires (1,5 g d’azadirachtine par arbre). L’extrait de la graine du margousier dans des préparations destinées à une application systémique offre une alternative botanique aux produits chimiques dans la lutte contre les ravageurs des forêts en milieu urbain.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 129 , Issue 4 , August 1997 , pp. 645 - 655
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

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