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EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jarmila Kukalová-Peck  and
John F. Lawrence
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
John F. Lawrence
Affiliation:
CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Abstract

A survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

Résumé

On trouvera ici les résultats d’une synthèse des principales caractéristiques reliées à la nervation, à l’articulation et au repliement des ailes postérieures chez les Coléoptères. Ce travail repose sur l’étude de 200 spécimens appartenant à 108 familles de Coléoptères et sur l’examen de 101 illustrations tirées de la littérature. Les nervures alaires et les sclérites articulaires sont homologués à des éléments du plan de base de l’aile néoptère, ce qui donne lieu à une terminologie relativement différente de celle qu’utilisent généralement les spécialistes des Coléoptères. Nous présentons ici un tableau qui compare les termes généralement employés pour désigner les nervures et les symboles homologues de l’aile type d’un ptérygote. L’utilisation du plan de base de l’aile néoptère, ajouté à nos connaissances de l’évolution des nervures, jettent de la lumière sur les caractères fondamentaux reliés à la radiation évolutive primitive des Coléoptères. L’ordre s’est d’abord distingué par le repliement apical de l’aile postérieure sous l’élytre, le long des boucles radiale et médiale. Les boucles, qui sont des structures nervulaires très complexes, se sont par la suite diversifiées de quatre façon différentes qui caractérisent les taxons les plus évolués (sous-ordres). Les autres nervures et l’articulation de l’aile se sont modifiés en fonction des boucles, ce qui a donné lieu à d’autres synapomorphies et autapomorphies au niveau du sous-ordre et de la super-famille et même parfois au niveau de la famille et de la tribu. Les relations entre les quatre sous-ordres actuellement reconnus de Coléoptères ont été réévaluées en fonction des caractéristiques de l’aile postérieure. Le nombre d’apomorphies reliées à l’aile sont au nombre de 16 chez les Coléoptères, de sept chez les Archostémates + Adéphages–Myxophages, de quatre chez les Adéphages–Myxophages, de sept chez les Myxophages, de neuf chez les Archostémates et de cinq chez les Polyphages. Le modèle phylogénétique suivant est proposé : Polyphages [Archostémates (Adéphages + Myxophages)]. Des caractéristiques de la nervation permettent de définir deux lignées principales (les hydrophiloïdes et les eucinétoïdes) au sein du sous-ordre des Polyphages. Le mécanisme de repliement apical particulier de l’aile chez les Coléoptères est décrit. Les types dérivés de repliement de l’aile sont examinés à la lumière de la littérature récente. Les caractéristiques de l’aile postérieure nous permettent de croire que les Coléoptères et les Strepsiptères représentent deux groupes soeurs.

[Traduit par la rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 125 , Issue 2 , April 1993 , pp. 181 - 258
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1993

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