Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T19:52:01.187Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF TEMEPHOS TO BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVAE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

C. S. Rodrigues  and
N. K. Kaushik
C. S. Rodrigues
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
N. K. Kaushik
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Different formulations of temephos were tested against Simulium venustum and S. vittatum larvae at water temperatures of 7 °to 20 °C under simulated stream conditions in the laboratory and the results indicated a significant positive correlation between water temperature and temephos efficacy. Temephos application of up to 5 mg/L/10 min had very little effect on Simulium larvae at 7 ° to 8 °C. Data from the tests indicated that both emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations have positive temperature coefficients. The WP formulation was 11 times and two EC formulations were 32 times more toxic at 20 °C than at 10 °C. The rate of larval detachment was faster at the higher temperatures but even at 20 °C detachment was not immediate as is common with larvae treated with methoxychlor. Detached larvae did not survive. On the basis of the present laboratory experiments on temperature–efficacy relationships, there are very strong indications that these formulations could be used effectively against black fly larvae only in streams that have water temperatures not less than 18 °to 20 °C.

Résumé

Diverses formules de temephos ont été testées contre les larves de Simulium venustum et S. vittatum à des températures de l'eau allant de 7 °à 20 °C sous des conditions de laboratoire. Les résultats ont montré une corrélation positive significative entre la température de l'eau et l'efficacité du temephos. Une application de temephos d'au maximum 5 mg/L/10 min a eu peu d'effet sur les larves de Simulium à 7 °ou 8 °C. Les résultats des tests ont indiqué que les formules concentré émulsifiable et poudre mouillable ont toutes deux un coefficient thermique positif. La formule WP était 11 fois plus toxique, et deux formules EC différentes, 32 fois plus toxiques à 20 °C qu'à 10 °C. Les larves se sont détachées plus rapidement aux températures élevées, mais même à 20 °C, le détachement n'était pas immédiat comme c'est le cas des larves traitées au methoxychlor. Les larves détachées n'ont pas survécu. Ces tests de laboratoire sur les relations température–efficacité permettent de croire que ces formules ne pourraient être utilisées efficacement contre les larves de mouches noires que dans les cours d'eau où la température de l'eau n'est pas inférieure à 18 °C ou 20 °C.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 116 , Issue 3 , March 1984 , pp. 451 - 455
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Back, C., Lanouette, J., and Aubin, A.. 1979. Preliminary tests on the use of temephos for the control of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in northern Quebec. Mosquito News 39: 762–767.Google Scholar
Fredeen, F. J. H. 1970. Effectiveness of single injections of Abate, Dursban and methoxychlor as black-fly larvicides in large rivers (N. and S. branches of the Saskatchewan River). pp. 195–197in Pest. Res. Rep., Can. Comm. on Pest. Use in Agric. Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Fredeen, F. J. H. 1972. Reactions of the larvae of three rheophilic species of Trichoptera to selected insecticides. Can. Ent. 104: 945–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helson, B. V. 1972. The selective effects of particulate formulations of insecticides on stream fauna when applied as black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvicides. M.Sc. Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Helson, B. V. and Surgeoner, G. A.. 1983. Effect of temperature and stage of development on susceptibility of Aedes euedes and Aedes stimulans (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae to temephos. Can. Ent. 115: 623–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamnback, H. 1976. Simuliidae (blackflies) and their control. WHO/VBC/76.653. 45 pp.Google Scholar
Jamnback, H. and Frempong-Boadu, J.. 1966. Testing blackfly larvicides in the laboratory and in streams. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 34: 405–421.Google ScholarPubMed
Jamnback, H. and Means, R. G.. 1968. Formulation as a factor influencing the effectiveness of Abate® in control of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). N.J. Mosquito Exterm. Assoc. Proc. 55: 89–94.Google Scholar
Lacey, L. A. and Mulla, M. S.. 1978. Factors affecting the activity of diflubenzuron against Simulium larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mosquito News 38: 264–268.Google Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. 1970. The potentiating effect of pyrethrins and pyrethroids on the action of organophosphorous larvicides in Simulium control. Trans. Roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 64(4): 895–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. 1977. Comparative tolerance levels of black fly (Simulium) larvae to permethrin (NRDC 143) and temephos. Mosquito News 37(2): 172–179.Google Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. 1978. Lethal and behavioral impact of chlorpyrifos-methyl and temephos on select stream macroin-vertebrates: Experimental studies on downstream drift. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 7: 139–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narahashi, T. 1971. Effects of insecticides on excitable tissues. Adv. Insect Physiol. 8: 1–93.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, C. S. and Kaushik, N. K.. 1984. A bioassay apparatus for the evaluation of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvicides. Can. Ent. 116: 75–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, C. S., Molloy, D., and Kaushik, N. K.. 1983. Laboratory evaluation of microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos-methyl against black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) and selected nontarget invertebrates. Can. Ent. 115: 1189–1201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, R. and Hynes, H. B. N.. 1981. The effect of chemical treatments against black fly larvae on the fauna of running waters. pp. 237–258in Laird, M. (Ed.), Blackflies. The future for biological methods in integrated control. Academic Press, N.Y.Google Scholar
Wallace, R., West, A. S., Downe, A. E. R., and Hynes, H. B. N.. 1973. The effects of experimental blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larviciding with Abate, Dursban and methoxychlor on stream invertebrates. Can. Ent. 105: 817–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. F., Davies, J. B., and Le Berre, R.. 1979. Entomological aspects of the first five years of the Oncho-cerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin. Tropenmed. Parasit. 30: 328–344.Google ScholarPubMed
WHO. 1973. Onchocerciasis control in the Volta River basin area. OCP/73.1, Annex III-3: The control of Simulium damnosum and the prevention of environment contamination; technical criteria for the selection of insecticides.Google Scholar
Yasuno, M., Hatakeyama, N., and Hasegawa, J.. 1978. Toxicity of temephos to Anisogammarus sp. under the different temperature and exposure period. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. (Eisei Dobutsu) 29(4): 365–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar