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Diversity and phenology of the generalist predator community in apple orchards of Central Washington State (Insecta, Araneae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2012

David R. Horton ,
Eugene R. Miliczky ,
Vincent P. Jones ,
Callie C. Baker  and
Thomas R. Unruh
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Abstract

Predatory insects and spiders were collected from apple orchards in two geographic regions of Central Washington State, United States of America to assess seasonal phenology and diversity of the generalist predator community. Arthropods were collected from orchard canopy every 3–7 days over two growing seasons (March–October) at seven organically managed and two insecticide-free orchards. Over 35 000 specimens and 80 species of spiders (Araneae), ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), lacewings (Neuroptera), and predatory true bugs (Hemiptera) were collected. Composition of insect and spider communities differed between the two geographic regions. Indicator species analysis identified several species that had a significant association with one of the two regions. Counts of the most common taxa were examined in detail on a calendar date basis to determine seasonal phenology of adult and immature stages. We observed substantial differences among taxa in number of generations, seasonal timing of first appearance in orchards, overwintering stages, and seasonal occurrence of the adult and immature life stages in orchards. Understanding seasonal phenology of natural enemies in orchards is a core requirement in integrated pest management programs for apple pests, and results of this study provide this information for the generalist predator community of orchards in the Pacific Northwest.

Résumé

Nous avons récolté des insectes prédateurs et des araignées dans des pommeraies dans deux régions géographiques du centre de l’état de Washington, États-Unis d'Amérique, afin d’évaluer la phénologie et la diversité saisonnières de la communauté de prédateurs généralistes. Les arthropodes ont été prélevés dans la canopée du verger à tous les 3–7 jours durant deux saisons de croissance (mars–octobre) dans sept pommeraies soumises à la gestion organique et deux sans insecticides. Les récoltes comprennent plus de 35 000 spécimens et 80 espèces d'araignées (Araneae), de coccinelles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), de neuroptères (Neuroptera) et de punaises vraies prédatrices (Hemiptera). Les compositions des communautés d'insectes et d'araignées diffèrent entre les deux régions géographiques. Une analyse des espèces indicatrices identifie plusieurs espèces qui ont une association significative avec l'une des deux régions. Un examen détaillé des dénombrements des taxons les plus communs en fonction des dates du calendrier permet de déterminer la phénologie saisonnière des stades adultes et immatures. Il existe des différences importantes entre les taxons en ce qui a trait au nombre de générations, au calendrier saisonnier de la première apparition dans les pommeraies, aux stades d'hivernage et à la présence saisonnière des stades de vie adultes et immatures dans les pommeraies. La compréhension de la phénologie saisonnière des ennemis naturels dans les pommeraies est une information de base essentielle dans les programmes de lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs des pommes et les résultats de notre étude fournissent ces renseignements pour la communauté de prédateurs généralistes des pommeraies du Nord-Ouest Pacifique.

Type
Original Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 144 , Issue 5 , October 2012 , pp. 691 - 710
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2012

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