Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T20:48:39.733Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diversity and community structure of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in suburban, field, and forest habitats in Montréal, Québec, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2021

Christopher A. Cloutier Open the ORCID record for Christopher A. Cloutier [Opens in a new window] ,
James W. Fyles  and
Christopher M. Buddle
Christopher A. Cloutier*
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
James W. Fyles
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
Christopher M. Buddle
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Understanding the medical and economic impacts of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) begins with knowing their natural history and distribution, including their association with habitat types, particularly those in which human activity is high. The effects of habitat on shaping the community structure of mosquitoes were studied across periurban habitats on the island of Montréal, Québec, Canada in 2014 and 2015. Mosquitoes were collected from 20 fixed sampling locations in suburban backyards, fields, and forests, using CO2-baited light-emitting diode encephalitis vector survey traps. A total of 184 607 mosquitoes were collected, representing eight genera and 35 species. Suburban, field, and forest sites had different communities of mosquitoes, but differences were not apparent among sites within similar habitat types in nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. In both years, the greatest abundance of mosquitoes was collected from field habitat, and the highest species richness, from forests. Suburban sites consistently generated the lowest abundance and diversity. Nearly 75% of the total individuals collected were from three species: Aedes vexans (Meigen), 39%; Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker), 18%; and Aedes canadensis (Theobald), 16%. This research shows that diverse communities of mosquitoes can be found in forests, fields, and backyards, yet the communities between forests differ from more open habitats. Our community analysis reveals that medically important species (e.g., Culex sp.) are more commonly encountered in suburban backyards, yet overall mosquito nuisance potential is greater in forest and field habitats. This information highlights important patterns of mosquito abundance and species occurrence, vital for the development of management programmes.

Type
Research Papers
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 153 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 393 - 411
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of Canada

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Subject editor: Rayda Krell

References

Abella-Medrano, C.A., Ibáñez-Bernal, S., MacGregor-Fors, I., and Santiago-Alarcon, D. 2015. Spatiotemporal variation of mosquito diversity (Diptera: Culicidae) at places with different land-use types within a neotropical montane cloud forest matrix. Parasites & Vectors, 8: 487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alencar, J., de Mello, C.F., Guimarães, A.É., Gil-Santana, H.R., dos Santos Silva, J., Santos-Mallet, J.R., and Gleiser, R.M. 2015. Culicidae community composition and temporal dynamics in Guapiaçu Ecological Reserve, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLOS One, 10: e0122268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreadis, T.G., Anderson, J.F., and Vossbrinck, C.R. 2001. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura . Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7: 670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barghini, A. and de Medeiros, B.A. 2010. Artificial lighting as a vector attractant and cause of disease diffusion. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118: 1503–1506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, N., Petrić, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Dahl, C., Lane, J., and Kaiser, A. 2003. Mosquitoes and their control. Springer, New York, New York, United States of America. 509 pp.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellini, R., Albieri, A., Balestrino, F., Carrieri, M., Porretta, D., Urbanelli, S., et al. 2010. Dispersal and survival of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) males in Italian urban areas and significance for sterile insect technique application. Journal of Medical Entomology, 47: 1082–1091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benelli, G. and Mehlhorn, H. 2016. Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitology Research, 115: 1747–1754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bidlingmayer, W.L. and Hem, D.G. 1981. Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment: effect of the forest edge upon trap catches in the field. Mosquito News, 41: 55–59.Google Scholar
Bosak, P.J., Reed, L.M., and Crans, W.J. 2001. Habitat preference of host-seeking Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) in relation to birds and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in New Jersey. Journal of Vector Ecology, 26: 103–109.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradshaw, M.E. and Holzapfel, C.M. 1992. Resource limitation, habitat segregation, and species interactions of British tree-hole mosquitoes in nature. Oecologia, 90: 227–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckner, E.A., Blackmore, M.S., Golladay, S.W., and Covich, A.P. 2011. Weather and landscape factors associated with adult mosquito abundance in southwestern Georgia, USA. Journal of Vector Ecology, 36: 269–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buddle, C.M., Beguin, J., Bolduc, E., Mercado, A., Sackett, T.E., Selby, R.D., et al. 2005. The importance and use of taxon sampling curves for comparative biodiversity research with forest arthropod assemblages. The Canadian Entomologist, 137: 120–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkett-Cadena, N.D., Eubanks, M.D., and Unnasch, T.R. 2008. Preference of female mosquitoes for natural and artificial resting sites. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 24: 228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkett-Cadena, N.D. and Vittor, A.Y. 2018. Deforestation and vector-borne disease: forest conversion favors important mosquito vectors of human pathogens. Basic and Applied Ecology, 26: 101–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, S.J. and LaCasse, W.J. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, United States of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Mosquito species in which West Nile virus has been detected. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/vectorcontrol/index.html [accessed October 2015].Google Scholar
Chaves, L.F., Harrington, L.C., Keogh, C.L., Nguyen, A.M., and Kitron, U.D. 2010. Blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured? Frontiers in Zoology, 7: 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciota, A.T. 2017. West Nile virus and its vectors. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 22: 28–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, C. 2005. An introduction to ordination [online]. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Available from http://online.sfsu.edu/efc/classes/biol710/ordination/ordination.htm] [accessed November 2014].Google Scholar
Crans, W.J. 2004. A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States. Journal of Vector Ecology, 29: 1–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Cummins, B., Cortez, R., Foppa, I.M., Walbeck, J., and Hyman, J.M. 2012. A spatial model of mosquito host-seeking behavior. PLOS Computational Biology, 8: e1002500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cupp, E.W., Klingler, K., Hassan, H.K., Viguers, L.M., and Unnasch, T.R. 2003. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68: 495–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darsie, R.F. Jr. and Ward, R.A. 2005. Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. 383 pp.Google Scholar
Deichmeister, J.M. and Telang, A. 2011. Abundance of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in relation to climate and landscape variables. Journal of Vector Ecology, 36: 75–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, K. and Paskewitz, S. 2012. Willingness to pay for mosquito control: how important is West Nile virus risk compared to the nuisance of mosquitoes? Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 12: 886–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Döetterl, S., Jahreib, K., Jhumur, U.S., and Juergens, A. 2012. Temporal variation of flower scent in Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae): a species with a mixed pollination system. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 169: 447–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Adlouni, S., Beaulieu, C., Ouarda, T.B., Gosselin, P.L., and Saint-Hilaire, A. 2007. Effects of climate on West Nile Virus transmission risk used for public health decision-making in Quebec. International Journal of Health Geographics, 6: 40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fader, J.E. and Juliano, S.A. 2014. Oviposition habitat selection by container-dwelling mosquitoes: responses to cues of larval and detritus abundances in the field. Ecological Entomology, 39: 245–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fauci, A.S. and Morens, D.M. 2016. Zika virus in the Americas: yet another arbovirus threat. New England Journal of Medicine, 374: 601–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferraguti, M., Martínez-de La Puente, J., Roiz, D., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R., and Figuerola, J. 2016. Effects of landscape anthropization on mosquito community composition and abundance. Scientific Reports, 6: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganser, C. and Wisely, S.M. 2013. Patterns of spatio-temporal distribution, abundance, and diversity in a mosquito community from the eastern Smoky Hills of Kansas. Journal of Vector Ecology, 38: 229–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, A.M., Muturi, E.J., Overmier, L.D., and Allan, B.F. 2017. Large-scale removal of invasive honeysuckle decreases mosquito and avian host abundance. EcoHealth, 14: 750–761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golding, N., Nunn, M.A., and Purse, B.V. 2015. Identifying biotic interactions which drive the spatial distribution of a mosquito community. Parasites & Vectors, 8: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonsalves, L., Lamb, S., Webb, C., Law, B., and Monamy, V. 2013. Do mosquitoes influence bat activity in coastal habitats? Wildlife Research, 40: 10–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gubler, D.J. 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4: 442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guedes, M.L.P. and Navarro-Silva, M.A. 2014. Mosquito community composition in dynamic landscapes from the Atlantic Forest biome (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 58: 88–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A.D., Gerhardt, R.R., Jones, C.J., and Odoi, A. 2009. The mosquitoes of eastern Tennessee: studies on abundance, habitat preferences, and host-seeking behaviors. Journal of Vector Ecology, 34: 70–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasa, Y.A., Shepard, D.S., Fonseca, D.M., Farajollahi, A., Healy, S., Gaugler, R., et al. 2014. Quantifying the impact of mosquitoes on quality of life and enjoyment of yard and porch activities in New Jersey. PLOS One, 9: e89221.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoekman, D., Springer, Y.P., Barker, C.M., Barrera, R., Blackmore, M.S., Bradshaw, W.E., et al. 2016. Design for mosquito abundance, diversity, and phenology sampling within the National Ecological Observatory Network. Ecosphere, 7: e01320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S.M. 2008. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) [online]. University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, United States of America. Available from http://strata.uga.edu/software/pdf/mdsTutorial.pdf [accessed May 2016].Google Scholar
Howard, J.J., Emord, D.E., and Morris, C.D. 1983. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. V. Habitat preference of host-seeking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20: 62–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, S.K., Galatowitsch, M.L., and McIntosh, A.R. 2017. Interactive effects of land use, temperature, and predators determine native and invasive mosquito distributions. Freshwater Biology, 62: 1564–1577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institut national de santé publique du Québec. 2017. Report on surveillance of the West Nile virus and other arboviruses in Quebec: 2016 season [online]. Available from http://www.inspq.qc.ca [accessed July 2020].Google Scholar
Johnson, B.J., Munafo, K., Shappell, L., Tsipoura, N., Robson, M., Ehrenfeld, J., and Sukhdeo, M.V. 2012. The roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of West Nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats. Urban Ecosystems, 15: 513–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M.F., Gómez, A., and Pinedo-Vasquez, M. 2008. Land use and mosquito diversity in the Peruvian Amazon. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45: 1023–1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juliano, S.A. 2009. Species interactions among larval mosquitoes: context dependence across habitat gradients. Annual Review of Entomology, 54: 37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juliano, S.A. and Lounibos, L.P. 2005. Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. Ecology Letters, 8: 558–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Junglen, S., Kurth, A., Kuehl, H., Quan, P.L., Ellerbrok, H., Pauli, G., et al. 2009. Examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection. Ecohealth, 6: 239–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilpatrick, A.M., Kramer, L.D., Jones, M.J., Marra, P.P., and Daszak, P. 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLOS Biology, 4: e82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kling, L.J., Juliano, S.A., and Yee, D.A. 2007. Larval mosquito communities in discarded vehicle tires in a forested and unforested site: detritus type, amount, and water nutrient differences. Journal of Vector Ecology: Journal of the Society for Vector Ecology, 32: 207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, A.-M., Trudel, R., Ludwig, A., Soto, J., Rocheleau, J.-P., Picard, I., et al. 2017. West Nile Virus (WNV). In Portrait of zoonoses prioritized by Quebec’s observatory on zoonoses and climate change adaptation in 2015. By C. Bouchard, A.-M. Lowe, and A. Simon. Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada. Pp. 81–90. Available from https://www.inspq.qc.ca/sites/default/files/publications/2557_portrait_zoonoses_prioritized_2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A., Zheng, H., Vrbova, L., Drebot, M.A., Iranpour, M., and Lindsay, L.R. 2019. Climate change and infectious diseases: the challenges: increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 45: 91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lysyk, T.J. 2010. Species abundance and seasonal activity of mosquitoes on cattle facilities in southern Alberta, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology, 47: 32–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKenzie, D.I., Bailey, L.L., and Nichols, J. 2004. Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73: 546–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElhinny, C., Gibbons, P., Brack, C., and Bauhus, J. 2005. Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management, 218: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medlock, J.M. and Vaux, A.G. 2015. Seasonal dynamics and habitat specificity of mosquitoes in an English wetland: implications for UK wetland management and restoration. Journal of Vector Ecology, 40: 90–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meide, L., Xuezhong, W., Tongyan, Z., Zhunwei, D., Yande, D., and Baolin, L. 2008. Analysis of the relationship between density and dominance of Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae) with environmental parameters in southern Yunnan Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45: 1007–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasci, R.S., Moore, C.G., Biggerstaff, B.J., Panella, N.A., Liu, H.Q., Karabatsos, N., et al. 2000. La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 37: 559–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, D.E. 2004. Mosquito-borne diseases as a consequence of land use change. EcoHealth, 1: 19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oksanen, J. 2015. Vegan: an introduction to ordination [online]. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Available from: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vignettes/intro-vegan.pdf [accessed May 2016].Google Scholar
Parks Canada. 2009. The St. Lawrence lowlands [online]. Available from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/v-g/nation/nation75.aspx [accessed June 2016].Google Scholar
Pecoraro, H.L., Day, H.L., Reineke, R., Stevens, N., Withey, J.C., Marzluff, J.M., and Meschke, J.S. 2007. Climatic and landscape correlates for potential West Nile virus mosquito vectors in the Seattle region. Journal of Vector Ecology, 32: 22–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppe, J.L., Schmitz, H.J., Callegari-Jacques, S.M., and Valente, V.L.S. 2015. Environmental determinants on the assemblage structure of Drosophilidae flies in a temperate–subtropical region. Neotropical Entomology, 44: 140–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team 2015. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [online]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
Ramasamy, R. and Surendran, S.N. 2016. Mosquito vectors developing in atypical anthropogenic habitats: global overview of recent observations, mechanisms and impact on disease transmission. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 53: 91.Google ScholarPubMed
Reiskind, M.H., Griffin, R.H., Janairo, M.S., and Hopperstad, K.A. 2017. Mosquitoes of field and forest: the scale of habitat segregation in a diverse mosquito assemblage. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 31: 44–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, L. 2016. West Nile virus still a threat in Quebec. Montreal Gazette. Available from: https://montrealgazette.com/news/west-nile-virus-still-a-threat-in-quebec [accessed 2 December 2018].Google Scholar
Roche, B., Léger, L., L’Ambert, G., Lacour, G., Foussadier, R., Besnard, G., et al. 2015. The spread of Aedes albopictus in metropolitan France: contribution of environmental drivers and human activities and predictions for a near future. PLOS One, 10: e0125600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rochlin, I., Harding, K., Ginsberg, H.S., and Campbell, S.R. 2008. Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use/cover data. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45: 563–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rochlin, I., Ninivaggi, D.V., Hutchinson, M.L., and Farajollahi, A. 2013. Climate change and range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in northeastern USA: implications for public health practitioners. PLOS One, 8: e60874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romi, R., Boccolini, D., Di Luca, M., Medlock, J.M., Schaffner, F., Severini, F., and Toma, L. 2018. The invasive mosquitoes of medical importance. Invasive Species and Human Health, 10: 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, V. 2010. Ordination methods for analyzing ecological data [online]. Université Antilles-Guyane Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. Available from http://vrossi.free.fr/DONNEES/ordination.pdf [accessed November 2014].Google Scholar
Rueda, L.M. 2008. Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 477–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydzanicz, K. and Lonc, E. 2003. Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito larvae in the Wroclaw, Poland area. Journal of Vector Ecology, 28: 255–266.Google ScholarPubMed
Schowalter, T.D. 2011. Insect ecology: an ecosystem approach. Third edition. Academic Press. San Diego, California, United States of America.Google Scholar
Sérandour, J., Willison, J., Thuiller, W., Ravanel, P., Lempérière, G., and Raveton, M. 2010. Environmental drivers for Coquillettidia mosquito habitat selection: a method to highlight key field factors. Hydrobiologia, 652: 377–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M.W. 1980. Effects of wind on the behaviour and distribution of mosquitoes and blackflies. International Journal of Biometeorology, 24: 347–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, R.B. 2001. Pollination biology of Habenaria parviflora (Orchidaceae: Habenariinae) in southeastern Brazil. Darwiniana, 39, 201–207.Google Scholar
Srivastava, D.S. and Lawton, J.H. 1998. Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. The American Naturalist, 152: 510–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Statistics Canada. 2017. Census profile, 2016 census [online]. Available from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E [accessed 3 December 2018].Google Scholar
Steiger, D.M., Johnson, P., Hilbert, D.W., Ritchie, S., Jones, D., and Laurance, S.G. 2012. Effects of landscape disturbance on mosquito community composition in tropical Australia. Journal of Vector Ecology, 37: 69–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, M., Santana, M., Galindo, L.M., Etchepare, E., Willener, J.A., and Almirón, W.R. 2016. Culicidae (Diptera) community structure, spatial and temporal distribution in three environments of the province of Chaco, Argentina. ActaTtropica, 156: 57–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Stoddard, S.T., Morrison, A.C., Vazquez-Prokopec, G.M., Soldan, V.P., Kochel, T.J., Kitron, U., et al. 2009. The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3: e481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tews, J., Brose, U., Grimm, V., Tielbörger, K., Wichmann, M.C., Schwager, M., and Jeltsch, F. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography, 31: 79–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thielman, A.C. and Hunter, F.F. 2007. A photographic key to adult female mosquito species of Canada (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 4: 1–117.Google Scholar
Trojan, P. 1992. Fauna structure analysis. Memorabilia Zoologica, 47: 1–120.Google Scholar
Turell, M.J., Dohm, D.J., Sardelis, M.R., O’guinn, M.L., Andreadis, T.G., and Blow, J.A. 2005. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 42: 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, R.H. 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science, 147: 250–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, R.H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21: 213–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilder-Smith, A., Gubler, D.J., Weaver, S.C., Monath, T.P., Heymann, D.L., and Scott, T.W. 2017. Epidemic arboviral diseases: priorities for research and public health. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17: e101–e106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkerson, R.C., Linton, Y.M., Fonseca, D.M., Schultz, T.R., Price, D.C., and Strickman, D.A. 2015. Making mosquito taxonomy useful: a stable classification of tribe Aedini that balances utility with current knowledge of evolutionary relationships. PLOS One, 10: e0133602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D.M., Dang, P.T., and Ellis, R.A. 1979. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 6. The mosquitoes of Canada. Diptera: Culicidae. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Québec, Canada.Google Scholar
Yan, Z.C. and Zhong, H. 2005. Comparison of adult mosquito community structure on various habitats. Insect Science, 12: 193–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, D.A. 2008. Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45: 581–593.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhong, H.E., Yan, Z., Jones, F., and Brock, C. 2003. Ecological analysis of mosquito light trap collections from west central Florida. Environmental Entomology, 32: 807–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Cloutier et al. supplementary material

Cloutier et al. supplementary material 1

Download Cloutier et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 123 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Cloutier et al. supplementary material

Cloutier et al. supplementary material 2

Download Cloutier et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 221.4 KB