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Development of kairomone-based lures and traps targeting Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromones

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2017

Gary J.R. Judd ,
Alan. L. Knight  and
Ashraf M. El-Sayed
Gary J.R. Judd*
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada
Alan. L. Knight
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, Washington, 98951-9651, United States of America
Ashraf M. El-Sayed
Affiliation:
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Gerald Street, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
*
1Corresponding author (email. [email protected])
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Abstract

Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) can be a serious pest of organic apples (Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae)) in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that S. ocellana moths are attracted by a lure combining acetic acid (AA) and benzyl nitrile (BN), identified as a caterpillar-induced apple leaf volatile, provides an opportunity to develop bisexual mass-trapping or monitoring systems. Sticky white delta traps baited with benzyl nitrile (10 mg/red rubber septum) and an acetic-acid co-lure (3 mL AA/3-mm open 8-mL vial) caught significantly more moths than either component alone. Acetic-acid co-lures were weakly attractive but benzyl-nitrile-loaded septa were not attractive. Moth catches with AA+BN lures were unaffected by the size and type of rubber septum used to release benzyl nitrile, but catches increased with increasing loads of benzyl nitrile. Male and total moth catches were maximised using membrane release devices loaded with a mixture of benzyl nitrile and a second caterpillar-induced volatile, 2-phenylethanol (PET), in combination with an acetic-acid co-lure (AA+BN-PET). Female catches with AA+BN-PET and AA+BN lures were equivalent. Placing AA+BN lures in traps baited with female sex pheromone lures reduced male catches, but female catches were unchanged. When sticky liners were replaced weekly, white delta traps baited with AA+BN lures caught more moths than similarly baited white Multipher®-I bucket traps, or transparent UnitrapsTM. Multipher-I traps with a propylene glycol killing agent (250 mL) caught more moths than those with Vapona insecticide strips. In apple orchards treated with mating disruption sex pheromones, traps baited with AA+BN caught slightly more total moths than traps baited with sex pheromone. Weekly, total male+female moth catches with either AA+BN or sex pheromone lures showed similar seasonal patterns in both untreated and pheromone-disrupted orchards, respectively. Long-lasting release devices and an organic killing agent are needed to develop certified organic mass-trapping technologies for management of S. ocellana with the AA+BN kairomone.

Type
Insect Management
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 149 , Issue 5 , October 2017 , pp. 662 - 676
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2017. Parts of this are a work of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Parts of this are a work are that of the U.S. Government and therefore such parts are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 

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Footnotes

Subject editor: Christopher Cutler

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