Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:21:00.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA. HOPPING'S GROUPS IV AND X

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Gerald N. Lanier
Gerald N. Lanier
Affiliation:
Forest Research Laboratory, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alberta
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The taxonomic concepts of the Ips species of groups IV and X were tested by controlled breeding, bioassay of sex pheromone specificity, and examination of morphological and karyological details. No changes were made in the status of Ips pini, I. bonanseai, and I. avulsus of group IV. I. interstitialis of group X is removed from synonymy with I. calligraphus, and I. ponderosae, also previously considered a synonym of I. calligraphus, is assigned subspecific rank. Assertions of close phylogenetic relationship of the Eurasian I. duplicatus and I. sexdentatus with groups IV and X, respectively, are rejected.I. pini from widely separated localities were interfertile although egg hatchability was subnormal in some crosses involving F1 from matings of beetles from western and eastern North America. I. pini and I. bonanseai readily mated but less than 3% of the eggs hatched and the larvae died. There was no evidence of breeding incompatibility in crosses of I. c. calligraphus from Florida and California or I. c. ponderosae from New Mexico and South Dakota. However, hatchability differed drastically between reciprocal pairings of the I. calligraphus subspecies, possibly as a result of cytoplasmic incompatibility. All eggs produced in pairings of I. interstitialis with either of the I. calligraphus subspecies failed to hatch.First meiotic metaphase of I. pini, I. bonanseai, and both I. calligraphus subspecies invariably showed the formula 15AA + Xyp. This karyotypic formula also applied to I. avulsus except for a few individuals that had 2 small supernumerary chromosomes. The karyotype of I. interstitialis was not determined. Heteromorphic bivalents and univalents were detected in hybrids of the I. calligraphus subspecies.Cross attractiveness to sex pheromones was demonstrated for I. pini from different regions, for I. pini and I. bonanseai, and for the I. calligraphus subspecies. When samples of attractive frass from eastern and western I. pini males were presented simultaneously, eastern females responded equally to both samples but western females favored western frass by a margin of 2 to 1. Similarly, I. c. calligraphus clearly discriminated in favor of consubspecific pheromone while I. c. ponderosae did not.The locality of several of Eichhoff’s holotypes is noted.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 104 , Issue 3 , March 1972 , pp. 361 - 388
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, R. F. 1948. Host selection by the pine engraver. J. econ. Ent. 41: 596–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, B. A. 1969. Sound production in Scolytidae (Coleoptera) with emphasis on the genus Ips. Can. Ent. 101: 636–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, J. A., Haliburton, W., and Knight, F. B.. 1952. Forest insects of the southeast: with special reference to species occurring in the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina. Duke Univ. School Forestry Bull. 14, 168 pp.Google Scholar
Beal, J. A. and Massey, C. L.. 1945. Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with special reference to species occurring in North Carolina. Duke Univ. School Forestry Bull. 10, 178 pp.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. H., Chellman, C. W., and Holt, W. R.. 1958. Insect enemies of southern pines. U.S. For. Serv. Sth. For. Exp. Stn Occ. Pap. 164, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Berisford, C. W., Kulman, H. M., and Pienkowski, R. L.. 1970. Notes on the biologies of hymenopterous parasites of Ips spp. bark beetles in Virginia. Can. Ent. 102: 484–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, M. W. 1922. Mississippi Bark Beetles. Miss. Exp. Stn Bull. 11, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Blandford, W. F. H. 1895. Fam. Scolytidae. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Vol. 6, pp. 81–298.Google Scholar
Boss, G. D. and Thatcher, T. O.. 1970. Mites associated with Ips and Dendroctonus in southern Rocky Mountains with special reference to Iponemus truncatus (Acarina: Tarsonemidae). U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-171.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America. Ore. St. Coll. Coop. Assoc., Corvallis. 513 pp.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1958. The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. Ore. St. Monog. Stud. Ent., No. 2, 205 pp.Google Scholar
Ciesla, W. M. and Bell, J. C.. 1968. The pine engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 235–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, W. A. 1916. The pine bark beetle (Ips pini (Say)). Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 383, pp. 287–298.Google Scholar
Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 657.Google Scholar
Craighead, F. C. and Middleton, W.. 1930. An annotated list of the important North American forest insects. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 74.Google Scholar
Dejean, . 1837. Catalogue des Coléoptères de la collection de le baron Dejean. Ed. IV. 503 pp.Google Scholar
Doane, R. W., et al. 1936. Forest insects. McGraw-Hill, New York and London.Google Scholar
Eichhoff, W. 1867. Neue amerikanische Borkenkäfer-Gattungen und Arten. Berl. ent. Z. 11: 399–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichhoff, W. 1869. Neue Amerikanische Borkenkäfer-Gattung und Arten. Berl. ent. Z. 12: 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichhoff, W. 1876. Synoptical observations. Stettin. ent. Ztg. 37: 378.Google Scholar
Eichhoff, W. 1878. Ratio descriptio, emendatio, eorum Tomicinorum. Mem. Soc. r. Sci. Liége 7: 1–531.Google Scholar
Etheridge, D. E. 1968. Preliminary observations on the pathology of Pinus caribaea Morelet in British Honduras. Commonw. For. Rev. 47: 131.Google Scholar
Felt, E. P. 1906. Pine bark beetle. In Insects affecting park and woodland trees. Mem. N.Y. St. Mus. 8: 351–354.Google Scholar
Fitch, A. 1858. Fourth report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the state of New York.Google Scholar
Germar, E. F. 1824. Insectorum Species-Novae Hut Minus Cignitae, Descriptionibus Illustratae.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagedorn, M. 1910. Coleopterum Catalogus, Pars IV, Ipidae. Junk, Berlin.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. D. 1902. Insect enemies of the pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve. U.S. Dep. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 32, 24 pp.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. D. 1905. Notes on some Mexican Scolytidae with descriptions of some new species. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 7: 71–79.Google Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963. The natural groups of species in the genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Can. Ent. 95: 508–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1964. The North American species in groups IV and V of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 96: 970–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 a. The North American species of group VI of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 533–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 b. The North American species in group X of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 803–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. C. 1967. Distribution of bark beetle attacks on ponderosa pine trees in Montana. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note Int-62, 7 pp.Google Scholar
Keen, F. P. 1929. Insect enemies of California pines and their control. St. Calif. Dep. Nat. Res., Div. For. Bull. 7.Google Scholar
Keen, F. P. 1953. Insect enemies of western forests. Misc. Publs U.S. Dep. Agric., No. 273, 2nd ed.Google Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1966. Interspecific mating and cytological studies of closely related species of Ips De Geer and Orthotomicus Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 98: 175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1970 a. Sex pheromones: abolition of specificity in hybrid bark beetles. Science 169: 71–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanier, G. N. 1970 b. Biosystematics of North American Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Hopping's group IX. Can. Ent. 102: 1139–1163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1970 c. Biosystematics of the genus Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Hopping's group III. Can. Ent. 102: 1404–1423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1971. Cytoplasmic incompatibility and breeding isolation in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 13: 160–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N. and Cameron, E. A.. 1969. Secondary sex characters in North American species of the genus Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 101: 862–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leconte, J. L. 1868. Synopsis of Scolytidae of North America (taxonomic). Discussion, keys to species, 19 genera, 96 species. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 2: 150–178.Google Scholar
Leconte, J. L. 1876. Family IX. Scolytidae. In J. L. Leconte and G. H. Horn, The Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Am. philos. Soc. 15: 341–391.Google Scholar
Lindquist, E. E. 1969 a. Review of holarctic tarsonemid mites (Acarina: Prostigmata) parasitizing eggs of ipine bark beetles. Mem. ent. Soc. Can., No. 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, E. E. 1969 b. New species of Tarsonemus (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) associated with bark beetles. Can. Ent. 101: 1291–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, R. R. 1969. Behavior of Ips populations after summer thinning in a loblolly pine plantation. For. Sci. 15: 390–398.Google Scholar
Mason, R. R. 1970. Comparison of flight aggregation in two species of southern Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 102: 1036–1041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. M. and Keen, F. P.. 1960. Biology and control of the western pine beetle. U.S. Gov. Printing Off., Washington, D.C.381 pp.Google Scholar
Mirov, N. T. 1967. The genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York.Google Scholar
Reid, R. W. 1955. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. I. Notes on the biologies of some Scolytidae attacking lodgepole pine slash. Can. Ent. 57: 311–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, R. W. 1957. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. IV. Distribution, population densities, and effects of several environmental factors. Can. Ent. 89: 437–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Say, T. 1826. Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 5: 257, 266.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1939. Scolytidae, Coptonotidae Platypodidae mexicanos. An. Es. Nac. Cienc. Biol. 1: 317–379.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1955. Die Kiefern-Borkenkafer Guatemalas. Z. angew. Ent. 38: 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schenk, J. A. and Benjamin, D. M.. 1969. Notes on the biology of Ips pini in central Wisconsin jack pine forests. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 62: 480–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwerdtfeger, F. 1956. Scolytidae (Col.) on Pinus-Arten in Mittelamerika. I. Das Genus Ips De Geer. Z. angew. Ent. 39: 34–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. B. 1900. Insects of New Jersey. N.J. St. Bd Agric. 755 pp.Google Scholar
Smith, S. G. 1952. The cytology of Sitophilus (= Calandra) oryzae (L.), S. granarius (L.) and some other Rhynchophora (Coleoptera). Cytologia 17: 50–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1909. Catalogue of the described Scolytidae of America, north of Mexico. Appendix B in Report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York. N.Y. St. Mus. Bull. 134: 76–159.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1918. Canadian bark beetles. II. A preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control. Tech. Bull. Can. Dep. Agric., No. 14.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1925. New species of Ipidae (Coleoptera). Can. Ent. 58: 192–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thatcher, R. C. 1960. Bark beetles affecting southern pines: A review of current knowledge. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Sth. For. Exp. Stn, Occ. Pap. 180.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. B. 1961. The life history of Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 93: 384–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. B. 1966. Some Scolytidae from the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. Can. Ent. 98: 871–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. B. 1967. A comparative study of gastric caeca in adult and larval stages of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ont., Vol. 97, pp. 71–90.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P., Gara, R. I., and von Scheller, H. D.. 1964. Field observations on the response to attractants of bark beetles infesting southern pines. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 461–470.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1962. Stridulating organs in three southeastern Ips bark beetles. Fla Ent. 45: 43–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1963. Larval instars and head capsule morphology in three southeastern Ips bark beetles. Fla Ent. 46: 19–22.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1964. Attraction and development of Ips bark beetle populations in artificially infested pine bolts exposed on fire towers and turntables in Florida. Fla Ent. 47: 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C., McClelland, W. T., Murillo, R. M., and Ostmark, E. O.. 1967. Stridulation and behavior in two southeastern Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Fla Ent. 50: 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1961. Stridulation in the genus Ips De Geer. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 37: 187–188.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1970. Pheromones of bark beetles. In Wood, D. L., Silverstein, R. M. and Nakajima, M., Control of insect behavior by natural products. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Bushing, R. W.. 1963. The olfactory response of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the secondary attraction in the laboratory. Can. Ent. 95: 1066–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L. and Stark, R. W.. 1968 a. The life history of Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with notes on its biology in California. Can. Ent. 100: 145–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L. and Stark, R. W.. 1968 b. Addendum. Can. Ent. 100: 548.Google Scholar
Wygant, N. D. and Lara, R. R.. 1967. Pine engraver Ips pini (Say), pp. 117–119. In Important forest insects of mutual concern to Canada, the United States and Mexico. Queen's Printer, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Yearian, W. C. and Wilkinson, R. C.. 1963. An artificial rearing medium for Ips calligraphus Germ. Fla Ent. 46: 319–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yearian, W. C. and Wilkinson, R. C.. 1967. Development of three Ips bark beetles on a phloem-based rearing medium. Fla Ent. 50: 43–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar