Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:20:15.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2018

Jean-Frdéric Guay ,
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ,
Jean-François Doherty  and
Conrad Cloutier
Jean-Frdéric Guay
Affiliation:
Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Amy Bernier-Desmarais
Affiliation:
Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Jean-François Doherty
Affiliation:
Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Conrad Cloutier*
Affiliation:
Département de biologie, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

Résumé

La cochenille des aiguilles du pin Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae) ne cause présentement pas de dommage significatif aux arbres de Noël (Pinaceae) au Québec, Canada et porte le statut de ravageur émergent. Non dépistée par la majorité des producteurs, elle pose toutefois un problème pour certaines entreprises à l’exportation vers des marchés extérieurs où ce type de ravageur est strictement réglementé. Nos observations récentes ont permis de décrire son cycle vital en plantation d’arbres de Noël au sud du Québec. Nous avons pu confirmer la présence des formes parthénogénétiques et sexuées de la cochenille sur le sapin Fraser Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) cultivé comme arbre de Noël, et de parasitoïdes et Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) qui pourraient favoriser son contrôle.

Type
Behaviour & Ecology—Note
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 150 , Issue 5 , October 2018 , pp. 632 - 636
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brown, C.E. 1958. Dispersal of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Diaspididae: Homoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 90: 685–690.Google Scholar
Brown, C.E. 1959. Reproduction of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Homoptera: Diaspididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 91: 529–535.Google Scholar
Brown, S.W. 1965. Chromosomal survey of the armored and palm scale insects (Coccoïdea: Diaspididae and Phoenicococcidae). Hilgardia, 36: 189–294.Google Scholar
Burden, D.J. and Hart, E.R. 1993. Parasitoids associated with Chionaspis pinifoliae and Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66: 383–391.Google Scholar
Campbell, A.M., Lawrence, A.J., Hudspath, C.B., and Gruwell, M.E. 2014. Molecular identification of Diaspididae and elucidation of non-native species using the genes 28s and 16s. Insects, 5: 528–538.Google Scholar
Cooper, D.D. and Cranshaw, W.S. 1999. The natural enemy complex associated with the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in North Central Colorado. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 72: 131–133.Google Scholar
Cumming, M.E.P. 1953. Notes on the life history and seasonal development of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Homoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 85: 347–352.Google Scholar
Doherty, J.-F., Guay, J.-F., and Cloutier, C. 2018. Novel temperature-dependent development rate models for postdiapause egg eclosion of three important arthropod pests found in commercial Christmas tree plantations of southern Québec, Canada. Environmental Entomology, 47: 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy003.Google Scholar
Eliason, E.A. and McCullough, D.G. 1997. Survival and fecundity of three insects reared on four varieties of Scotch pine Christmas trees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 90: 1598–1608.Google Scholar
Fondren, K.M. and McCullough, D.G. 2005. Phenology, natural enemies, and efficacy of horticultural oil for control of Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas tree plantations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 1603–1613.Google Scholar
Glynn, C. and Herms, D.A. 2004. Local adaptation in pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae): natal and novel host quality as tests for specialization within and among red and Scots pine. Environmental Entomology, 33: 748–755.Google Scholar
Gwiazdowski, R.A. and Normark, B.B. 2014. An unidentified parasitoid community (Chalcidoidea) is associated with pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107: 356–363.Google Scholar
Gwiazdowski, R.A., Vea, I.M., Andersen, J.C., and Normark, B.B. 2011. Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 47: 47–62.Google Scholar
Luck, R.F. and Dahlsten, D.L. 1974. Bionomics of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae, and its natural enemies at South Lake Tahoe, Calif. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 67: 309–316.Google Scholar
Magsig-Castillo, J., Morse, J.G., Walker, G.P., Bi, J.L., Rugman-Jones, P.F., and Stouthamer, R. 2010. Phoretic dispersal of armored scale crawlers (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 1172–1179.Google Scholar
Martel, P. and Sharma, M.L. 1968. Quelques précisions sur la biologie et l'écologie de la cochenille, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Homoptera: Diaspididae), dans le Québec. Phytoprotection, 49: 19–25.Google Scholar
Martel, P. and Sharma, M.L. 1970. Quelques notes sur Microweisea marginata (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), prédateur de la cochenille du pin, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch). Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec, 15: 61–65.Google Scholar
Martel, P. and Sharma, M.L. 1975. Parasites de la cochenille du pin, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), dans la région de Sherbrooke, Québec. Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec, 20: 11–14.Google Scholar
Miller, R. and Davidson, J.A. 2005. Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.Google Scholar
Morse, G.E. and Normark, B.B. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic study of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Systematic Entomology, 31: 338–349.Google Scholar
Nielsen, D.G. and Johnson, N.E. 1973. Contribution to the life history and dynamics of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae, in central New York. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66: 34–43.Google Scholar
Philpott, D.E., Berlocher, S.H., Mitchell, R.F., and Hanks, L.M. 2009. Molecular validation of a morphological character for distinguishing between the armored scale insects Chionaspis pinifoliae and Chionaspis heterophyllae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102: 381–385.Google Scholar
Stimmann, M.W. 1969. Seasonal history of a unisexual population of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae . Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62: 930–931.Google Scholar
Tooker, J.F. and Hanks, L.M. 2000. Influence of plant community structure on natural enemies of pine needle scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in urban landscapes. Environmental Entomology, 29: 1305–1311.Google Scholar
Vea, I.M., Gwiazdowski, R.A., and Normark, B.B. 2012. Corroborating molecular species discovery: four new pine-feeding species of Chionaspis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). ZooKeys, 270: 37–58.Google Scholar