Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:14:48.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biology and integrated management of wheat stem sawfly and the need for continuing research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2012

B.L. Beres ,
L.M. Dosdall ,
D.K. Weaver ,
H.A. Cárcamo  and
D.M. Spaner
B.L. Beres*
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Box 3000, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1, and University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, 410 Ag/Forestry Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
L.M. Dosdall
Affiliation:
University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, 410 Ag/Forestry Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
D.K. Weaver
Affiliation:
Montana State University Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 173120, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3120, United States of America
H.A. Cárcamo
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
D.M. Spaner
Affiliation:
University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, 410 Ag/Forestry Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is historically one of the most important economic insect pests in the northern Great Plains of North America. Within this geographical region, the areas subjected to greatest attack are southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, eastern and northern Montana, North Dakota, northern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. Cumulative grain-yield losses and annual economic losses associated with this pest can exceed 30% and $350 million, respectively. Solid-stemmed cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), tolerant of infestation, are critical for C. cinctus management, but outbreaks of this pest continue to occur even after six decades of cultivar development. Furthermore, chemical control (a primary control option for other cereal (Poaceae) insect pests) has proven ineffective; this underscores the need to integrate resistant cultivars into a comprehensive integrated pest management program. We provide overviews of wheat stem sawfly biology, recent advances in applied research, the efficacy and integration of cultural and biological management strategies, and future directions for global research activities to manage wheat stem sawfly.

Résumé

Le cèphe du blé, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera : Cephidae), est historiquement l’une des espèces de ravageurs de la plus grande importance économique dans le nord des Grandes Plaines d’Amérique du Nord. Au sein de cette région géographique, les zones qui ont subi la plus forte attaque sont le sud de l’Alberta et de la Saskatchewan, le sud-ouest du Manitoba, l’est et le nord du Montana, le Dakota du Nord, le nord du Dakota du Sud et l’ouest du Minnesota. Les pertes cumulatives de rendement en grain causées par ce ravageur peuvent dépasser 30 % et les pertes économiques annuelles peuvent excéder 350 millions $. Les cultivars de blé, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), à tige solide et tolérants à l’infestation sont d’importance critique dans la gestion de C. cinctus, mais des épidémies de ce ravageur se produisent toujours même après six décennies de développement de cultivars. De plus, le contrôle chimique (une méthode importante de lutte contre les autres insectes ravageurs des céréales (Poaceae)) s’est avéré inefficace; cela souligne la nécessité d’intégrer les cultivars résistants dans un programme complet de lutte intégrée contre le ravageur. Nous présentons un exposé général de la biologie du cèphe du blé, des progrès récents en recherche appliquée, de l’efficacité et de l’intégration des stratégies de gestion basées sur la culture et la biologie et des avenues futures des activités globales de recherche nécessaires pour gérer le cèphe du blé.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 143 , Issue 2 , April 2011 , pp. 105 - 125
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainslie, C.N., 1920. The western grass-stem sawfly. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, C.N., 1929. The western grass-stem sawfly: a pest of small grains. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 157.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.L., 2005. A multi-tactic approach to manage weed population dynamics in crop rotations. Agronomy Journal, 97: 1579–1583. doi:10. 2134/agronj2005.0194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.L., 2008. Diversity and no-till: keys for pest management in the US great plains. Weed Science, 56: 141–145. doi:10.1614/ws-07-007.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous. 1999. Heptachlor [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/wastemin/factshts/hepchl.pdf [accessed 23 April2008].Google Scholar
Bartelt, R.J., Cossé, A.A., Petroski, R.J., and Weaver, D.K. 2002. Cuticular hydrocarbons and novel alkenediol diacetates from wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus: natural oxidation to pheromone components. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28: 385–405. PMID:11925075 doi:10.1023/A: 1017994410538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beres, B.L., Cárcamo, H.A., and Byers, J.R., 2007. Effect of wheat stem sawfly damage on yield and quality of selected Canadian spring wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 79–87. PMID:17370813 doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100 [79:EOWSSD]2.0.CO;2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beres, B.L., Cárcamo, H.A., and Bremer, E. 2009. Evaluation of alternative planting strategies to reduce wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) damage to spring wheat in the Northern Great Plains. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 2137–2145. PMID:20069842 doi:10.1603/029.102.0617.Google Scholar
Blake, N.K., Lanning, S.P., Martin, J.M., Sherman, J.D., and Talbert, L.E., 2007. Relationship of flag leaf characteristics to economically important traits in two spring wheat crosses. Crop Science, 47: 491–496. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.05.0286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blodgett, S.L., Johnson, G., Kemp, W.P., and Sands, J.K., 1997. Developing an extension pest management program using the needs-assessment process. [online] Journal of Extension, 35. http://www.joe.org/joe/1997february/a1.php [accessed July 2010].Google Scholar
Bowden, R., Shroyer, J., Roozeboom, K., Claassen, M., Evans, P., Gordon, B. et al. , 2001. Performance of wheat variety blends in Kansas. In Keeping up with research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. p. 6.Google Scholar
Brandt, S.A., Kutcher, H.R., and Smith, E.G., 2008. Agronomic implications of more intensive canola rotations. In Proceedings of FARMTECH 2008: 136.Google Scholar
Bruckner, P.L., Berg, J.E., Kushnak, G.D., Stougaard, R.N., Eckhoff, J.L., Carlson, G.R. et al. , 2006. Registration of ‘Genou’ wheat. Crop Science, 46: 982–983. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.07-0188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruckner, P.L., Kushnak, G.D., Berg, J.E., Wichman, D.M., Carlson, G.R., Stallknecht, G.F. et al. , 1997. Registration of ‘Rampart’ wheat. Crop Science, 37: 1004. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030052x.Google Scholar
Buteler, M., Weaver, D.K., and Miller, P.R., 2008. Wheat stem sawfly-infested plants benefit from parasitism of the herbivorous larvae. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 10: 347–354; Corrigendum 11:123. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00396.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buteler, M., Weaver, D.K., and Peterson, R.K.D. 2009. Oviposition behavior of the wheat stem sawfly when encountering plants infested with cryptic conspecifics. Environmental Entomology, 38: 1707–1715. PMID:20021767 doi:10.1603/022.038.0624.Google Scholar
Buteler, M., Weaver, D.K., Bruckner, P.L., Carlson, G.R., Berg, J.E., and Lamb, P.F., 2010. Identification of winter wheat cultivars suitable as trap crops for the wheat stem sawfly based on screening using agronomic traits and semiochemical production. The Canadian Entomologist, 142: 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cárcamo, H.A., and Beres, B.L., 2006. Does wheat host affect overwintering survivorship of the wheat stem sawfly? In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Alberta, 54: 1.Google Scholar
Cárcamo, H.A., Beres, B.L., Clarke, F., Byers, R.J., Mundel, H.H., May, K., and DePauw, R. 2005. Influence of plant host quality on fitness and sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Environmental Entomology, 34: 1579–1592. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-34.6.1579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, G.R., Bruckner, P.L., Berg, J.E., Kushnak, G.D., Wichman, D.M., Eckhoff, J.L. et al. , 1997. Registration of ‘Vanguard’ wheat. Crop Science, 37: 291. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997. 0011183X003700010060x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, F., Aung, T., and DePauw, R. 1998. Simplifying the inheritance of resistance to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.). In Proceedings of the Ninth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. A.E. Slinkard. University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. pp. 240–242.Google Scholar
Clarke, F.R., Clarke, J.M., and Knox, R.E., 2002. Inheritance of stem solidness in eight durum wheat crosses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 82: 661–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, F.R., DePauw, R.M., and Aung, T. 2005. Registration of sawfly resistant hexaploid spring wheat germplasm lines derived from durum. Crop Science, 45: 1665–1666. doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.0607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comstock, J.H., 1889. On a saw-fly borer in wheat. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Cook, J.P., Wichman, D.M., Martin, J.M., Bruckner, P.L., and Talbert, L.E., 2004. Identification of microsatellite markers associated with a stem solidness locus in wheat. Crop Science, 44: 1397–1402. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.1397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossé, A.A., Bartelt, R.J., Weaver, D.K., and Zilkowski, B.W., 2002. Pheromone components of the wheat stem sawfly: identification, electrophysiology, and field bioassay. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28: 407–423. PMID:11925076 doi:10.1023/A:1017946527376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Criddle, N. 1915. The Hessian fly and the western wheat stem sawfly in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Canadian Department of Agriculture, Entomology Branch Bulletin, 11: 1–23.Google Scholar
Criddle, N. 1922 a. The western wheat stem sawfly and its control. Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture Pamphlet No. 6 New Series: 1–8.Google Scholar
Criddle, N. 1922 b. The western wheat stem sawfly in Canada. The Report of the Entomological Society, 36: 18–21.Google Scholar
Criddle, N. 1923. The life habits of Cephus cinctus Nort. in Manitoba. The Canadian Entomologist, 55: 1–4. doi:10.4039/Ent551-1.Google Scholar
Davis, E.G., 1955. Status of the wheat stem sawfly in the United States in 1954. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Bimonthly Bulletin, 17: 171–175.Google Scholar
Davis, E.G., Benton, C., and Somsen, H.W., 1955. Natural enemies of the wheat stem sawfly in North Dakota and Montana. North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station Bimonthly Bulletin, 28: 63–65.Google Scholar
Delaney, K.J., Weaver, D.K., and Peterson, R.K.D. 2010. Photosynthesis and yield reductions from wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae): Interactions with wheat solidness, water stress, and phosphorus deficiency. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 516–524. PMID:20429469 doi: 10.1603/ec09229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DePauw, R.M., and Read, D.W.L. 1982. The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the expression of stem solidness in Canuck wheat at four locations in southwestern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 62: 593–598. doi:10.4141/cjps82-089.Google Scholar
DePauw, R.M., McLeod, J.G., Clarke, J.M., McCaig, T.N., Fernandez, M.R., and Knox, R.E. 1994. AC Eatonia hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 74: 821–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePauw, R.M., Clarke, J.M., Knox, R.E., Fernandez, M.R., McCaig, T.N., and McLeod, J.G., 2000. AC Abbey hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 80: 123–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePauw, R.M., Townley-Smith, T.F., Humphreys, G., Knox, R.E., Clarke, F.R., and Clarke, J.M., 2005. Lillian hard red spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 85: 397–401.Google Scholar
Dosdall, L.M., Dolinski, M.G., Cowle, N.T., and Conway, P.M., 1999. The effect of tillage regime, row spacing, and seeding rate on feeding damage by flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in canola in central Alberta, Canada. Crop Protection, 18: 217–224. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00019-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckroth, E.G., and McNeal, F.H., 1953. Association of plant characters in spring wheat with resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. Agronomy Journal, 45: 400–404. doi:10.2134/agronj1953.00021962004500090002x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faris, D.G., and DePauw, R.M., 1981. Effect of seeding rate on growth and yield of three spring wheat cultivars. Field Crops Research, 3: 289–301. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(80)90036-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farstad, C.W., King, K.M., Glen, R., and Jacobson, L.A. 1945. Control of the wheat stem sawfly in the prairie provinces. War-time Production series – Agricultural Supplies Board Special Publication No. 59. pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Farstad, C.W., and Platt, A.W., 1946. The reaction of barley varieties to wheat stem sawfly attack. Scientific Agriculture, 26: 216–224.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. 1896. ddThe western wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus L.). Dominion of Canada, Department of Agriculture, Report of the Dominion Entomologist: 147–149.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. 1904. Experimental farms reports – Report of the Entomologist and Botanist. Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Agriculture, Sessional Paper No. 16. pp. 172–173.Google Scholar
Goosey, H.B., 1999. In field distributions of the wheat stem sawfly, (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), and evaluation of selected tactics for an integrated management program. M.Sc. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.Google Scholar
Goosey, H.B., Lenssen, A.W., Johnson, G.D., Blodgett, S.L., Carlson, G.R., and Kephart, K.D. 2007. Durum spring wheat susceptibility to wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 42: 133–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, B. 2001. Cutting through wheat stem sawfly dilemmas [online]. Available from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul01/sawfly0701.pdfxs [accessed 1 August 2010].Google Scholar
Hayat, M.A., Martin, J.M., Lanning, S.P., McGuire, C.F., and Talbert, L.E., 1995. Variation for stem solidness and its association with agronomic traits in spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 75: 775–780.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., 1977. The effect of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), on the yield and quality of wheat. The Canadian Entomologist, 109: 1591–1598. doi: 10.4039/Ent1091591-12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N.D., 1979. The wheat stem sawfly. In Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Alberta, 26: 2–13.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., 1982. Population dynamics of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in wheat. The Canadian Entomologist, 114: 775–788. doi:10.4039/Ent114775-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N.D., 1984. The effect of light on the resistance of hard red spring wheats to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 116: 677–684. doi:10.4039/Ent116677-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Farstad, C.W., 1956. Effects of field exposure on immature stages of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Canadian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36: 196–202.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1957. Effect of continuous rearing inRescue wheat on the survival of the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 89: 363–364. doi:10.4039/Ent89363-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1960. The influence of the host on oviposition by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 40: 29–40. doi:10.4141/cjps60-004.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1961. Resistance of spring wheats to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Resistance to the egg. The Canadian Entomologist, 93: 250–260. doi:10.4039/Ent93250-4.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1962. Resistance of spring wheats to the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) II. Resistance to the larva. The Canadian Entomologist, 94: 348–365. doi:10.4039/Ent94348-4.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1963 a. Effects of variety and date of seeding spring wheats and location in the field on sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41: 1217–1222. doi:10.1139/z63-101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1963 b. Heptachlor as a systemic insecticide against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. The Canadian Entomologist, 95: 792–796. doi:10.4039/Ent95792-8.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., and Peterson, L.K., 1965. Swathing wheat and survival of wheat stem sawfly. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 45: 579–581. doi:10.4141/cjps65-109.Google Scholar
Holmes, N.D., Nelson, W.A., Peterson, L.K., and Farstad, C.W., 1963. Causes of variations in effectiveness of Bracon cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasite of the wheat stem sawfly. The Canadian Entomologist, 95: 113–126. doi:10.4039/Ent95113-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivie, M.A., 2001. On the geographic origin of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae): a new hypothesis of introduction from northeastern Asia. American Entomologist, 47: 84–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivie, M.A., and Zinovjev, A.G., 1996. Discovery of the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Asia, with the proposal of a new synonymy. The Canadian Entomologist, 128: 347–348. doi:10.4039/Ent128347-2.Google Scholar
Jacobson, L.A., and Farstad, C.W., 1952. Effect of time of seeding Apex wheat on infestation and sex ratio of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenotpera: Cephidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 84: 90–92. doi:10.4039/Ent8490-3.Google Scholar
Kemp, H.J., 1934. Studies of solid stem wheat varieties in relation to wheat stem sawfly control. Scientific Agriculture, 15: 30–38.Google Scholar
Lacey, L.A., Frutos, R., Kaya, H.K., and Vail, P. 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future? Biological Control, 21: 230–248. doi:10.1006/bcon.2001.0938.Google Scholar
Lafond, G.P., Boyetchko, S.M., Brandt, S.A., Clayton, G.W., and Entz, M.H., 1996. Influence of changing tillage practices on crop production. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 76: 641–649.Google Scholar
Lal, R. 1997. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2-enrichment. Soil and Tillage Research, 43: 81–107. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(97) 00036-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanning, S.P., Fox, P., Elser, J., Martin, J.M., Blake, N.K., and Talbert, L.E., 2006. Microsatellite markers associated with a secondary stem solidness locus in wheat. Crop Science, 46: 1701–1703. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.10-0379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindwall, C.W., and Anderson, D.T., 1981. Agronomic evaluation of minimum tillage systems for summer fallow in southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 61: 247–253. doi:10. 4141/cjps81-037.Google Scholar
Luginbill, P. Jr., McNeal, F.H., 1954. Effect of fertilizers on the resistance of certain winter and spring wheat varieties to the wheat stem sawfly. Agronomy Journal, 46: 570–573. doi:10.2134/agronj1954.00021962004600120010x.Google Scholar
Luginbill, P., and McNeal, F.H., 1958. Influence of seeding density and row spacings on the resistance of spring wheats to the wheat stem sawfly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51: 804–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macedo, T.B., Peterson, R.K.D., Weaver, D.K., and Morrill, W.L., 2005. Wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, impact on wheat primary metabolism: an ecophysiological approach. Environmental Entomology, 34: 719–726. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-34.3.719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macedo, T.B., Weaver, D.K., and Peterson, R.K.D. 2007. Photosynthesis in wheat at the grain filling stage is altered by larval wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) injury and reduced water availability. Journal of Entomological Science, 42: 228–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, O.R., 1945. Crop residue management in dry-land crop production. Agronomy Journal, 37: 297–306. doi:10.2134/agronj1945.00021962 003700040007x.Google Scholar
Mawdsley, J.R., 2002. Ecological notes on species of Cleridae (Insecta: Coleoptera) associated with the prairie flora of central North America. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 35: 15–22.Google Scholar
McGinnis, A.J., 1950. Sex ratio studies on the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. M.Sc. thesis, Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana.Google Scholar
McKenzie, H. 1965. Inheritance of sawfly reaction and stem solidness in spring wheat crosses: stem solidness. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 45: 591–600. doi:10.4141/cjps65-111.Google Scholar
McNeal, F.H., Berg, M.A., and Luginbill, P. Jr., 1955. Wheat stem sawfly damage in four spring wheat varieties as influenced by date of seeding. Agronomy Journal, 47: 522–525. doi:10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700110008x.Google Scholar
Meers, S.B., 2005. Impact of harvest operations on parasitism of the wheat stemsawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). M.Sc. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.Google Scholar
Miller, P.R., Waddington, J., McDonald, C.L., and Derksen, D.A., 2002. Cropping sequence affects wheat productivity on the semiarid northern Great Plains. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 82: 307–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, R.H., El Masri, S., and Al Jundi, K. 1993. Plant density and wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) resistance in Syrian wheats. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83: 95–102. doi:10.1017/S0007485300041821.Google Scholar
Molberg, E.S., 1963. Yield and quality of Selkirk wheat swathed at different stages of maturity. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 43: 338–343. doi:10.4141/cjps63-063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrill, W.L., 1983. Early history of cereal grain insect pests in Montana. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 29: 24–28.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., and Kushnak, G.D., 1996. Wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) adaptation to winter wheat. Environmental Entomology, 25: 1128–1132.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., and Kushnak, G.D., 1999. Planting date influence on the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in spring wheat. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 16: 123–128.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Gabor, J.W., Hockett, E.A., and Kushnak, G.D., 1992. Wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) resistance in winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85: 2008–2011.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Gabor, J.W., Weaver, D.K., Kushnak, G.D., and Irish, N.J., 2000. Effect of host plant quality on the sex ratio and fitness of female wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Environmental Entomology, 29: 195–199. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0195:EOHPQO]2.0. CO;2.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Gabor, J.W., and Wichman, D. 1993. Mortality of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) at low temperatures. Environmental Entomology, 22: 1358–1361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Kushnak, G.D., and Gabor, J.W., 1998. Parasitism of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Montana. Biological Control, 12: 159–163. doi:10.1006/bcon. 1998.0629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Weaver, D.K., Irish, N.J., and Barr, W.F. 2001 a. Phyllobaenus dubius (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a new record of a predator of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 74: 181–183.Google Scholar
Morrill, W.L., Weaver, D.K., and Johnson, G.D., 2001 b. Trap strip and field border modification for management of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 36: 34–45.Google Scholar
Nansen, C., Macedo, T.B., Weaver, D.K., and Peterson, R.K.D., 2005 a. Spatiotemporal distributions of wheat stem sawfly eggs and larvae in dryland wheat fields. The Canadian Entomologist, 137: 428–440. doi:10.4039/N04-094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nansen, C., Payton, M.E., Runyon, J.B., Weaver, D.K., Morrill, W.L., and Sing, S.E., 2005 b. Preharvest sampling plan for larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in winter wheat fields. The Canadian Entomologist, 137: 602–614. doi:10.4039/N04-087.Google Scholar
Nansen, C., Weaver, D.K., Sing, S.E., Runyon, J.B., Morrill, W.L., Grieshop, M.J. et al. , 2005 c. Within-field spatial distribution of Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae in Montana wheat fields. The Canadian Entomologist, 137: 202–214. doi:10.4039/N04-036.Google Scholar
Nelson, W.A., and Farstad, C.W., 1953. Biology of Bracon cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an important native parasite of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in Western Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 85: 103–107. doi:10.4039/Ent85103-3.Google Scholar
Norton, E. 1872. Notes on North American Tenthredinidae with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 4: 77–86.Google Scholar
O’Keeffe, L.E., Callenbach, J.A., and Lebsock, K.L. 1960. Effect of culm solidness on the survival of the wheat stem sawfly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 53: 244–246.Google Scholar
Ozberk, I., Atl, A., Yucel, A., Ozberk, F., and Coskun, Y. 2005. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus L.) damage; impacts on grain yield, quality and marketing prices in Anatolia. Crop Protection, 24: 1054–1060. doi:10.1016/j.cropro. 2005.03.006.Google Scholar
Perez-Mendoza, J., and Weaver, D.K., 2006. Temperature and relative humidity effects on postdiapause larval development and adult emergence in three populations of wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Environmental Entomology, 35: 1222–1231. doi:10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35 [1222:TARHEO]2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Perez-Mendoza, J., Weaver, D.K., and Morrill, W.L. 2006. Infestation of wheat and downy brome grass by wheat stem sawfly and subsequent larval performance. Environmental Entomology, 35: 1279–1285. doi:10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35[1279:IOWADB]2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Piesik, D., Weaver, D., Runyon, J.B., Buteler, M., Peck, G.E., and Morill, W. 2008. Behavioral responses of wheat stem sawflies to wheat volatiles. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 10: 245–253. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00380.x.Google Scholar
Piesik, D., Wenda-Piesik, A., Weaver, D.K., Macedo, T.B., and Morrill, W.L., 2009. Influence of Fusarium infection and wheat stem sawfly infestation on volatile metabolites collected from wheat plants. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 49: 167–174. doi:10.2478/v10045-009-0024-2.Google Scholar
Platt, A.W., and Farstad, C.W., 1946. The reaction of wheat varieties to wheat stem sawfly attack. Scientific Agriculture, 26: 231–247.Google Scholar
Platt, A., and Farstad, C.W., 1949. Breeding spring wheats for resistance to wheat stem sawfly attack. In Proceedings of the 7th Pacific Science Congress, 4: 215–220.Google Scholar
Platt, A.W., and Larson, R.I., 1944. An attempt to transfer solid-stem from Triticum durum to T. vulgare by hybridization. Scientific Agriculture, 24: 214–220.Google Scholar
Platt, A.W., Farstad, C.W., and Callenbach, J.A., 1948. The reaction of Rescue wheat to sawfly damage. Scientific Agriculture, 28: 154–161.Google Scholar
Runyon, J.B., Hurley, R.L., Morrill, W.L., and Weaver, D.K., 2001. Distinguishing adults of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 133: 215–217. doi:10.4039/Ent133215-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runyon, J.B., Morrill, W.L., Weaver, D.K., and Miller, P.R., 2002. Parasitism of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) by Bracon cephi and B. lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in wheat fields bordering tilled and untilled fallow in Montana. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 1130–1134. PMID:12539822 doi:10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint Pierre, C., Trethowan, R., and Reynolds, M. 2010. Stem solidness and its relationship to water-soluble carbohydrates: association with wheat yield under water deficit. Functional Plant Biology, 37: 166–174. doi:10.1071/fp09174.Google Scholar
Salt, R.W., 1947. Some effects of temperature on the production of and elimination of diapause in the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Canadian Journal of Research, 25: 66–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seamans, H.L., 1928. The value of trap crops in the control of the wheat stem sawfly in Alberta. Entomological Society of Ontario Annual Report, 1928. pp. 59–64.Google Scholar
Seamans, H.L., 1945. A preliminary report on the climatology of the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) on the Canadian prairies. Scientific Agriculture, 25: 432–457.Google Scholar
Seamans, H.L., Manson, G.F., and Farstad, C.W., 1944. The effect of wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus) on the heads and grain of infested stems. Seventy-fifth Annual Report of the Entomolological Society of Ontario, 75: 10–15.Google Scholar
Shanower, T.G., and Hoelmer, K.A., 2004. Biological control of wheat stem sawflies: past and future. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 21: 197–221.Google Scholar
Sherman, J.D., Weaver, D.K., Hofland, M.L., Sing, S.E., Buteler, M., Lanning, S.P. et al. , 2010. Identification of novel QTL for sawfly resistance in wheat. Crop Science, 50: 73–86. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0145.Google Scholar
Smith, C.W., 1931. Colonization in Canada of Collyria calcitrator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasite of the wheat stem sawfly. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 22: 547–550. doi:10. 1017/S0007485300035367.Google Scholar
Somsen, H.W., and Luginbill, P. 1956. Bracon lissogaster Mues., a parasite of the wheat stem sawfly. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1153. pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Wahl, D.B., Shanower, T.G., and Hoelmer, K.A., 2007. A new species of Collyria Schiødte (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Collyriinae), a parasitoid of Cephus fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in China, and potential biological control agent for Cephus cinctus in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 80: 43–50. doi:10.2317/0022-8567(2007)80[43: ANSOCS]2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Wall, A. 1952. The diameter of the wheat stem in relation to the length and sex of emerging sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.). Scientific Agriculture, 32: 272–277.Google Scholar
Wallace, L.E., 1962. Field-plot tests of chemicals for wheat stem sawfly control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55: 908–912.Google Scholar
Wallace, L.E., and Butler, L.I., 1967. Residues of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in wheat treated to control the wheat stem sawfly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 60: 254–256.Google Scholar
Wallace, L.E., and McNeal, F.H., 1966. Stem sawflies of economic importance in grain crops in the United States. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C.,Google Scholar
Weaver, D.K., Buteler, M., Hofland, M.L., Runyon, J.B., Nansen, C., Talbert, L.E., Lamb, P., and Carlson, G.R., 2009. Cultivar preferences of ovipositing wheat stem sawflies as influenced by the amount of volatile attractant. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 1009–1017. PMID: 19610414 doi:10.1603/029.102.0320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, D.K., Sing, S.E., Runyon, J.B., and Morrill, W.L. 2004. Potential impact of cultural practices on wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) and associated parasitoids. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 21: 271–287.Google Scholar
Weaver, D.K., Nansen, C., Runyon, J.B., Sing, S.E., and Morrill, W.L., 2005. Spatial distributions of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) and its braconid parasitoids in Montana wheat fields. Biological Control, 34: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.04.001.Google Scholar
Weiss, M.J., Morrill, W.L., and Reitz, L.L., 1987. Influence of planting date and spring tillage on the wheat stem sawfly. Montana AgResearch Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Montana University, 4: 2–5.Google Scholar
Weiss, M.J., Riveland, N.R., Reitz, L.L., and Olson, T.C., 1990. Influence of resistant and susceptible cultivar blends of hard red spring wheat on wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) damage and wheat quality parameters. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 255–259.Google Scholar
Wenda-Piesik, A., Morrill, W.L., Grey, W.E., and Weaver, D.K., 2006. Entomopathogenic capacity of fusarium crown rot on wheat stem sawfly larvae. Progress in Plant Protection, 46: 380–387.Google Scholar
Wenda-Piesik, A., Sun, Z.T., Grey, W.E., Weaver, D.K., and Morrill, W.L., 2009. Mycoses of wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae by Fusarium spp. isolates. Environmental Entomology, 38: 387–394. PMID:19389287 doi:10.1603/022.038.0211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed