Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T09:58:52.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Peggy L. Dixon ,
Juanita R. Coady ,
David J. Larson  and
Dean Spaner
Peggy L. Dixon*
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, PO Box 39088, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1E 5Y7
Juanita R. Coady
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods, Fortis Tower, PO Box 2006, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A2H 6J8
David J. Larson
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3X9
Dean Spaner
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
*
2 Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.

Résumé

La mouche du chou, Delia radicum (L.) est un ravageur important des cultures de crucifères dans les régions tempérées de l'Amérique du Nord et de l'Europe. Nous avons étudié les effets de sous-semis de trèfle blanc, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae) dans des cultures de rutabagas, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae) sur des mouches du chou de seconde génération et leurs ennemis naturels à Terre-Neuve en 1997 et 1998. En 1997, nous avons récolté un total de 1311 oeufs dans les parcelles sans sous-semis et 724 oeufs dans celles avec sous-semis. Il y avait plus d'oeufs dans les parcelles sans sous-semis que dans celles qui en avaient, et ce à plusieurs dates spécifiques d'ensemencement des sous-semis. En 1997, les rutabagas provenant des parcelles sans sous-semis étaient plus lourds que ceux des parcelles sans sous-semis, bien que les cotes d'endommagement aient été semblables, ce qui laisse croire que c'est la compétition, et non l'alimentation de la mouche du chou, qui explique les différences de rendement. En 1998, il y avait peu de mouches du chou et il y a eu peu de dommage ou de réduction de rendement dans les deux types de conditions expérimentales. Nous avons extrait et mis en élevage un nombre semblable de pupes de la mouche du chou dans les deux types de parcelles au cours des deux années. En 1997, quarante-huit pour cent des pupes provenant des parcelles avec sous-semis ont produit des mouches du chou, 14 % des hyménoptères parasites et 8 % des Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae); 19 % des pupes des parcelles sans sous-semis ont produit des mouches du chou, 8 % des hyménoptères parasites et 36 % des A. bilineata. Des pièges à fosse ont récolté plus d'A. bilineata dans les parcelles sans sous-semis que dans celles avec sous-semis. Les effets du trèfle sur les carabes variaient selon l'espèce. Il y avait plus de Bembidion lampros (Herbst) et d'Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) dans les parcelles sans sous-semis en 1997 et plus de Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) dans les parcelles avec sous-semis au cours des deux années. Malgré le nombre toujours inférieur d'oeufs dans les parcelles avec sous-semis par comparaison aux parcelles sans sous-semis, le nombre de pupes était semblable dans les deux situations à la fin de la saison. Nous posons en hypothèse que ce phénomène s'explique par une mortalité différentielle dépendante de la densité des stages immatures de la mouche du chou causée par les prédateurs et les parasitoïdes.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 136 , Issue 3 , June 2004 , pp. 427 - 442
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Contribution 155 of the Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre.

References

Anonymous. 1999. Atlantic provinces vegetable crops guide to pest management. Publication 1400A. Nova Scotia: Atlantic Provinces Agricultural Services Coordinating CommitteeGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, G., McKinlay, R.G. 1997. The effect of undersowing cabbages with clover on the activity of carabid beetles. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15: 269–77Google Scholar
Coady, J.R., Dixon, P.L. 1997. The cabbage root maggot in Newfoundland and Labrador [online]. Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Available from http://res2.agr.ca/stjohns/mandate/cabbagemaggot-moucheduchou_e.htm [cited 20 August 2003]Google Scholar
Costello, M.J. 1994. Broccoli growth, yield and level of aphid infestation in leguminous living mulches. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 10: 207–22Google Scholar
De Jong, R., Städler, E. 2001. Complex host marking in the cabbage root fly. Chemoecology 11: 85–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finch, S. 1995. Effect of trap background on cabbage root fly landing and capture. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 74: 201–8Google Scholar
Finch, S. 1996 a. “Appropriate/inappropriate landings”, a mechanism for describing how undersowing with clover affects host plant selection by pest insects of brassica crops. pp 102–6 in Finch, S., Brunel, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops, Guitté, France, 6–8 November 1995. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 19(11)Google Scholar
Finch, S. 1996 b. Effect of beetle size on predation of cabbage root fly eggs by ground beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 81: 199–206Google Scholar
Finch, S., Collier, R. 1984. Parasitism of overwintering pupae of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in England and Wales. Bulletin of Entomological Research 74: 79–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finch, S., Collier, R.H. 2000. Host plant selection by insects — a theory based on appropriate/inappropriate landings by pest insects of cruciferous plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 96: 91–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finch, S., Elliott, M.S. 1994. Predation of cabbage root fly eggs and larvae by carabid ground beetles — fact or fantasy? pp 109–12 in Finch, S., Brunel, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops, Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 1–3 November 1993. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 17(8)Google Scholar
Finch, S., Skinner, G. 1988. Mortality of the immature stages of the cabbage root fly. pp 37–43in Cavalloro, R., Pelerents, C. (Eds), Progress on pest management in field vegetables. Rotterday, Netherlands: AA BalkemaGoogle Scholar
Finch, S., Elliott, M.S., Torrance, M.T. 1999. Is the parasitoid staphylinid beetle Aleochara bilineata an effective predator of the egg stage of its natural host, the cabbage root fly? pp 117–24 in Finch, S., Hartfield, C., Brunel, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops, Chania, Crete, 6–8 October 1997. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 22(5)Google Scholar
Griffiths, G.C.D. 1991. Flies of the Nearctic region: Anthomyiidae. Volume VIII, Part 2, Number 7. Stuttgart, Germany: E. Schweizerbart'sche VerlagsbuchhandlungGoogle Scholar
Hartfield, C., Finch, S. 1999. Single-minded killer. Grower (London) 135: 22–23Google Scholar
Hartfield, C., Finch, S. 2003. Releasing the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata in the field as a biological agent for controlling the immature stages of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum. pp 127–33 in Vidal, S. (Ed), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Protection in Field Vegetable Crops, Gödöllõ, Hungary, 31 October – 3 November 1999. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 26(3)Google Scholar
Hartfield, C., Nethercleft, M., Finch, S. 1999. The effect of undersowing brassica crops with clover on host finding by Trybliographa rapae and Aleochara bilineata, two parasitoids of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum. pp 117–24 in Finch, S., Hartfield, C., Brunel, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops, Chania, Crete, 6–8 October 1997. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 22(5)Google Scholar
Hooks, C.R.R., Johnson, M.W. 2003. Impact of agricultural diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops. A review. Crop Protection 22: 223–38Google Scholar
King, K.M., Forbes, A.R. 1954. Control of root maggots in rutabagas. Journal of Economic Entomology 47: 607–14Google Scholar
Kostal, V., Finch, S. 1996. Preference of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), for coloured traps: influence of sex and physiological status of the flies, trap background and experimental design. Physiological Entomology 21: 123–30Google Scholar
Langer, V. 1996. Insect–crop interactions in a diversified cropping system: parasitism by Aleochara bilineata and Trybliographa rapae of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, on cabbage in the presence of white clover. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 365–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R.F. 1959. Control of the cabbage maggot in Newfoundland. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication 1045Google Scholar
Morris, R.F. 1960. Control of root maggots in swede turnips in Newfoundland with heptachlor and aldrin and the effect on parasites and overwintering pupae. Journal of Economic Entomology 53: 65–7Google Scholar
Morris, R.F. 1983. Introduced terrestrial insects. pp 551–591in South, G.R. (Ed), Biogeography and ecology of the island of Newfoundland. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr W Junk PublishersGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, M.S., Coaker, T.H. 1975. Potential of intra-crop diversity for the control of brassica pests. pp 101–7 in Proceedings of the 8th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, Brighton, United Kingdom, 17–20 November 1975. British Crop Protection CouncilGoogle Scholar
Root, R.B. 1973. Organization of a plant–arthropod association in simple and diverse habitat, the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs 43: 95–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, J., Ryan, M.F., McNaeidhe, F. 1980. The effect of interrow plant cover on populations of the cabbage root fly, Delia brassicae (Wiedemann). Journal of Applied Ecology 17: 31–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT user's guide. Version 6. 4th edition. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute IncGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R.R., Rohlf, F.J. 1995. Biometry. 3rd edition. New York: WH Freeman and CompanyGoogle Scholar
Soroka, J.J., Kuhlmann, U., Floate, K.D., Whistlecraft, J., Holliday, N.J., Boivin, G. 2002. Delia radicum (L), cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). pp 87–90in Mason, P., Huber, J. (Eds), Biological control programmes in Canada 1981–2000. Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom: CAB International PublishingGoogle Scholar
Steele, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. New York: McGraw-HillGoogle Scholar
Theunissen, J. 1994. Effects of intercropping on pest populations in vegetable crops. pp 153–8 in Finch, S., Brunel, E. (Eds), Proceedings of the Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops, Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 1–3 November 1993. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants / West Palearctic Regional Section Bulletin 17(8)Google Scholar
Tukahirwa, E., Coaker, T.H. 1982. Effect of mixed cropping on some insect pests of brassicas; reduced Brevicoryne brassicae infestations and influences of epigeal predators and the disturbance of oviposition behavior in Delia brassicae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 32: 129–40Google Scholar
Turnock, W.J., Boivin, G., Whistlecraft, J.W. 1995. Parasitism of overwintering puparia of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in relation to host density and weather factors. The Canadian Entomologist 127: 535–42Google Scholar
Vernon, R.S., Mackenzie, J.R. 1998. The effect of exclusion fences on the colonization of rutabagas by cabbage flies (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist 130: 153–62Google Scholar
Wishart, G. 1957. Surveys of parasites of Hylemya spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) that attack cruciferous crops in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 89: 450–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar