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TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND PREDICTION OF HATCH OF OVERWINTERED EGGS OF THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Gary J.R. Judd
Affiliation:
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
Mark G.T. Gardiner
Affiliation:
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
Donald R. Thomson
Affiliation:
Pacific Biocontrol, 719 2nd St., Suite 12, Davis, California, USA 95616

Abstract

Thermal responses and temperature-dependent development of laboratory- and field-overwintered eggs of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), were described using data from constant-temperature laboratory experiments. The time required for completion of hatch of overwintering eggs declined throughout winter until the end of January, after which increasing exposure to natural or artificial cold conditions had minimal effect on median hatching time. There was little year to year variation in response to cold treatments, and thus it was concluded that diapause is terminated by 1 February. Time to hatch decreased with increasing temperature. Distributions of hatch times were near normal, with mean and median development times similar at any given temperature. Development time (days ± SD) at a mean temperature of 20 °C was similar under constant (10.7 ± 1.1) and fluctuating (9.1 ± 1.4) temperature regimes. A nonlinear, six-parameter, biophysical model, fitted (r2 = 0.99) to median hatching rates at 11 temperatures (0.5–30 °C) indicated development was nonlinear below 10 °C, increased linearly between 10 and 25 °C, was maximal at 27.5 °C, and decreased above 27.5 °C. The lower developmental threshold (± SE), estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.54 °C by linear regression (r2 = 0.98) and the x-intercept method, was used to construct a degree-day (DD) model for predicting egg hatch. Median egg development required 154 DD above 4.95 °C. Observed median egg hatch in two different field sites and years was within ± 3 days of the predicted date, using max–min air temperatures, a base temperature of 5 °C, and a starting date of 1 February for accumulating DD. This model should prove useful for scheduling management actions against fruittree leafroller on apples and pears.

Résumé

La réaction thermique et le développement des oeufs de la Tordeuse du pommier, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), en fonction de la température, au cours de l’hiver, ont été déterminés au moyen d’expériences en laboratoire à température constante. Le temps requis jusqu’à la fin de l’éclosion des oeufs diminue durant l’hiver jusqu’à la fin de janvier, après quoi l’exposition à des températures froides, naturelles ou artificielles, a peu d’effet sur la durée médiane de l’éclosion. La réaction au froid varie peu d’une année à l’autre et il a donc été conclu que la diapause est terminée le 1er février. Le temps nécessaire au développement diminue à mesure qu’augmente la température. La distribution des durées de développement jusqu’à l’éclosion est presque normale et les durées moyennes et médiane à une température donnée sont toujours semblables. La durée du développement (nombre de jours ± écart type) à une température moyenne de 20 °C est toujours à peu près la même, que la température soit constante (10,7 ± 1,1) ou fluctuante (9,1 ± 1,4). Un modèle biophysique non linéaire à six variables ajusté (r2 = 0,99) aux taux médians de développement à 11 températures (0,5–30 °C) indique que le développement n’est pas linéaire aux températures inférieures à 10 °C, augmente linéairement entre 10 et 25 °C, est maximal à 27,5 °C et diminue au-dessus de 27,5 °C. Le seuil inférieur de développement (± erreur type), estimé à 4,95 ± 0,54 °C par régression linéaire (r2 = 0,98) et d’après la position de l’intercept sur l’axe des x, a servi à construire un modèle basé sur les degrés-jours (DD). Le nombre médian théorique de degrés-jours nécessaire au développement des oeufs est de 154 degrés-jours au-dessus du seuil de 4,95 °C. Au cours d’observations à deux endroits pendant 2 ans, le nombre médian de jours requis pour parvenir à l’éclosion a été évalué à ± 3 jours autour de la valeur théorique, en utilisant les valeurs maximales et minimales de la température ambiante, une température de base de 5 °C et le 1er février comme date de début de l’accumulation de degrés-jours. Ce modèle peut s’avérer très utile dans des programmes de contrôle de la Tordeuse du pommier sur les pommiers ou les poiriers.

[Traduit par la rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1993

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