Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T13:12:41.896Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

REVISION OF THE GENUS EUDASYPHORA TOWNSEND (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), AND REFLECTIONS ON ITS EVOLUTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Robert Cuny
Robert Cuny
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The genus Eudasyphora Townsend 1911 is resurrected from junior synonymy and recognized with the genera Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 and Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830. Rypellia Malloch 1932 is a subgenus of Eudasyphora, but Dasypyrellia Lobanov 1976 is reported as synonym novum. A key to the species of Eudasyphora is presented. Two new species are described: E. cordilleriana n. sp. from western North America, and E. canadiana n. sp. from northern North America. The phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis led to the following conclusions: Eudasyphora became separated from its sister genus Pyrellia before the beginning of the Pleistocene glaciations. The Rypellia line evolved further in the Oriental Region, whereas the Eudasyphora s. str. line developed in the Holarctic Region. Speciation in both subgenera is correlated with the history of the forest vegetation during the Pleistocene.

Résumé

Le genre Eudasyphora Townsend 1911 est rétabli de l’état synonyme junior et est reconnu avec les genres Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 et Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830. Rypellia Malloch 1932 est un sous-genre de Eudasyphora, mais Dasypyrellia Lobanov 1976 est signalée comme synonym novum. Une clef taxonomique est présentée pour les espèces de Eudasyphora. Deux nouvelles espèces sont décrites : E. cordilleriana n. sp. de l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord et E. canadiana n. sp. du nord de l’Amérique du Nord. Les analyses phylogénétiques et biogéographiques mènent aux conclusions suivantes : Eudasyphora a été séparée du genre soeur Pyrellia avant le commencement des glaciations pleistocènes. La ligne Rypellia a évolué dans la région orientale tandis que la ligne Eudasyphora s. str. a développé dans la région holarctique. La spéciation des deux sous-genres est concordante avec l’histoire de la végétation forestière pendant l’époque pleistocène.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 112 , Issue 4 , 01 April 1980 , pp. 345 - 373
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldrich, J. M. 1905. Catalogue of the North American Diptera. Smithson. misc. Collns 46(1444). 680 pp.Google Scholar
Am Stein, J. G. 1855/1856. Bündner Dipteren. Jber. naturf. Ges. Graub. 2: 89–111.Google Scholar
Audcent, H. L. F. 1932. Bristol Insect Fauna, Diptera (Part V). Proc. Bristol nat. Soc. (4)7(5): 358–370.Google Scholar
Bezzi, M. 1895. Contribuzioni alla fauna ditterologica italiana. I. Ditteri della Calabria. Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. 27: 39–78.Google Scholar
*Brander, T. 1964. Lounais-Hämeen Kärpäsistä, Brachycera (Diptera). Lounais-Hämeen Luonto 16: 51–69.Google Scholar
*Coe, R. L. 1968. Diptera taken in Yugoslavia from May to July 1953 with localities and notes. Glasn. Muz. Beograd 23, B: 125–129.Google Scholar
Colyer, C. N. and Hammond, C. D.. 1951. Flies of the British Isles. F. Warne, London & New York. 383 pp.Google Scholar
Cuny, R. 1978. Muscidae und Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) der Lägern (Schweiz: Jura). Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 51: 377–393.Google Scholar
De Lattin, G. 1956. Die Ausbreitungszentren der holarktischen Landtierwelt. Verhandl. Dt. zool. Ges. Leipzig (1956): 380–410.Google Scholar
De Lattin, G. 1967. Grundriss der Zoogeographie. G. Fischer, Stuttgart. 602 pp.Google Scholar
De Meijere, J. C. H. 1946. Zevende Supplement op de Nieuwe Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera van 1898 (Eerste Supplement op mijne Naamlijst van 1939). Tijdschr. Ent. 87: 1–25.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetic nature of species differences. Am. Nat. 71: 404–420.Google Scholar
Draber-Mónko, A. 1966 a. Materialien zur Kenntnis von Muscinae Polens. Fragm. faun. 12: 309–331.Google Scholar
Draber-Mónko, A. 1966 b. Bemerkungen zu den asiatischen Arten der Unterfamilie Muscinae. Polskie Pismo ent. 36: 3–15.Google Scholar
Draber-Mónko, A. 1971. Some Calyptrata from the Bieszcadi mountains (Poland) (In Polish). Fragm. faun. 17: 483–543.Google Scholar
*Draber-Mónko, A. 1977. Synantropijne Calyptrata (Diptera) w róžnych biotopach na Terenie Pienin. Wiad. parazyt. 23: 207–212.Google Scholar
*Draber-Mónko, A. 1978. Scatophagidae, Muscinae, Gasterophilidae, Hippoboscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Rhinophoridae, Oestridae, Hypodermatidae i Tachinidae (Diptera) Pienin. Fragm. faun. 22: 51–229.Google Scholar
Elberg, K. Y. and Zimin, L. S.. 1970. Muscidae, pp. 511–595 in Stackelberg, A. A. and Narchuk, E. R. (Eds.), 5. Diptera, 943 pp. in Bey-Bienko, G. Y. (Chief Ed.), Opredelenie Nasek. Evrop. Chasti SSSR (Keys to the insects of the European part of the U.S.S.R.).Google Scholar
Eldridge, B. F. and James, M. T.. 1957. The typical muscid flies of California (Diptera: Muscidae, Muscinae). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 6(1): 1–17.Google Scholar
*Enderlein, G. 1934. Dipterologica, 1. Muscoidea, Muscidae, Muscinae. Sitz. Ber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin (1933): 416–429.Google Scholar
Fan, T. T. 1965. Key to the common synanthropic flies of China. Section b, Muscidae (In Chinese). Academy of Sciences, Shanghai. 330 pp.Google Scholar
Fonseca d'Assis, E. C. M. 1968. Muscidae. In Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 10(4b) Diptera Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata. 119 pp.Google Scholar
Fordham, W. J. 1945. A preliminary list of the Diptera of Northumberland and Durham (excluding the Cercidomyiidae). Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland (N.S.) 7: 197–265.Google Scholar
Frenzel, B. 1968. Grundzüge der pleistozänen Vegetationsgeschichte Nord-Eurasiens. F. Steiner, Wiesbaden. 326 pp.Google Scholar
*Georghiou, G. P. 1977. The insects and mites of Cyprus. Kiphissia, Athens. 347 pp.Google Scholar
Gotwald, W. H. A. 1965. A checklist and keys to the Muscinae and Stomoxinae of Pennsylvania. Ent. News 76: 129–210.Google Scholar
Graham-Smith, G. S. 1916. Observations on the habits and parasites of common flies. Parasitology 8: 440–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham-Smith, G. S. 1918. Hibernation of flies in a Lincolnshire house. Parasitology 11: 81–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregor, F. and Povolny, D.. 1960 a. Beitrag zur Kenntnis synanthroper Fliegen Albaniens. Cesk. paras. Prague 7: 115–131.Google Scholar
*Gregor, F. and Povolny, D.. 1960 b. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der synanthropen Fliegen Ungarns. Acta Soc. Ent. Cesk. 57: 158–177.Google Scholar
Gregor, F. and Povolny, D.. 1961. Resultate stationärer Untersuchungen von synanthropen Fliegen in der Umgebung einer Ortschaft in der Ostslowakei. Zool. Listy, Folia Zool. 10: 17–44.Google Scholar
Gregor, F. and Povolny, D.. 1964. Eine Ausbeute von synanthropen Fliegen aus Tirol. Zool. Listy, Folia Zool. 13: 229–248.Google Scholar
*Gruhl, K. 1961. Dipterenstudien im Siebengebirge (Teil 2). Decheniana Bonn (Beiheft) 9: 37–67.Google Scholar
Hansen, H. P. 1949. Postglacial forests in south central Alberta. Am. J. Bot. 36: 54–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, H. P. 1952. Postglacial forests in the Grande Prairie — Lesser Slave Lake region of Alberta, Canada. Ecology 33: 31–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanski, I. 1976. Breeding experiments with carrion flies (Diptera) in natural conditions. Ann. ent. fenn. 42: 113–121.Google Scholar
Hantke, R. 1978. Eiszeitalter, die jüngste Erdgeschichte der Schweiz und ihrer Nachbargebiete. 1: i.e. Ott. Thun. 468 pp.Google Scholar
Hedstrøm, L. and Nuorteva, P.. 1971. Zonal distribution of flies on the hill Ailigas in subarctic northern Finland. Ann. ent. fenn. 37: 121–125.Google Scholar
*Hennig, W. 1941. Verzeichnis der Dipteren von Formosa. Ent. Beih. 8: 1–239.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin (1 and 2). 370 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1952. Dipteren von den Kleinen Sunda Inseln. Beitr. Ent. 2: 53–93.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1964(1963). Muscidae. 7(2): 625–1110in Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fiegen der paläarktischen Region. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 263 pp.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. L. 1960. The chorionic plastron and its role in the eggs of the Muscinae. Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 101: 313–332.Google Scholar
Holmquist, A. M. 1928. Concerning the ecology of the muscoid fly Pyrellia serena Meigen with special reference to hibernation. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 21: 660–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, D. M. (Ed.) 1967. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press. 495 pp.Google Scholar
*Hori, K. 1960. Comparative anatomy of the internal organs of the calyptrate muscoid flies, 1. Male internal sexual organs of the adult flies. Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ. 7: 23–83.Google Scholar
*Hori, K. and Kurahashi, H.. 1966. On three muscid flies newly recorded from Japan. Kontyû 34: 68–75.Google Scholar
Hough, C. de N. 1899. Some Muscinae of North America. Biol. Bull. 1: 19–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckett, H. C. 1965. The Muscidae of northern Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 42. 369 pp.Google Scholar
Huckett, H. C. 1972. The Anthomyiidae and Muscidae of Mt. Katahdin, Maine (USA). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 80: 216–233.Google Scholar
Huckett, H. C. 1974. The Anthomyiidae and Muscidae of the Great Smoky Mountains and Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina (USA) (Diptera). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 82: 150–162.Google Scholar
Ishijima, H. 1967. Revision of the third stage larvae of synanthropic flies of Japan (na. Muscidae, Calliphoridae). Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 18: 47–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. W. 1925. Fauna of New England, 15. List of the Diptera or two-winged flies. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 7. 376 pp.Google Scholar
Kabos, W. J. 1951. De Diptera Brachycera van het eiland Texel oecologisch beschouwd. Tijdschr. Ent. 93: 108–130.Google Scholar
Kabos, W. J. 1960. Notes sur la faune des Hautes-Fagues en Belgique, XXVII. Diptera:Anthomyiidae. Bull. Inst. Sci. nat. Belg. 36. 8 pp.Google Scholar
*Kabos, W. J. 1964. Tweevleugelige Insekten — Diptera, VIII. De Nederlandse vliegen (Muscidae). Wet. Meded. K. ned. natuurk. Veren. 53. 32 pp.Google Scholar
*Kabos, W. J. 1975. Tweevleugelige Insekten — Diptera. Nederlandse Vliegen-Muscidae. Tweede vermeerderde druk. Wet. Meded. K. ned. natuurk. Veren. 110. 64 pp., 121 figs.Google Scholar
*Kano, R. 1954. Nippon no Hae (Flies of Japan). DDT Kyokai (Society). 106 pp.Google Scholar
*Kano, R. 1961. Eisei-gaichu Kujyo Kyohon (Textbook of Pest Control). Nippon Kankyoeisei Kyokai (Japan Environmental Sanitation Centre), pp. 46–61.Google Scholar
*Kano, R. 1965. Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum, Coloure Nature. 3rd ed. 231–232 pp., pl. 116. Hokuryukan, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Kano, R. and Shinonaga, S.. 1967. Notes on flies of medical importance in Japan. Part 27. Revisional notes on the metallic muscoid flies. Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 18: 195–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, O. 1928. Muscidae. 3: 232 pp. in Dahl, F. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 13. Zweiflügler (Diptera).Google Scholar
*Karl, O. 1935. Aussereuropäische Musciden (Anthomyiiden) aus dem Deutschen Entomologischen Institut. Arb. morph. taxon. Ent. Berlin 2: 29–49.Google Scholar
*Karl, O. 1936. Die Fliegenfauna Pommerns. Diptera, Brachycera. Stettin. ent. Ztg 97: 108–136, 318–330.Google Scholar
Kato, S. 1937. The subfamily Muscinae of Hokkaido. Kontyû ent. Soc. 11: 59–69.Google Scholar
Kidd, L. N. 1953. Some West Cheshire Diptera. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4: 137–138.Google Scholar
*Kono, S. 1965. Major pests of economic plants in Japan. pp. 313–317. Japan Plant Protection Association.Google Scholar
*Kramer, H. 1917. Die Musciden der Oberlausitz. Abh. naturf. Ges. Görlitz 28: 257–352.Google Scholar
Laurence, B. R. 1953. Some Diptera bred from cow dung. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 84: 281–283.Google Scholar
Lavčiev, V. J. 1965. Novy sa faunata na Bulgarya koprofilny mukhi (Diptera-Brachycera). Izv. Zool. Inst. Sofia 19: 119–127.Google Scholar
Lavčiev, V. J. 1969. Forschungen über die echten Fliegen (Muscidae, Diptera) im Reservat Roporamo (In Bulgarian). Izv. Zool. Inst. Sofia 30: 59–70.Google Scholar
Lavčiev, V. J. 1970. Die Fliegen (Muscidae) in westlichen Balkangebirge. Isv. Zool. Inst. Mus. Bulgar Akad. Nauk 30: 119–159.Google Scholar
*Lavčiev, V. J. 1974. Beitrag zur Erforschung der eigentlichen Fliegen (Muscidae, Diptera) in dem mittleren und dem östlichen Balkangebirge (In Bulgarian). Izv. Zool. Inst. Sofia 41: 141–159.Google Scholar
*Lavčiev, V. J., Tsanev, I., and Smilova, D.. 1973. A contribution to the investigation into the synanthropic flies along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Izv. Zool. Inst. Sofia 40: 133–151.Google Scholar
Lliboutrie, L. 1965. Traité de glaciologie, 2: 429–1040. Masson, Paris.Google Scholar
Lobanov, A. M. 1976. Morfologiya yaytseklada y klassifikatsiya mukh podsemeystva Muscinae (Diptera, Muscidae). Zool. Zhurn. 55: 1178–1187.Google Scholar
Löve, D. 1959. The postglacial development of the flora of Manitoba: A discussion. Can. J. Bot. 37: 547–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loew, H. 1869. Diptera Americanae septentrionalis indigena: centuria octava. Berl. ent. Z. 13: 1–52.Google Scholar
*Macquart, J. 1834. Insectes diptères du nord de la France, V. Athéricères, Créophiles, Oestrides, Myopaires, Conopaires, Scénopinine, Cephalopsides. Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Agr. Lille (1833): 137–368.Google Scholar
*Macquart, J. 1846. Diptères exotiques, nouveaux ou peu connus. Supplément. Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci. Agr. Lille (1844): 133–364.Google Scholar
*Malloch, J. R. 1923. Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera) XI. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (London) (9)12: 505–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Malloch, J. R. 1931. Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera) XXXI. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10)7: 183–200.Google Scholar
*Malloch, J. R. 1932. Exotic Muscaridae (Diptera) XXXVII. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10)10: 297–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J. V. 1979. Tertiary and Quarternary environments: historical background for an analysis of the Canadian insect fauna. pp. 31–86 in Danks, H. V. (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 108. 573 pp.Google Scholar
Meigen, J. W. 1826. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Halle. 412 pp.Google Scholar
Michelsen, V. 1977. Oversigt over Denmarks Muscidae (Diptera). Ent. Meddr 45: 109–134.Google Scholar
Mihali, F. 1975. Igazi legyek — Muscidae. In Fauna Hungariae 124(5)2(12). 229 pp.Google Scholar
Mihali, F. 1976. Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Instituts 91. Beitrag (Diptera: Muscidae). Beitr. Ent. 26: 197–210.Google Scholar
Moss, E. H. 1955. The vegetation of Alberta. Bot. Rev. 21: 493–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, R. and Chandler, P. J.. 1978. The Irish species of two-winged flies (Diptera) belonging to the families Fannidae and Muscidae. Roy. Irish Acad. Proc. (B) 78: 13–43.Google Scholar
*Ôuchi, Y. 1938. Diptera Sinica. Muscidae — Muscinae I. On some muscid flies from eastern China (In Chinese). J. Shanghai Sci. Inst. 3(4): 1–14, 19–22, 33–61.Google Scholar
*Ôuchi, Y. 1942. Notes on some muscoid flies from China, Manchouko, and Japan (In Chinese). J. Shanghai Sci. Inst. (N.S.) 2(2): 49–57.Google Scholar
*Papp, L. 1976. Ecological and zoogeographical data on flies developing in excrement droppings. Acta zool. hung. 22: 119–138.Google Scholar
*Patton, W. S. and Gibbins, E. G.. 1934. A revision of the genera of the tribe Muscini, subfamily Muscidae, based on a comparative study on the male terminalia III. The metallic Muscini. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 28: 571–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peris, S. V. and Llorente, V.. 1963. Notas sobre Muscini palearcticos y revisión de las especies españoles. Bol. R. Soc. espan. Hist. nat. Madrid (B) 61: 209–269.Google Scholar
Petrova, B. R. 1968. Faunistic-ecological review of synanthropic Diptera in the south of the Maritime Territory (In Russian). Ent. Obozr. 47: 95–105.Google Scholar
Pont, A. C. 1973. Family Muscidae. 3: 451–523in Delfinado, M. O. and Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Honolulu Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Pont, A. C. 1976. Fam. Muscidae (including Anthomyiidae). In La faune terrestre de I'île de Sainte-Hélène. Part 3. Koninkluk Mus. voor Midden-Afrika, Tervuren Belg. Ann. 8 (215): 121–141.Google Scholar
Pont, A. C. 1977. Muscidae (Diptera) from Mongolia I. Folia ent. hung. 30: 125–131.Google Scholar
*Portchinsky, I. 1885. Muscarum cadaverinarum stercoraiarumque biologia comparata. Trud. Russkgo sitomol. Otchestva 19: 210–244.Google Scholar
Reeves, B. O. K. 1973. The nature and age of the contact between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets in the western interior of North America. Arct. Alp. Res. 5: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Ringdahl, O. 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Anthomyiidenfauna des nördlichen Norwegens. Tromsø Mus. Arsh. 49(3). 60 pp.Google Scholar
*Ringdahl, O. 1930. Entomologische Ergebnisse der schwedischen Kamtschatka—Expedition 1920–1922 (Diptera, Muscidae). Ark. Zool. 21A20: 1–16.Google Scholar
*Ringdahl, O. 1944. Contribution to the knowledge of tachinids and muscids of Norway. Tromsø Mus. Arsh. 5(4). 27 pp.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1945. Oversikt av småslaktenainom familien Muscidae. Ent. Tidskr. 66: 95–106.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1950. Dipterologiska antekningar från sydsvenska mossar. Ent. Tidskr. 71: 111–119.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1951. Flugor från Lapplands, Jämtlands och Härjedalens fjäll-trakter (Diptera, Brachycera). Opusc. ent. 16: 113–186.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1952. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae, XI. Diptera, Cyclorrhapha: Muscaria Schizometopa. Opusc. ent. 17: 129–186.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1954. Muscidae 11(1): 91 pp.., 121 figs. in Svensk Insectfauna.Google Scholar
Ringdahl, O. 1957. Fliegenfunde aus den Alpen. Ent. Tidskr. 78: 115–134.Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. C. 1976. The late quaternary vegetational history of the western interior of Canada. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1793–1818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlfien, K. and Edward, B.. 1974. Katalog der in der Sammlung des ehemaligen Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes aufbewahrten Typen. Beitr. Ent. 24: 107–147.Google Scholar
Rondani, C. 1862. Prodromus Dipterologia Italica 5. Parma. 240 pp.Google Scholar
*Rubio, M. P. 1978. Contribución al conocimiento de los Dípteros coprófagos en feces de vacuno de la provincia de Salamanca, II: Muscidae. Bol. As. esp. Ent. 1: 109–118.Google Scholar
Schiner, J. R. 1862. Die Fliegen. In Fauna Austriaca 1. Wien. 674 pp.Google Scholar
Schumann, H. 1963. Zur Larvensystematik der Muscinae nebst Beschreibung einiger Musciden- und Anthomyidenlarven. Dt. ent. Z. (N.F.) 10: 134–163.Google Scholar
Scott, H. 1953. Diptera found indoors, winter season 1951-52. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 89: 87–88.Google Scholar
Séguy, E. 1923. Diptères anthomyiides, 6. In Faune de France. Fédération Française des Sciences naturelles. 404 pp.Google Scholar
Séguy, E. 1935. Notes biologiques et systématiques sur les Diptères. Enc. Ent. B 2 Dipt. 8: 155–172.Google Scholar
Séguy, E. 1936. Voyage de MM. L. Chopard et A. Méquiquon aux Azores (Août-Septembre 1930). X. Diptères. Annls Soc. ent. France 105: 11–26.Google Scholar
Séguy, E. 1937. Family Muscidae, 205. In Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Fasn. 604 pp.Google Scholar
Selander, R. K. 1965. Avian speciation in the quaternary. pp. 527–542. In Wright, H. E. and Frey, D. G. (Eds.), The quaternary of the United States. 7th Congr. int. Assoc. Quatern. Res. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shinonaga, S. 1976. A new species of Pyrellia R.-D. from Japan (Dipt., Muscidae). Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 27: 423–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinonaga, S. and Kano, R.. 1971. Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera), 1. In Fauna Japonica, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. 1953. Major Features of Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York. 434 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skidmore, P. 1973. Notes on the biology of palaearctic muscids I, II. Entomologist 106: 25–48, 49–59.Google Scholar
*Stackelberg, A. A. 1956. Sinantropnie dwukrylye fauny SSSR. Opred. Faun. SSSR Moscwa 60: 1–164.Google Scholar
Stein, P. 1907. Cyclorrhapha schizophora, Schizometopa, 3: 1–677 in Bezzi, M. and Stein, P., Katalog der paläarktischen Dipteren. Budapest. 828 pp.Google Scholar
Stein, P. 1916. Die Anthomyiiden Europas. Arch. Naturgesh. 81A10. 224 pp.Google Scholar
Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., and Coulson, J. R.. 1965. A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Agriculture Handbk 276. 1696 pp.Google Scholar
Strickland, E. H. 1938. An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Alberta. Can. J. Res. (D) 16: 175–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strobl, G. 1893. Die Dipteren von Steiermark I. Mitt. naturw. Ver. Steierm. (Graz) 29: 1–199.Google Scholar
Strobl, G. 1899. Spanische Dipteren II-VII. Theil. Wien. ent. Ztg 18: 12–27, 77–83, 117–128, 144–148, 213–229, 246–250.Google Scholar
*Strobl, G. 1900. Dipterenfauna von Bosnien, Hercegowina und Dalmatien. Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien Hercegow. 7 (3): 552–670.Google Scholar
*Strobl, G. 1904. Neue Beiträge zur Dipterenfauna der Balkanhalbinsel. Wiss. Mitt Bosnien Hercegow. 9: 519–581.Google Scholar
Strobl, G. 1906. Spanische Dipteren, II. Beitrag. Mem. Soc. espan. Hist. nat. 3: 271–422.Google Scholar
Sytshevskaya, V. I. 1972. O sinantropnykh mukhakh Yakutiy. pp. 144–157in Fauna y ekologiya nasekomikh Yakutiy. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Yakutskiy Filial Sibirskogo, Institut Biologiy.Google Scholar
Sytshevskaya, V. I. 1974. O sinantropnykh mukhakh doliny Yenisseya. pp. 128–131 in Kolomietz, N. G. (Ed.), Fauna y ekologiya nasekomikh Sibiri. Nauka Novosibirsk. 212 pp.Google Scholar
Sytshevskaya, V. I. 1978. Sinantropnye mukhy (Diptera) Altaya. Ént. Obozr. 57: 81–85.Google Scholar
Thomson, R. C. M. 1937. Observations of the biology and larvae of the Anthomyiidae. Parasitology 29: 273–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiensuu, L. 1935. Die bisher aus Finland bekannten Musciden. Acta Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 59(4): 1–56.Google Scholar
Tiensuu, L. 1936. Insect life on plants attacked by aphids. Ann. ent. fenn. 2: 161–165.Google Scholar
*Tiensuu, L. 1945. Muscidae. In Frey, R. (Ed.), I. Verzeichnis der bisher von den Azoren bekannten Dipteren. Tiergeographische Studien über die Dipteren der Azoren. Comment. Biol. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 8 (10): 1–114.Google Scholar
Timon-David, J. 1937. Recherches sur le peuplement des hautes montagnes. Diptères de la vallée de Chamonix et du massif du Mont Blanc. Ann. Fac. Sci. Marseille (2)101: 3–51.Google Scholar
Townsend, C. H. T. 1911. Review of work by Pantel and Portchinsky on reproductive and larval stage characters of muscoid flies. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 13: 151–170.Google Scholar
Townsend, C. H. T. 1935. Manual of Myiology, 2. Itaquaquecetuba, São Paulo. 289 pp.Google Scholar
Townsend, C. H. T. 1937. Manual of Myiology, 5. C. Townsend and Filhos, São Paulo. 232 pp.Google Scholar
Trofimov, G. K. 1965. A short review of synanthropic flies (Fam. Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae) of the Talysh region of the Caucasus (In Russian). Ént. Obozr. 44: 605–612.Google Scholar
Tumrasvin, W. and Shinonaga, S.. 1978. Studies on medically important flies in Thailand V. On 32 species belonging to the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Muscidae). Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. 25: 201–227.Google Scholar
Van Emden, F. I. 1965. Muscidae, 7(1). In Shewell, R. B. S. and Roonwal, M. C. (Eds.), The Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 647 pp.Google Scholar
Villeneuve, J. 1910. Notes synonymiques sur quelques Diptères-Types. Dt. ent. Z. (1910): 311–313.Google Scholar
Wagner, M. 1889. Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung. B. Schwabe, Basel. 676 pp.Google Scholar
Walker, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 3: 483–1172. Newman, London.Google Scholar
*Walker, F. 1853. Insecta Saundersiana, or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., 1(4)(Diptera): 157–414 pp. London.Google Scholar
Wallace, A. R. 1860. On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4: 172–184.Google Scholar
Walton, W. R. 1911. Notes on Pennsylvanian Diptera, with two new species of Syrphidae. Ent. News 22: 318–322.Google Scholar
Zetterstedt, J. W. 1845. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. 4: 1281–1738. Lundbergiana, Lund.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F. E. 1941. Geology, climate and faunal distribution in the Malay Archipelago. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 16: 117–124.Google Scholar
Zimin, L. S. 1951. Fam. Muscidae, true flies (tribes Muscini, Stomoxidini) (In Russian). (45) 18 (4). In Fauna SSSR. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscva. 286 pp.Google Scholar