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Parasitoid complex and bionomics of Apanteles polychrosidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the ash leaf-cone roller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2013

T.J. Wist  and
M.L. Evenden
T.J. Wist*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
M.L. Evenden
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). Subject editor: Keith Summerville
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Abstract

The ash leaf-cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an introduced leaf-mining moth of horticultural ash trees (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) in Western Canadian Prairie cities. Here, we identify the dominant parasitoid of this leaf-mining moth as Apanteles polychrosidis Vierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and document its emergence pattern, courtship, mating, and host acceptance behaviours. Apanteles polychrosidis adult emergence is protandrous and mating occurs soon after female emergence. Male A. polychrosidis can mate multiple times in short sequence with a mean copulation time of 49 seconds. It is likely that A. polychrosidis overwinters in an alternate larval host, after emergence from C. fraxinella. Mated female A. polychrosidis readily parasitise an alternate host, the obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), known to overwinter as larvae. Through rearing C. fraxinella pupae, we describe the remainder of the parasitoid complex of C. fraxinella, in order of parasitism rate, as Diadegma Förster (near Diadegmafenestrale (Holmgren)) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), three Sympiesis Förster species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (Sympiesissericeicornis (Nees von Esenbeck), one near Sympiesisviridula (Thomson) and one unknown species), and Pteromalus phycidis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and show that several Sympiesis species can be hyperparasitic on A. polychrosidis. Caloptilia fraxinella density within the tree canopy is highest in the lower canopy. Host density and abiotic factors such as temperature and light intensity do not influence the within-canopy distribution of most parasitoids except Sympiesis species, which preferred the northern canopy.

Résumé

L'enrouleuse en cône des feuilles de frêne, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), est un lépidoptère introduit, mineur des feuilles des frênes horticoles (Fraxinus Linnaeus: Oleaceae), dans les villes des Prairies de l'Ouest Canadien. Nous identifions Apanteles polychrosidis Vierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) comme le parasitoïde principal de ce papillon mineur de feuilles et décrivons son patron d’émergence et ses comportements de cour, d'accouplement et d'acceptation d'hôte. L’émergence des adultes d'Apanteles polychrosidis est protandrique et l'accouplement a lieu peu après l’émergence des femelles. Le mâle d’A. polychrosidis peut s'accoupler plusieurs fois en courte succession avec une durée moyenne des accouplements de 49 secondes. Il est probable qu’A. polychrosidis passe l'hiver dans une larve hôte d'espèce différente après son émergence de C. fraxinella. Les femelles accouplées d’A. polychrosidis parasitent volontiers un hôte de rechange après leur émergence de C. fraxinella, soit la tordeuse à bandes obliques (Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) qui passe l'hiver au stade larvaire. Des élevages de nymphes de C. fraxinella nous ont permis de décrire le reste du complexe parasitaire de C. fraxinella, soit par ordre de taux de parasitisme: Diadegma Förster (près de D. fenestrale (Holmgren)) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), trois espèces de Sympiesis Förster (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees von Esenbeck), une espèce près de Sympiesis viridula (Thomson) et une espèce inconnue) et Pteromalus phycidis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) et de démontrer que plusieurs espèces de Sympiesis peuvent devenir des hyperparasites d’A. polychrosidis. La densité de Caloptilia fraxinella dans le couvert arborescent est maximale dans la canopée inférieure. La densité des hôtes et les facteurs abiotiques, tels que la température et l'intensité lumineuse, n'influencent pas la répartition au sein de la canopée de la plupart des parasitoïdes, à l'exception des espèces de Sympiesis qui préfèrent la partie nord de la canopée.

Type
Behaviour & Ecology
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 145 , Issue 4 , August 2013 , pp. 416 - 429
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2013 

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