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MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: III. A CASE STUDY IN AN ALFALFA ECOSYSTEM1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

A. P. Gutierrez ,
J. U. Baumgaertner  and
C. G. Summers
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Abstract

The field population dynamics of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), as influenced by weather, competitors (Egyptian alfalfa weevil = EAW, Hypera brunneipennis), predation from coccinellids (Hippodamia convergens) and harvesting practices, are examined with a stochastic multitrophic level simulation model. The model incorporates a demand-driven functional-response model to estimate prey consumption, and a metabolic pool model to determine the rates and priorities of food allocation to respiration, growth, reproduction, and egestion.

The model results compare favorably with field data, and are used to examine the effects of removal of each of the above factors on the dynamics of the aphids. The model shows that the observed density of EAW did not affect the aphid dynamics, but did reduce the standing crop of alfalfa. The predator H. convergens had a significant effect on the population dynamics of the aphids and the plant. Harvesting greatly affected the aphid population dynamics, as well as the dynamics of plant growth and reserve accumulation. However, high temperatures mediated through species-specific respiration costs and possibly a fungal pathogen were responsible for the observed dominance of blue aphid populations in the cool parts of the year and pea aphid populations during warmer parts of the year.

Résumé

La dynamique des populations des aphides Acyrthosiphon pisum et A. kondoi dans la luzerne (Medicago sativa) sur le terrain, telle qu'affectée par le climat, les compétiteurs (le charançon Hypera brunneipennis), la prédation par les coccinelles (Hippodamia convergens) et les méthodes de récolte, a été étudiée à l'aide d'un modèle de simulation probabilistique décrivant simultanément plusieurs niveaux trophiques. Le modèle comprend un sous-modèle de réponse fonctionnelle régulé par la demande et permettant d'estimer la consommation de proies, ainsi qu'un sous-modèle de réserve métabolique permettant de déterminer les vitesses de transfert et les priorités gouvernant la répartition de la nourriture entre la respiration, la croissance, la reproduction et l'égestion.

Les résultats du modèle se comparent favorablement aux données du terrain, et sont utilisés pour examiner les effets de l'absence de chacun des facteurs ci-haut mentionnés sur la dynamique des aphides. Les résultats ont montré que la densité observée de H. brunneipennis n'a pas affecté la dynamique des aphides bien qu'elle ait réduit la biomasse de la luzerne. Le prédateur H. convergens a affecté significativement la dynamique de population des pucerons et la plante. La coupe a beaucoup affecté la dynamique de population des aphides et la dynamique de croissance et d'accumulation de réserves de la plante. Cependant, les hautes températures agissant via les coûts respiratoires caractéristiques de chaque espèce, ainsi qu'un pathogène fongique, ont permis d'expliquer la dominance des populations de A. kondoi durant les périodes fraîches de l'année et des populations de A. pisum durant les périodes chaudes.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 116 , Issue 7 , July 1984 , pp. 950 - 963
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1984

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