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INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): THE POTENTIAL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR MANAGEMENT OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN CANADA1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Peter G. Mason  and
Martin A. Erlandson
Peter G. Mason
Affiliation:
Agriculture Canada Research Station, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2
Martin A. Erlandson
Affiliation:
Agriculture Canada Research Station, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2
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Abstract

In Canada biological control of grasshoppers has been studied since the 1930s. Previous attempts at "classical" introductions have not been successful. Native parasitoids, especially sarcophagid flies, have a significant impact on grasshopper populations during certain times but the required conditions and regulatory potential are not understood. Sarcophagids, especially Kellymyia kellyi (Aldrich), and the mermithid nematodes Agamermis decaudate Cobb, Steiner, and Christie and Mermis subnigricans Cobb have some potential as inundative agents. Invertebrate predators appear to impact on egg and early-instar nymphal grasshoppers, and vertebrates, especially birds, help to regulate later instars and adults. The role of microbial pathogens in the population dynamics of grasshoppers in western Canada has long been recognized, particularly with regard to entomophthoran fungi. The possibility of utilizing the microsporidan Nosema locustae Canning for suppression of grasshopper populations has been postulated since the 1970s and field evaluations of its potential have been conducted in Saskatchewan and Alberta. More recently, considerable work, both basic and applied, has demonstrated the potential of various fungus isolates pathogenic to grasshoppers as both "classical" and inundative control agents. Entomopoxvirus isolates from grasshoppers also show potential as biological control agents of grasshoppers but this potential has yet to be investigated in field situations. It is clear, however, that no single microbial pathogen will be the panacea of grasshopper control. It is suggested that future biological control research focus on acquiring a better understanding of the requirements and quantitative effects of parasitoids and predators on grasshopper populations. Emphasis should also be placed on developing integrated pest management programs that utilize local natural enemies (nematodes and microorganisms) for inundative control during outbreaks.

Résumé

Au Canada, la lutte biologique contre les criquets a été entreprise au cours des années 1930. Les tentatives antérieures d’introductions «classiques» n’ont pas réussi. Les para-sitoïdes indigènes, particulièrement les diptères sarcophagidés, ont un impact important sur les populations de criquets à certains moments, mais les conditions requises et le potentiel régulateur de ces insectes sont mal connus. Libérés en masses, les sarcophagidés, particulièrement Kellymyia kellyi (Aldrich), et les nématodes mermithidés Agamermis decaudate Cobb, Steiner et Christie et Mermis subnigricans Cobb pourraient s’avérer de bons agents de lutte. Les invertébrés prédateurs qui semblent avoir un impact sur les oeufs et les larves des premiers stades de criquets et les prédateurs vertébrés, surtout les oiseaux, assurent un certain contrôle des larves plus avancés et des adultes. Le rôle des bactéries pathogènes dans la dynamique des populations de criquets dans l’ouest du Canada est connu depuis longtemps, particulièrement par le biais des entomophtorales. La possibilité d’utiliser la microsporidie Nosema locustae Canning dans la lutte contre les populations de criquets est envisagée depuis les années 1970 et des évaluations en nature de cette méthode ont été faites en Saskatchewan et en Alberta. Des travaux de recherche fondamentale et de recherche appliquée plus récents ont démontré le potentiel de divers isolats fongiques à effets pathogènes sur les criquets dans les programmes de lutte «classique» et les programmes de lutte par libération en masses des agents. Des entomopoxvirus prélevés sur des criquets et isolés pourraient aussi servir à la lutte, mais leur potentiel n’a pas encore été évalué en nature. Il est cependant clair qu’aucun microbe pathogène ne peut être considéré comme une panacée. Les recherches sur la lutte biologique contre les criquets devront être axées surtout sur l’acquisition d’une meilleure compréhension des conditions d’attaque et des effets quantitatifs des parasitoïdes et des prédateurs sur les populations. Une attention particulière devrait également être apportée à l’élaboration de programmes de lutte intégrée basés sur l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels locaux (nématodes et microorganismes) dans la lutte par libération de masses d’agents envahisseurs au cours des épidémies.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 126 , Issue 6 , December 1994 , pp. 1459 - 1491
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1994

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