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FIRST REPORT OF ESTABLISHMENT OF CALOPHASIA LUNULA HUFN. (LEPEDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DALMATIAN TOADFLAX, LINARIA GENISTIFOLIA SSP. DALMATICA (L.) MAIRE AND PETITMENGIN, IN NORTH AMERICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

G.J. McDermott ,
R.M. Nowierski  and
J.M. Story
G.J. McDermott
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA 59717
R.M. Nowierski
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA 59717
J.M. Story
Affiliation:
Western Agricultural Research Center, Corvallis, Montana, USA 59828
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Extract

The Eurasian noctuid, Calophasia lunula Hufn., was introduced into North America to control yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill., and Dalmatian toadflax, L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin. Larvae feed on the foliage of both toadflax species, but different strains of the moth appear to prefer either yellow or Dalmatian toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Calophasia lunula was first released against yellow toadflax in five Canadian provinces from 1962 to 1968 (Harris and Carder 1971). The moth has been established on yellow toadflax in Ontario since 1965, where it has defoliated up to 20% of the stems (Harris 1988). However, attempts to establish C. lunula on Dalmatian toadflax in Canada have been unsuccessful (Nowierski 1990). Initial releases of the moth in the United States were made in 1968 against both toadflax species with Ontario stock from yellow toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Since then, multiple releases of C. lunula have been made in six western states, including Montana (Story 1985), but until 1989 no establishment had been recorded on either toadflax species.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 122 , Issue 4 , August 1990 , pp. 767 - 768
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1990

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References

Harris, P. 1984. Linaria vulgaris Miller, yellow toadflax, and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved toadflax (Scrophulariaceae). pp. 179–182 in Kelleher, J.S., and Hulme, M.A..(Eds.), Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada 1969–1980. CAB, Farmham Royal, England. 410 pp.Google Scholar
Harris, P. 1988. The biocontrol of Dalmatian toadflax — a cooperative project report for 1988. Agric. Canada, British Columbia (BCMA, BCFS, and Cattlemen's Association), and Montana.Google Scholar
Harris, P., and Carder, A.C.. 1971. Linaria vulgaris Mill., yellow toadflax, and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broadleaved toadflax (Scrophulariaceae). pp. 94–97in Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada, 1959–1968. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control Tech. Commun. No. 4.Google Scholar
Nowierski, R.M. 1990. Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin (Scrophulariaceae). In Andres, L.A., Beardsley, J.W., Goeden, R.D., and Jackson, G. (Eds.), Biological Control in the U.S. Western Region: Accomplishments and Benefits of Regional Research Project W84 (1964–1989). UC Press, Berkeley, CA. In press.Google Scholar
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