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Attraction of male Pandemis limitata (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to natural and synthetic pheromone sources: importance for assessing communication disruption

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Naomi C. DeLury ,
Gary J.R. Judd  and
Mark G.T. Gardiner
Naomi C. DeLury*
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
Gary J.R. Judd
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
Mark G.T. Gardiner
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
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Abstract

In flight-tunnel assays in both clean and pheromone-permeated air, we compared attraction and behavioural responses of male Pandemis limitata (Robinson) to “calling” females, female pheromone gland extract (FGE), and synthetic sources of pheromone. In clean air, female-baited traps caught significantly more males than traps baited with rubber septa lures loaded with 10 or 100 µg of the known pheromone components ((Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate) blended in a 91:9 or 94:6 ratio. Traps baited with septa loaded with 500 µg of the 94:6 blend caught as many males as did female-baited traps. Proportions of males engaging in wing fanning, take-off flight, locking onto the plume, and upwind flight towards a rubber septum loaded with 100 or 500 µg of the 94:6 blend were not significantly different from proportions exhibiting these behaviours in response to calling females. Only 500 µg lures elicited as much source contact in the same time as did a calling female. In clean air, traps baited with FGE applied to filter paper at 5 or 10 female equivalents caught as many males as did calling females. In air treated with Z11-14:Ac applied as a pheromone disruptant, females attracted more males and did so sooner than did five equivalents of FGE on filter paper. Consequently, disruption of male orientation to calling females was significantly shorter (74 h) than disruption of orientation to FGE (146 h). However, FGE dispensed from a piezoelectric microsprayer at a rate equivalent to 50 pg of Z11-14:Ac·min–1 caught as many males as a calling female. At this delivery rate, two-choice microsprayer bioassays revealed that FGE containing the two known components at a 91:9 ratio was more attractive than a synthetic blend of these two pheromone components alone at the same ratio. In air permeated with Z11-14:Ac, disruption of orientation to this FGE lasted 74 h, equivalent to disruption of orientation to females. These results suggest the published two-component pheromone blend for P. limitata is likely incomplete, and in the absence of suitable synthetic attractants, we recommend use of calling females or FGE delivered using a microsprayer system for any laboratory examination of communication disruption in this species.

Résumé

Nous avons comparé dans des tunnels de vol l'attrait et les réactions comportementales de mâles de Pandemis limitata (Robinson) à des « appels » de femelles, à des extraits de glandes à phéromones de femelles (FGE) et à des sources synthétiques de phéromones dans de l'air pur et de l'air saturé de phéromone. En air pur, les pièges avec des femelles comme appâts capturent significativement plus de mâles que les pièges munis de leurres à membrane de caoutchouc contenant 10 ou 100 µg des composantes connues de la phéromone (acétate de (Z)-11-tétradécényle et acétate de (Z)-9-tétradécényle) mélangées respectivement dans des proportions de 91:9 et de 94:6. Les pièges munis de membranes contenant 500 µg du mélange 94:6 capturent autant de mâles que les pièges contenant des femelles. Les proportions de mâles qui battent de l'aile, prennent leur envol, se placent dans le jet d'air ou volent vers la membrane de caoutchouc contenant 100 ou 500 µg du mélange 94:6 ne diffèrent pas significativement des proportions de mâles ayant les mêmes comportements en présence de femelles en appel. Seuls les leurres contenant 500 µg du mélange provoquent autant de contacts avec la source dans le même intervalle de temps qu'une femelle en appel. En air pur, les pièges appâtés de FGE sur papier filtre à raison d'équivalents de 5 et de 10 femelles capturent autant de mâles que les pièges contenant des femelles en appel. Dans de l'air traité à l'acétate de (Z)-11-tétradécényle (Z11-14:Ac) comme perturbateur de la phéromone, les pièges avec femelles attirent plus de mâles et le font plus rapidement que des pièges munis de FGE sur papier filtre à raison d'un équivalent de cinq femelles. La perturbation de l'orientation des mâles vers les femelles en appel est ainsi de plus courte durée (74 h) que la perturbation de l'orientation vers le FGE (146 h). Cependant, lorsque le FGE est libéré au moyen d'un microvaporisateur piézoélectrique à raison d'un équivalent de 50 pg de Z11-14:Ac·min–1, le piège capture autant de mâles qu'un piège muni d'une femelle en appel. À ce taux de libération, des tests à deux choix à l'aide du microvaporisateur montrent que le FGE contenant les deux composantes connues dans une proportion de 91:9 est plus attractif qu'un mélange synthétique des seules deux composantes de la phéromone dans la même proportion. En air saturé de Z11-14:Ac, la perturbation de l'orientation vers le FGE dure 74 h, ce qui est équivalent à la perturbation de l'orientation vers les femelles. Ces résultats indiquent que le mélange à deux composantes de la phéromone de P. limitata décrit dans la littérature est vraisemblablement incomplet. En l'absence d'appât synthétique approprié, nous recommandons d'utiliser des femelles en appel ou du FGE libéré par un système de microvaporisateurs pour toute étude en laboratoire de la perturbation de la communication chez cette espèce.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 138 , Issue 5 , October 2006 , pp. 697 - 711
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2006

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