^{page ix note 1} Duchy of Lanes. Misc. Books 14.

^{page ix note 2} Collation: 1²–3², 4¹, 5⁴, 6⁸–13⁸, 14⁴, 15⁶, 16¹⁰ (wants 3, 4, g and 10), 17⁶, 18¹⁰ (wants 10), 19⁶, 20⁸, 21⁸ (wants 3), 22⁶ (wants 1 and 2), 23⁸ (wants 1, 2 and 5), 24⁴ (wants 2), 25⁸, 26⁸ (wants 7 and 8). The last folio has two other leaves pasted to it.

^{page ix note 3} Textual corruptions are noticed in footnotes. Some of the enrolments can be checked with extant originals, which present a number of variants. See post, p. xxivGoogle Scholar, n. 2 and Appendix i.—R. S.

^{page ix note 4} At the end of the sixteenth century the register was bound in black leather, without any title, and it was therefore distinguished in a book of searches by the fact that it commences with presentations.—D.L. 41 (Misc.)/ 35/19, f. 43b. The original covers are preserved in D.L. 42/148.

^{page x note 1} The first two folios are blank, except for a note (inverted) on f. 2a: “mons. Johan Butiller | meistr' Forester de noz | Forestes & parkes deinz | Westderbyshire” (14th cent.). F. 1b has the number 4 inverted in the left corner at the foot, and in the same hand as the other folio numbers. This points to a slight rearrangement at some time when the volume was rebound, probably during the eighteenth century, when many books in the Duchy of Lancaster office were rebound. F. 6, which comes between the folios origin ally numbered 3 and 5 (now 5 and 7), has no number. The explanation is that what are now three separate gatherings of 2 folios each were originally one of 6, but the present first gathering was inverted and formed the two outer leaves, the first of which (blank on the right side, with the note about Butiller on the dorse) was followed by the present f. 6 (originally unnumbered), f. 3 (original 1, with presentations of 3 Ric. II), f. 4 (original 2), f. 5 (original 3), and the original number 4 is thus on the following folio, which is blank. The rearrangement has therefore been made since Ayloffe's time.

^{page x note 2} The supreme court was formed in 1375, with Raimon Guillaume as one of its members, and in the same year Harpeden was appointed seneschal for two years.

^{page xii note 1} Camden Third Series, nos. 20 and 21, edited by Sir S. Armitage-Smith, here referred to as Register I.

^{page xii note 2} Cf. Baldwin, , “The Chancery of the Duchy of Lancaster,” in Bull. Inst. Hist. Research, iv, p. 136Google Scholar. For lost registers of this period see J. Delpit, Collection générals des documents français qui se trouvent en Angleterre, p. civ.

^{page xii note 3} Miss Lodge believed that the volume was compiled almost as it stands in May 1383; she was thus somewhat puzzled by the blank folios, which are merely unused parts of gatherings which had been made up for progressive use, although the enrolments were made from time to time, if not from day to day, whenever a deed passed under the seal.

^{page xiii note 1} To this point the Introduction has been my work.—R. S.

^{page xv note 1} Ministers' Accounts (Duchy of Lanes.), 4706 (Savoy, 1393–4).

^{page xv note 2} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1).

^{page xv note 3} Ibid. 7082 (Sussex, 1380–1).

^{page xv note 4} Ibid. 11975 (auditors' accounts, 1388–9).

^{page xviii note 1} There is a reference in no. 624 to his having been at Dunstanburgh castle.—R. S.

^{page xviii note 2} See p. xxiii.

^{page xviii note 3} Armitage-Smith, , John of GauntGoogle Scholar, chap. X.

^{page xix note 1} Cf. Duchy of Lancaster Chancery Rolls (D.L. 37), no. 3 (Deputy Keeper's Report, xxxii, app. 1, p. 350Google Scholar, no. 16), 1378.

^{page xix note 2} Register I, 245 (1372).Google Scholar

^{page xix note 3} Ministers' Accounts (Duchy of Lanes.), 3894 (Lines., 1382–4). In Waddington there were nineteen tofts, twenty-six and a half bovates of land in villeinage; and four cottars.

^{page xix note 4} Ibid. 7604 (Knaresborough Forest, 1384–5). In Screven, twenty bondage tenants held twenty messuages and twenty bovates of villein land.

In Aldborough, there were ten messuages in bondage, and a good deal of land.

In Pontefract, there were rents paid by bondage tenants and cottars, and pannage of pigs from villeins and cottars.

In Ackworth, rents were paid by nativi and cottarii, etc., etc.

^{page xix note 5} Ibid. 38 (Halton, 1380–1), and 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xix note 6} Ibid. 7082 (Sussex, 1380–1).

^{page xix note 7} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1). Also in Derbyshire, no. 125.—R. S.

^{page xix note 8} Ibid. 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xix note 9} Ibid. 7604 (Knaresborough Forest, 1384–5).

^{page xix note 10} Ibid.

^{page xx note 1} Ministers' Accounts, 8228 (Pontefract, 1383–4); 6s. 8d. chevagium received from Roger de Herdwyk, nativus, for leave to live outside the demesne.

^{page xx note 2} Ibid. Rather a curious entry. Robert Johanson, clerk, pays 3d.

^{page xx note 3} Ibid. 7604 (Knaresborough Forest, 1384–5).

^{page xx note 4} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1).

^{page xx note 5} Ministers' Accounts, passim.

^{page xx note 6} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1).

^{page xx note 7} Ibid. 8228 (Pontefract, 1383–4). For the whole subject cf. M. Postan in Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 1936–7 [Dr. Hubert Hall].

^{page xxi note 1} Ibid. Rent of bondage tenants was paid in Leeds, Woodhouse, and Bushythorp. Rents of cottars, and rent for a cottage at will at Cridling, rents of nativi, cottarii and tenants at will at Tanshelf, etc., etc.

Ibid. 7082 (Sussex, 1380–1). Assize rents of free and villeins.

^{page xxi note 2} Ministers' Accounts, passim. A pound of pepper varied from 2d. to 4d.

^{page xxi note 3} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1). The reeves collected rents and also works and aids from sokmen and nativi.

^{page xxi note 4} Ibid. 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xxi note 5} Ibid. 9063 (Kidwelly, 1399–1400). Nativi let off rent on account of poverty by G. Foljambe and others of the lord's council.

^{page xxi note 6} Ibid. 8228 (Pontefract, 1383–4). Robert Fange brought in to be provost “causa debilitatis bondorum tenentium.”

^{page xxii note 1} Calculated to be necessary by the steward and receiver.

^{page xxii note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 3884 (Lines.). Customs of the mill, herbage, fold of the customary tenants.

Ibid. 37 (Halton, 1379–80). Pannage of pigs, tolls of market, tallage of villeins, perquisites of hall moot, agistments, pessona and tallage.

Ibid. 5305 (1380–1). A custom called “tythyngpeny.”

Ibid. 6141 (1379–80). Castle-guard, herbage, fishing dues, a rent at Mares-field called hundredsilver, 2s. for a custom called “benhyeth,” etc., etc. (For these customary payments see Neilson, , Customary Rents, 1910Google Scholar [Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, ii].—R. S.)

^{page xxii note 3} The right to have his exchequer in the county palatine, and the right to appoint justices of the forest were not expressly conferred by the grant of 1377, but by an amending grant of 1378 (Hardy, , Charters of the Duchy of Lancaster, p. 62Google Scholar).—R. S.

^{page xxii note 4} Hardy, 's Charters, p. 32Google Scholaret seq.

^{page xxiii note 1} Duchy of Lancaster Chancery Rolls, no. 3 (Deputy Keeper's Report, xxxii, app. 1, p. 348).Google Scholar

^{page xxiii note 2} Ibid.

^{page xxiii note 3} Ibid., no. 2.

^{page xxiii note 4} Register I, 340.Google Scholar

^{page xxiii note 5} Ibid., 342.

^{page xxiii note 6} On this subject see Baldwin, J. F., “The Chancery of the Duchy of Lancaster”Google Scholar (Supra, p. xii, n. 2).

^{page xxiii note 7} In the register the more usual term is chancellor of the duchy (strictly, chancellor in the duchy) (61, 200, 212, etc.), but county is also used (684). His sphere of office was certainly only Lancaster, that is the county palatine.

^{page xxiii note 8} Register I, 340.Google Scholar

^{page xxiv note 1} Lands outside the county might belong to the honor of Lancaster. Thus William Spaigne in 1382 is called keeper of the fees of the duke of Lancaster of the honor of Lancaster in the county of Lincoln (Min. Ace. 3894).

^{page xxiv note 2} Also letters patent. Some seventeen of the original instruments addressed to the chancellor and enrolled in the register are preserved in P.L. 3/1. I have added references to them in the footnotes.—R. S.

^{page xxv note 1} Baldwin, , op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page xxv note 2} Baldwin, J. F., “Household Administration of Henry de Lacy and Thomas of Lancaster,” English Historical Review, xlii.Google Scholar

^{page xxv note 3} To Odo de Grandison and the countess of Norfolk (68).

^{page xxvi note 1} Chancery Rolls, D.L. 37/3, no. 2.

^{page xxvi note 2} Ibid., no. 3.

^{page xxvi note 3} Ibid., no. 49.

^{page xxvi note 4} The duke had also an attorney for all suits in Cheshire (848), where he evidently had special franchises at Halton. When Henry earl of Lancaster held this liberty he was to have prison and castle-ward, and a free court in the borough every fortnight for all sorts of offences, and to have a master-sergeant there. He was also to hold view of frankpledge three times a year (D.L. 40, 1/11, Feodary of Henry earl of Lancaster).

^{page xxvii note 1} Register I, 426.Google Scholar

^{page xxvii note 2} There are many other references to forest crimes. See 186, 246, 1111, 1149, etc.

^{page xxviii note 1} Baines, E., History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster (Manchester, 1888), i, 75.Google Scholar

^{page xxviii note 2} Register I, 935.Google Scholar

^{page xxviii note 3} C.P.R., I 06 1379.Google Scholar

^{page xxix note 1} Ministers' Accounts (Duchy of Lanes.), 201 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xxix note 2} Duchy of Lanes. Accounts, various, 3/2 (receiver general's accounts, 1392–3).

^{page xxix note 3} Ibid., 3/1 (receiver general/s accounts, 1376–7).

^{page xxix note 4} Register I, 178.Google Scholar

^{page xxix note 5} Ministers' Accounts, 11975 (auditors' accounts, 1388–9).

^{page xxix note 6} Accounts, various, 3/2 (1392–3).

^{page xxix note 7} Armitage-Smith, , John of GauntGoogle Scholar, app. iv.

^{page xxix note 8} Accounts, various, 3/1.

^{page xxix note 9} Ibid., 3/2.

^{page xxx note 1} Hardy, , op. cit., p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page xxx note 2} Ibid., 17, 22 et seq.

^{page xxx note 3} Ibid., 26, 37 et seq.

^{page xxxi note 1} Sir John Marmion was steward and constable of Knaresborough; Sir Richard Burley, steward and constable of Monmouth and Gloucester; Robert Pilkington, steward of Chester and constable of Halton; Sir Walter Urswick, steward and constable of Tickhill.

^{page xxxi note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 4070 (Lines., 1383–4).

^{page xxxi note 3} There were lieutenants or sub-stewards in Lancaster (842), Hertford (819), Gloucester (644), Tickhill (589), etc.

^{page xxxi note 4} Ministers' Accounts, 1080 (Hertford, 1381–2).

^{page xxxi note 5} Accounts, various, 3/1 (receiver general, 1376–7).

^{page xxxii note 1} Ministers' Accounts, 4070 (Lines., 1383–4).

^{page xxxii note 2} On 7 April 1383 William Spaigne was made steward in Lincolnshire, except for the sphere of Simon Symeon, steward of Bolingbroke, and Thomas Heselden (elsewhere called lieutenant), steward of the fens (1129).

^{page xxxii note 3} Ministers' Accounts, 37 (Halton, 1379–80), 4850 (Chester, 1379–80).

^{page xxxii note 4} Ibid. 9508 (Monmouth, 1381–2).

^{page xxxii note 5} Ibid. 5515, Accounts of William Chesulden, 1380–1.

^{page xxxii note 6} Pevensey here being the honor of Pevensey. John Broke was both steward in Sussex and steward of the honor of Pevensey. It was quite the general practice on the lands later forming the duchy of Lancaster for more than one office or county to be grouped under one man.—R. S.

^{page xxxiii note 1} Ministers' Accounts, 7083 (Sussex, 1382–3).

^{page xxxiii note 2} Ibid. 6141 (Melbourne, 1379–80).

^{page xxxiii note 3} Ibid. 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xxxiv note 1} This is obvious from some of the ministers' accounts, where the name of the new reeve is given together with that of the reeve of the previous year.

^{page xxxiv note 2} John Westfield in Overton, provost by tenure (465).

^{page xxxiv note 3} Ministers' Accounts, 8228 (Pontefract, 1383–4).

^{page xxxv note 1} Ibid. 11974 (auditors' accounts, 1387–8).

^{page xxxv note 2} Ibid. 11975 (auditors' accounts, 1388–9).

^{page xxxv note 3} Ibid. 9508 (Monmouth, 1381–2).

^{page xxxv note 4} Ibid. 11975, as above. In 1383–4 he received in Sussex £25 19s. 8d. for coming from Higham Ferrers and returning to London to talk with the duke and his council, and then going to Hertford and Norfolk, staying twenty days at 4s. a day (Min. Ace. 7084). Thomas Mapleton and Philip Melreth, auditors in 1376–7, each took 4s. a day (ibid.).

^{page xxxvi note 1} Duffieldfrith in Derbs. (513); the parks of Leicester (381), Roundhay and Rothwell Haigh (383), of Pontefract (568), Ravensdale (ioo), and Scholes (62).

^{page xxxvi note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 3247 (Honor of Leicester, 1377–8).

^{page xxxvi note 3} Ibid.

^{page xxxvi note 4} Ibid. 7083 (Sussex, 1382–3).

^{page xxxvi note 5} Ibid. 7604 (Knaresborough Forest, 1384–5).

^{page xxxvi note 6} Newbigging, T., Forest of Rossendale (London, 1868), p. 35.Google Scholar

^{page xxxvii note 1} Register I, 964.Google Scholar

^{page xxxvii note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 201 (Chester, 1379–80), and n. 4 below.

^{page xxxvii note 3} In 1392–3 the attorney in the exchequer and common bench were each paid 20 marks, instead of the £10 and £5 noted in the register (Acc., var., 3/2 [receiver general, 1392–3]).

^{page xxxvii note 4} Ministers' Accounts, 4850 (Chester, 1379–80). He was paid for extra expenses when travelling on the duke's business (656).

^{page xxxviii note 1} Accounts, various, 3/1 (receiver general, 1376–7).

^{page xxxviii note 2} See supra, pp. xxiv and xxv.Google Scholar

^{page xxxix note 1} Accounts, various, 3/1.

^{page xxxix note 2} William Overbury, esquire, was butler (688) and is mentioned in another entry as chief baker and chief butler (332). John Reynold, esquire, was master cook.

^{page xl note 1} Accounts, various, 1/1 (accounts of Hugh Waterton, 1381–2).

^{page xl note 2} Ibid.

^{page xl note 3} Ministers' Accounts, 8228 (Pontefract, 1383–4).

^{page xl note 4} Ibid. 7084 (Sussex, 1383–4).

^{page xl note 5} Ibid. 5515 (Leicester, 1380–1).

^{page xli note 1} It is interesting to compare this with 273 in the register, where the duke sends an order in April 1380 to the receiver general to pay fees to the dean and to Henry le Moigne, Henry Bruton, brother Henry Whapelode, John de Bristol, Stephen Walsoken and John Crowe. As John Crowe is here said to have a wife he may well not have been one of the clerks.

In 425 the same names again appear, but with slight differences, and money is also paid to “three children of our chapel.” John Grantham receives a robe as well as a fee. In 641, the order is sent in October 1381 to William Chesulden, receiver of Leicester, to pay them.

In 744 additional names appear: William de la Chapel, William de-Swepperton and John Walsoken—probably the “three children.”

^{page xlii note 1} The king provided money for military service when it was undertaken on his behalf; e.g. in 1376 £12,466 was owed by the king for wages of men-at-arms and archers for the duke's expedition to Aquitaine (Acc., var., 3/1 [receiver general's accounts, 1376—7]).

^{page xlii note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 5515 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1).

^{page xlii note 3} Accounts, various, 3/2 (receiver general, 1392–3).

^{page xlii note 4} See p. xxviii.

^{page xlii note 5} Accounts, various, 3/1 (receiver general, 1376–7).

^{page xlii note 6} Ministers' Accounts, 4070 (Lincoln, 1383–4).

^{page xlii note 7} Ibid. 11975 (auditors' accounts, 1388–9).

^{page xlii note 8} Accounts, various, 3/2 (receiver general, 1392–3).

^{page xlii note 9} In 1383–4 the steward of Bolingbroke and Sutton (Min. Ace., 4070 [Lincoln, 1383–4]). Henry earl of Lancaster had paid the same to the stewards of Leicester, Wales and Pickering (D.L. 40/1/11).

^{page xlii note 10} Ministers' Accounts, 1080 (Hertford, 1381–2).

^{page xlii note 11} No. 1053. The bailiff of Yorkshire was to have £8 a year and 12d. a day for expenses coming to London.

^{page xliii note 1} Ministers' Accounts, 6903 (Essex, 1378–9).

^{page xliii note 2} Fishing on the Tweed was farmed out (893); Cogshall (Min. Acc., 201 [Halton, 1379–80]). Various fees in Lines, (ibid. 4070), etc. See nos. 1019–44

^{page xliv note 1} Wreck offences were tried before Hungerford and fines were levied. Ministers' Accounts, 3894 (Lines.' 1382–4).

^{page xliv note 2} See Armitage-Smith, , John of GauntGoogle Scholar, app. vi.

^{page xliv note 3} Ministers' Accounts, 3894 (Lines., 1382–4).

^{page xliv note 4} Ibid. 4070 (Lines., 1383–4).

^{page xlv note 1} Great Cowcher I, i. 48b, no. 23. See also Ministers' Accounts, 4850 (Chester, 1379–80), etc.

^{page xlv note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 4850 (Chester, 1379–80).

^{page xlv note 3} Ibid. 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xlv note 4} Ibid. 3247 (Honor of Leicester, 1377–8).

^{page xlv note 5} Ibid. 5305 (Higham Ferrers, 1380–1).

^{page xlv note 6} Ibid. 7082 (Sussex, 1380–1).

^{page xlv note 7} Ibid. 7084 (Sussex, 1383–4).

^{page xlv note 8} Ibid. 7604 (Knaresborough Forest, 1384–5).

^{page xlv note 9} Ibid.

^{page xlv note 10} Cf. supra, p. xxi.

^{page xlvi note 1} Chancery Rolls (Duchy of Lanes.) 3, no. 49, 1381–2.

^{page xlvi note 2} Ministers' Accounts, 37 (Halton, 1379–80).

^{page xlvii note 1} Duchy of Lancaster Court Rolls, 33/316 (Duffield and Belper).

^{page xlvii note 2} It was actually the duke who gave the order, with the advice and assent of the council.—R. S.

^{page xlviii note 1} On the council see also Armitage-Smith, , John of Gaunt, p. 223Google Scholar, and Register I, pp. xi–xiiGoogle Scholar. It was composed mainly of the chief officials. In her description of the council Miss Lodge has attributed to it rather more executive activity than the register warrants, for the usual formula is that the duke makes orders with the advice and assent of the council.—R. S.

^{page xlix note 1} See n. 1, p. xlviii.

^{page xlix note 2} Sir Robert Swillington and Sir Thomas Hungerford were privy councillors in Edward III's reign (see Register I), showing that the office was permanent.

^{page l note 1} Miss Lodge's method of dealing with the contents of the register under a number of heads distinctly arranged has involved some overlapping, if not repetition, without lessening the value of the Introduction to students seeking information on those contents.—R. S.