^{page 13 note 1} Pierre Puchot, Comte Des Alleurs, Seigneur de Clinchamp, French ambassador at Constantinople 1711–16.

^{page 13 note 2} Charles Frriol (Fériol), Baron d'Argental, French ambassador at Constantinople 1699–1711

^{page 13 note 3} Charles XII.

^{page 13 note 4} Tchorlulu Ali Pasha, Turkish Grand Vizier, May 1706–June 1716.

^{page 13 note 5} The Turkish fortress on the River Dniester where Charles XII took refuge after his defeat at Poltava, July 1709.

^{page 13 note 6} Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30).

^{page 13 note 7} Yusuf Pasha, governor of the vilayet of Özü, see below.

^{page 13 note 8} Martin Neugebauer, Swedish envoy at Constantinople, July 1709–May 1711.

^{page 13 note 9} Peter Andreevich Tolstoy, Russian ambassador at Constantinople, 1702–14.

^{page 14 note 1} Devletgerey (Dawlat Giray) II, khan of the Crimea (1698–1702, 1707–13).

^{page 14 note 2} Ayuka, taisha (khan) of the Kalmucks : see S. Soloviev, Rossii, iii. 860 and passim.

^{page 14 note 3} The Müftü or Mufti (Shaikh al-Islam), the canon lawyer who gave a Fetva (legal ruling), the chief of the Ulema, who in these despatches are called the ‘ men of the law ’. At this time the post was occupied by Ebezade Abdullah Efendi.

^{page 15 note 1} Baron Ehrenskiöld.

^{page 15 note 2} Jozef Potocki, Palatin of Kiovia, one of the principal partisans of King Stanislaus I of Poland and Charles XII.

^{page 15 note 3} Capital of Moldavia.

^{page 15 note 4} Öz¨, Ozu or Özi, a Turkish fortress at the mouth of the Bug ; later the Russian Otchakov.

^{page 15 note 5} Djanim Khodja, a well-known Turkish Admiral of this time.

^{page 15 note 6} Kertch, at the eastern tip of the Crimea.

^{page 16 note 1} Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony (1670–1733), king of Poland with the title of Augustus II (1679–1733).

^{page 17 note 1} Letter written throughout in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 17 note 2} Tchorlulu Ali Pasha.

^{page 17 note 3} Köprülü, a family to which several famous viziers of the seventeenth century belonged.

^{page 17 note 4} Silihdar (‘ armour-bearer ’), Ali Pasha, son-in-law of Ahmed III, afterwards Grand Vizier (1713–18); at this time he was Rikâb-i Humayun Kaymakami, i.e. substitute for the Grand Vizier in the latter's absence.

^{page 17 note 5} See above, p. 13, n. 7.

^{page 18 note 1} Peter the Great (1682–1725).

^{page 18 note 2} Bursa (Brusa).

^{page 18 note 3} Kefe (Kaffa), the modern Theodosia, on the southern shore of the Crimea.

^{page 19 note 1} Lord Dartmouth had succeeded Lord Sunderland as Secretary of State in June 1710.

^{page 19 note 2} I.e. the treaty of the year 1700.

^{page 20 note 1} Baltadji Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier 1704–6 and Sept. 1710–Nov. 1711. He was commander-in-chief of the Turkish army during the Pruth campaign (1711).

^{page 21 note 1} Kütchük Mirahor ; Junior Equerry, one of the high officials at the court of the sultan.

^{page 21 note 2} Samsondju bashi, the title of the general commanding the 71st chamber of Segban, the third division of the Corps of Janissaries, who were called Samsondju (‘ keepers of bulldogs ’).

^{page 21 note 3} Michael Talmann, Resident of the Emperor at Constantinople, 1703–13.

^{page 21 note 4} Baltadji Mehmed Pasha.

^{page 22 note 1} In 1699.

^{page 22 note 2} Martin Neugebauer.

^{page 22 note 3} General Stanislaus Poniatowski (1676–1762), a Polish nobleman, father of the last Polish King Stanislaus II Augustus (1764–98). He was friend and companion to Charles XII during his stay in Turkey.

^{page 23 note 1} Dnieper.

^{page 23 note 2} Rybinski.

^{page 24 note 1} Abdulkerim Efendi.

^{page 24 note 2} General E. D. von Krassow, commander of the Swedish troops in Pomerania, numbering about 8000 men.

^{page 25 note 1} The last paragraph of this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 25 note 2} Divan efendisi: Secretary of the divan (council).

^{page 26 note 1} Davud Pasha, the plain about 8 miles from the land walls of the city, where the army assembled on leaving Constantinople for Rumelia.

^{page 26 note 2} Kalga or Kalgay Sultan, the title of the heir-apparent among the Tartars of the Crimea.

^{page 27 note 1} The passage in italics is underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 27 note 2} The last two paragraphs of this letter are in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 27 note 3} Yedikule, the Seven Towers, a state prison, built in one part of the land walls of Constantinople, near the Golden Gate of the Byzantine times. Here were imprisoned the envoys or ambassadors of enemy countries after a declaration of war.

^{page 28 note 1} Chocin, a town and fortress on the Dniester near Kamieniec-Podolsk.

^{page 29 note 1} Adam Sieniawski.

^{page 29 note 2} Sea of Azof.

^{page 29 note 3} Perekop.

^{page 29 note 4} Dnieper.

^{page 30 note 1} Count Tarlo, Polish marshal, sent to Bender by King Stanislaus I Leszczynski.

^{page 30 note 2} Alexander Maurocordato, the chief dragoman of the Porte.

^{page 31 note 1} The last paragraph of this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 33 note 1} Concluded on 1 September 1706. A Turkish envoy, Mehmed Aga, was sent to Charles XII and Stanislaus I in 1707 ; he was received by the Swedish King at Thorn in October 1707.

^{page 33 note 2} Jacobus Colyer (Coljer), Resident of the States General at Constantinople, 1684–1725.

^{page 33 note 3} Tartars of Budziak (Bucak), a district between the Danube and Black Sea in Dobrudja.

^{page 33 note 4} Baltadji Mehmed Pasha.

^{page 37 note 1} The Aksu was the Bug, not the Dnieper.

^{page 38 note 1} Captain James Jefferyes, British Envoy to Charles XII at Bender. See ‘ British Diplomatic Instructions 1689–1789 ’, Vol. i, Sweden, pp. 39–40. His Despatches are published by Carlson, in Historiska Handlingar, 1896.

^{page 39 note 1} The Act of Neutrality, concluded at the Hague on 31 March 1710 between Great Britain, the States General, the Emperor, Prussia and Hanover.

^{page 40 note 1} See below. The Polish version has been published in Tchtenija, iii (1847), 36–38Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 2} Martin Neugebauer.

^{page 41 note 1} About his stay in Vienna, see Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Staats- und Extraord. Protocoll, Anno 1711, No. 1 : 2 Mai 1711.

^{page 41 note 2} Kirk-Kilise.

^{page 42 note 1} Lord Paget, British ambassador at Constantinople 1697–1701.

^{page 42 note 2} These enclosures are missing.

^{page 46 note 1} Kandjabash, a small type of man-of-war.

^{page 46 note 2} Ozu or Özi.

^{page 46 note 3} Bug.

^{page 46 note 4} Dnieper.

^{page 46 note 5} Francis Rakoczy, the leader of Hungarian insurgents.

^{page 47 note 1} Talaba, an Hungarian envoy who arrived at Bender at the beginning of December 1710.

^{page 47 note 2} His Instructions and Despatches are preserved in Dresden, Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Loc. 3552.

^{page 47 note 3} Not found.

^{page 50 note 1} See British Museum, Add. MSS. 37,358, pp. 347–8.

^{page 50 note 2} Yusuf Aga, afterwards Yusuf Pasha, the Commanding General of Janissaries ; he became Grand Vizier in November 1711.

^{page 50 note 3} Mistakenly instead of the Danube.

^{page 51 note 1} The Turkish original is preserved in the P.R.O., Foreign, Royal Letters 102, Bundle 4 (Extracts).

^{page 52 note 1} The date in the translation of the Sultan's letter to the Queen is the middle of Rab. i, A.H. 1123.

^{page 53 note 1} The Italian versions of the Vizir Azem's letter and that of the Sultan are given on fos. 122 and 120.

^{page 53 note 2} Raszkow.

^{page 54 note 1} Colonel Thomas Funck, the second Swedish Envoy at Constantinople from June 1711. He died of malaria in Demotica, 13 November 1713.

^{page 55 note 1} Lwow, Lemberg.

^{page 56 note 1} Philip Orlick, Hetman of the Cossacks, who followed Charles XII to Turkey. He had been chosen Hetman after Mazepa's death in September 1709.

^{page 56 note 2} The last paragraph of this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 56 note 3} H. G. von Müllern, Court-Chancellor of the Swedish king in Bender.

^{page 57 note 1} The Treaty of Travendahl, concluded on 18 August 1700 between Sweden and Denmark, after Charles XII's victorious campaign.

^{page 57 note 2} Concluded on 24 September 1706 between Charles XII and Augustus II of Poland.

^{page 57 note 3} A town on the Danube.

^{page 58 note 1} Hayduk, brigand, especially Bulgarian.

^{page 58 note 2} Ebubekir Efendi.

^{page 58 note 3} Thomas Funck.

^{page 58 note 4} Baron Peter Sharov, Russian Vice-Chancellor and one of the outstanding personalities in the entourage of Peter the Great. He was the chief author of the Peace of the Pruth (July 1711).

^{page 59 note 1} Kamenny Zaton, a Russian fortress on the Dnieper.

^{page 59 note 2} Abdulkerim Efendi.

^{page 61 note 1} Ikindi, the time between late afternoon and sunset.

^{page 61 note 2} The Russian Field-Marshal, Count Boris Feodorovich Sheremetov.

^{page 62 note 1} Kizlar Agasi, the chief of the eunuchs of the Seraglio. At this time he was Suleyman Aga.

^{page 62 note 2} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 63 note 1} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 63 note 2} The last paragraph of the letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 63 note 3} The Turkish text is in the Name-i Humayun (The Central Archives at Constantinople), No. 6, pp. 218–19 .“ the.Russian text, in T. Juzefovitch, Dogovory Rossiis Vostokom (St. Petersburg, 1869), pp. 11–12Google Scholar.

^{page 63 note 4} Bardbash was the Turkish name for Cossacks in general; Potcali for the Zaporog cossacks ; see below, p. 95.

^{page 64 note 1} Temessiik, Instrument, an obligation.

^{page 64 note 2} Hush getchidi, “ the fort of the Hush ” (in Rumanian : Husi). The explanation of the name given in the text is incorrect.

^{page 64 note 3} The other version is on fo. 174a.

^{page 66 note 1} Deli, “ mad ” or “ wild ”, a body of irregular troops, mainly Bosnians or Albanians by birth ; they often served as the Vizier's bodyguard.

^{page 67 note 1} Dniester.

^{page 67 note 2} Drdbanis, the body-guard of the Swedish king.

^{page 67 note 3} Raszkow, a town on the Dniester.

^{page 67 note 4} Isakdji (Isaccea), a town on the southern shore of the Danube, where the bridges were built to cross the river.

^{page 68 note 1} Hatidje Sultan.

^{page 68 note 2} Kaymakam (Kaim-i makam), the title of the officer temporarily commissioned to act as deputy at the court or in the capital in the absence of the Grand Vizier.

^{page 69 note 1} The Turkish text and German translation of this and the later documents referred to are given in Kurat, A. N. und Zetterstéen, K. V., TurkisHe Urkunden (Uppsala, 1938), nos. v, vi, vii.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 1} From “ I have sounded some of the Ministers ” to the end is in Sutton's hand.

^{page 71 note 1} This letter is in Sutton's hand throughout.

^{page 73 note 1} An allusion to the belated delivery by the Turks to the Poles of the fortress of Kamieniec-Podolsk, in conformity with the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699).

^{page 75 note 1} Ibrail (Braila), a town on the Danube.

^{page 76 note 1} Yusuf Pasha.

^{page 77 note 1} Kalmucks, a nomad people of Mongol origin, who occupied the steppes between the lower Volga and the Kuban in the middle of the seventeenth century.

^{page 77 note 2} Kertch.

^{page 78 note 1} This letter, and the two enclosures, are in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 79 note 1} French traveller and merchant, author of Travels through Europe, Asia, and into parts of Africa (1696) (3 vols., London, 1732Google Scholar).

^{page 81 note 1} Fort Petrovski.

^{page 81 note 2} Tcherkassy.

^{page 81 note 3} This letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 82 note 1} Abraham Stanyan, afterwards British ambassador at Constantinople.

^{page 83 note 1} Mektubdju, title of the Chief Secretary of the Grand Vizier.

^{page 83 note 2} Tchavushlar kâtibi, the Secretary of the Corps of Janissaries.

^{page 83 note 3} Sipahiler Agasi, the General commanding the Sipahis (Cavalry) ; at this time Huseyin Aga, brother of Osman Aga, the Kâhya of Baltadji Mehmed Pasha.

^{page 83 note 4} Telkhisdji, reporter.

^{page 83 note 5} Bostandji bashi, here the governor of Adrianople.

^{page 84 note 1} Yusuf Pasha.

^{page 85 note 1} Tchavush Emini, a high officer of Tchavushes (gatekeepers).

^{page 85 note 2} Tchorbadji, an officer of the Janissaries.

^{page 86 note 1} Colonel Grotthusen (Grotthus), a German officer in Swedish service and a favourite of Charles XII.

^{page 86 note 2} 31 March 1710.

^{page 86 note 3} The passages in italics are underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 87 note 1} Defterdar, “keeper of the register ”, i.e. superintendant of the finances.

^{page 88 note 1} The passages in italics are underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 89 note 1} The last four paragraphs of this letter are in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 95 note 1} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 95 note 2} Underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 96 note 1} Underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 96 note 2} The words in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 96 note 3} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 97 note 1} Zagardji bashi, “ chief of the bloodhound-keepers ”, commanding the 64th Chamber of the Janissaries.

^{page 97 note 2} The last sentence is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 97 note 3} The Italian version is on fo. 197.

^{page 97 note 4} The Italian version is on fo. 199.

^{page 100 note 1} The Italian version of this letter is given on fo. 207.

^{page 101 note 1} A space is left blank.

^{page 101 note 2} The Latin version is given on fo. 131.

^{page 105 note 1} Underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 107 note 1} See General Stanislaus Poniatowski's letter of 20 January 1712, and the Memorial entitled ‘ Reflexions mentionnees dans la lesttre et communiquees aux plusieurs de la Portte, pour les fairre parvenir à la connoissance du Grand Seigneur ’, both in the State Archives at Stockholm.

^{page 107 note 2} Magnus Stenbock's campaign against the Danes, which was at first successful, but afterwards ended with the capitulation of the Swedish army at Gadebush, 20 December 1712.

^{page 107 note 3} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 108 note 1} This paragraph is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 112 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 245.

^{page 112 note 2} This word is illegible.

^{page 112 note 3} The Italian version is given on fo. 243.

^{page 113 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 237.

^{page 116 note 1} The phrase enclosed in brackets is a later addition, possibly in the hand of Sir Robert Sutton.

^{page 118 note 1} Duplicates of this letter and the enclosures were sent by Sir Robert Sutton with a later letter. The text of the postscript in the duplicate version (fo. 52b) differs slightly in its wording from the text printed here. The substance remains unchanged.

^{page 121 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 65a.

^{page 122 note 1} Italian versions of Letter A are given on fos. 59a and 63a.

^{page 122 note 2} Italian versions of Letter B are given on fos. 57a and 61a.

^{page 123 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 235a.

^{page 124 note 1} An unresolved cipher.

^{page 125 note 1} See Poniatowski's letter of 20 January 1712.

^{page 127 note 1} The Latin version is given on fo. 76a.

^{page 127 note 2} This letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 127 note 3} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 128 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 129 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 130 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 131 note 1} Yusuf Pasha.

^{page 132 note 1} The Italian version is on fo. 88a.

^{page 133 note 1} Not preserved.

^{page 133 note 2} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 134 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 135 note 1} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 136 note 1} These words are underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 136 note 2} This passage is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 137 note 1} The Latin version is given on fo. 265.

^{page 138 note 1} Major-General Freiherr von Goltz ; his mission, see Dresden, Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Loc. 3552.

^{page 140 note 1} French envoy to Charles XII. He arrived at Bender on 26 June 1712.

^{page 142 note 1} From here to the end of the letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 143 note 1} See Solovïev, Istoriya Rossii, iv. 85.

^{page 144 note 1} The words in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 145 note 1} This paragraph, and the short note that follows, are in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 145 note 2} This letter is in Sutton's hand throughout.

^{page 146 note 1} Written in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 146 note 2} An ornamental buckle or clasp.

^{page 147 note 1} He stayed in Vienna in April–May 1711.

^{page 148 note 1} Queen-mother.

^{page 149 note 1} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 149 note 2} Michael Talmann.

^{page 150 note 1} The passages in italics axe in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 150 note 2} Tchelebi Mehmed Pasha.

^{page 150 note 3} Kalga Sultan, the title of the heir-apparent of the Crimean Tartars.

^{page 151 note 1} von Fabrice, F. E., the envoy of Holstein to Charles XII at Bender; he subsequently wrote a book entitled Antédotes du sejour du Roi de Suièe à Bender, ou lettres de Mr. le Baron de Fabrice pour servir d'eclaircissement à I'histoire de Charles XII (Hamburg, 1761)Google Scholar.

^{page 151 note 2} The passage in italics is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 152 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 34a.

^{page 153 note 1} The Italian version is given on fo. 30a.

^{page 158 note 1} This passage is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 158 note 2} This letter is in Sutton's hand throughout.

^{page 160 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 160 note 2} The manuscript has your in cipher accidentally written before my.

^{page 161 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 162 note 1} The Turkish text is printed in my Charles II's stay in Turkey, Appendix i, p. 137. The Latin version is given on fo. 10a.

^{page 163 note 1} His report in French is printed in my Charles XII's stay in Turkey, Appendix i, pp. 187–92; the original is in Paris; Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangères, corr. pol. Turquie, vol. 52, pp. 75–7. The assault on the Swedish king's quarters is known in Swedish under the Turkish name ‘ Kalabaliken ’.

^{page 166 note 1} See above. Despatch No. 31.

^{page 167 note 1} Ibrahim Hodja, afterwards Grand Vizier.

^{page 168 note 1} This letter, but not the enclosure, is in Sutton's hand throughout. The Italian version of the enclosure is on fo. 20a.

^{page 168 note 2} This passage is in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 170 note 1} This letter is in Sutton's hand throughout.

^{page 170 note 2} Demotica, a town near the lower Maritza.

^{page 172 note 1} These passages are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 172 note 2} This letter is in Sutton's hand throughout.

^{page 172 note 3} Ibrahim Hodja, admiral and afterwards Grand Vizier.

^{page 173 note 1} The passages in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 173 note 2} Kaplan Giray I had been deposed in 1707 to make way for Dawlat Giray II, who had been Khan earlier from 1698 to 1702.

^{page 173 note 3} Demirtash Pasha sarayi, i.e. ‘ the palace of Demirtash Pasha ’.

^{page 174 note 1} These words are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 174 note 2} The words in italics are in cipher in the manuscript.

^{page 175 note 1} The postscript to this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 176 note 1} Underlined in the manuscript.

^{page 177 note 1} The postscript to this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 177 note 2} Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier, who commanded the Turkish Army during the (second) siege of Vienna by Turks in 1683.

^{page 178 note 1} The postscript to this letter is in Sutton's own hand.

^{page 179 note 1} Zaim or Zeamet sahibi, a person who is granted land in reward for military service, with a minimum annual revenue of 20,000 aspers.

^{page 179 note 2} Timar sahibi, a person who held a Timar, which signified a grant of land for military service—a kind of Turkish fief—the possession of which entailed the feudetary the obligation to go mounted to war and to supply soldiers or sailors in numbers proportionate to the revenue of the appanage. The Timar was the lowest category of military fief, with a maximum revenue of 19,999 aspers.

^{page 179 note 3} Bölük sipahisi. Bölük was the second class in the corps of Janissaries, signifying roughly a ‘ division ’; it comprised 101 Chambers, some of which were mounted.

^{page 189 note 1} Lord Bolingbroke replaced Lord Dartmouth as Secretary of State in August 1713.

^{page 192 note 1} Fo. 85a.

^{page 193 note 1} 13 November 1713.

^{page 198 note 1} H. H. von Liewen; see von Kochen, Dagbok, p. 261.

^{page 199 note 1} Constantin Brancovan.

^{page 201 note 1} This is on fo. 100a.