^{page 293 note 1} The following is a list of French ministries, 1848–54, together with the names of those who presided over them; after Oct. 31, 1849, however, no ministry had an official president and therefore the names of some of the chief ministers are given:

(i) Dupont de l'Eure: Feb. 24–May 4, 1848.

(ii) Arago (Commission exécutive): May 10–June 24, 1848.

(iii) Cavaignac: June 24–Dec. 20, 1848.

(iv) Odillon Barrot: Dec. 20, 1848–May 28, 1849.

(v) Odillon Barrot: June 2–Oct. 31, 1849.

(vi) Fould (Finance) and, from Dec. 17, 1849, Lahitte (Foreign Affairs): Oct. 31, 1849–Jan. 4, 1851.

(vii) Drouyn de Lhuys (Foreign Affairs): Jan. 9–19, 1851.

(viii) Brenier (Foreign Affairs): Jan. 24–April 10, 1851.

(ix) Baroche (Foreign Affairs), Faucher (Interior): April 10–Oct. 14, 1851.

(x) Turgot (Foreign Affairs), Saint Arnaud (War): Oct. 26–Dec. 2, 1851.

(xi) Turgot (Foreign Affairs), Morny (Interior): Dec. 3, 1851–Jan. 22, 1852.

(xii) Turgot (Foreign Affairs), Persigny (Interior): Jan. 22, 1852—.

For the next few years the ministry suffered only occasional change: in July 1852 Fould became minister of state and Drouyn de Lhuys minister of foreign affairs; in 1853 one change, and in 1854 two changes, took place.

^{page 293 note 2} Wessenberg, Johann (1773–1858), president of the council and minister of foreign affairs in the Austrian ministry formed in July 1848.

^{page 294 note 1} Cavaignac, General Louis Eugène (1802–57), as minister of war suppressed the Paris workers' movement in June, was elected chief of the executive by the National Assembly, but retired from power when defeated by Louis Napoleon in the elections for the Presidency in December 1848.

^{page 294 note 2} Duclerc, Charles Théodore Eugène (1812–88), became minister of finance on May 10, 1848, but resigned office, it is said, as a protest against the severity of the punishment meted out to those responsible for the “June days.”

^{page 294 note 3} Bedeau, General Marie Alphonse (1804–63), minister of foreign affairs from June 29 to July 17, 1848, was prevented from acting by a wound received during the June days. Jules Bastide (1800–79), minister of marine, acted as minister of foreign affairs ad interim; he succeeded formally to that office when Bedeau's wound forced him to resign.

^{page 294 note 4} Marrast, Armand (1802–52), mayor of Paris, March 9–July 19, 1848; president of the Assembly, July 19, 1848–May 27, 1849; rapporteur of the committee which formulated the constitution of the Second Republic.

^{page 295 note 1} Radezky, Joseph Wenzel, Field-Marshal (1766–1858).

^{page 295 note 2} Linange (Leiningen), Charles, prince de (1804–56), half-brother of Queen Victoria, was from Aug. 9 to Sept. 5, 1848, president of the council of ministers of the newly constituted German “empire.”

^{page 296 note 1} Despite Lord John Russell's opposition, Mr. H. Berkeley's resolution in favour of the introduction of the ballot in parliamentary elections was carried on Aug. 8, 1848, by 86 votes to 81. Hansard, 3rd ser, c, 1226–70.

^{page 297 note 1} Ferdinand II (1810–59).

^{page 298 note 1} Beaumont de la Bonnière, Gustave Auguste de (1802–66), representative of the French Republic in London.

^{page 298 note 2} Aberdeen to Guizot, Sept. 14, 1846: Revue Rétrospective, pp. 324 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 299 note 1} Jellachich de Buzim, Joseph, baron de (1801–59).

^{page 300 note 1} Brougham's open letter to Lansdowne, published in The Times, 10 9–11, 1848Google Scholar, deprecated the recent turn of events in France and offered the French advice on the framing of the new republican constitution.

^{page 300 note 2} A letter from Thomas Young, written in June, 1832, when Melbourne's private secretary, to Maj.-Gen. Sir William Napier, expressing Radical sympathies, was offered (but not received) in evidence in the trial of Smith O'Brien for alleged treasonable conspiracy. It was printed in The Freeman's Journal of Dublin on Oct. 7 and reproduced in The Times on 10 9, 1848.Google Scholar

^{page 301 note 1} Leflo, General Adolphe Charles Emmanuel (1804–87), French minister in St. Petersburg, March 1848–1849, exiled from France after the coup d'état of December, 1851.

^{page 301 note 2} Alvensleben, Albert, comte d' (1794–1858).

^{page 301 note 3} Pfuel, Ernest Henry Adolph von (1779–1866), president and minister of war in the Prussian ministry formed on Sept. 21, 1848.

^{page 301 note 4} Lamb, Frederick James, Baron Beauvale, and (1848) third Viscount Melbourne (1782–1853), ambassador in Vienna, 1832–41.

^{page 302 note 1} Holland, Henry (1788–1873), physician in ordinary to Prince Albert, 1840, to Queen Victoria, 1852; cf. infra, p. 644.Google Scholar

^{page 303 note 1} Mary, duchess of Gloucester (1776–1857).

^{page 303 note 2} Vatout, Jean (1792–1848), librarian to Louis Philippe from 1832.

^{page 304 note 1} Lamoricière, General Christophe Louis Léon Juchault de (1806–65), Cavaignac's minister of war in 1848, was sent on a special mission to the Tsar Nicholas in July 1849; was arrested on Dec. 2, 1851, imprisoned at Ham and later exiled.

^{page 304 note 2} Changarnier, General Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793–1877), commander of the National Guard and of the Paris divisions of the regular army, dismissed from his post by Louis Napoleon Jan. 5, 1851, and temporarily exiled after the coup d'état of December.

^{page 305 note 1} Guizot's essay, De la democratie en France (janvier, 1849), was published in Paris in 1849. “Je n'ai pensé qu'à la situation de mon pays,” wrote Guizot in his preface. “Plus j'y pense, plus je demeure convaincu que son grand mal, le mal qui est au fond de tous ses maux, qui mine et détruit ses gouvernements et ses libertés, sa dignité et sou bonheur, c'est le mal que j'attaque, l'idolâtrie démocratique.”

^{page 306 note 1} Louis Philippe.

^{page 307 note 1} Stanley, Edward John (1802–69), Baron Eddisbury (1848), Baron Stanley of Alderley (1850), under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1846–52.

^{page 310 note 1} See Hansard, 3rd ser., cvii, 810.Google Scholar

^{page 311 note 1} Duchâtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, Comte (1803–67), minister of the interior, 1840–8.

Guizot returned to Val Richer in the third week of July, 1849.

^{page 311 note 2} Dufaure was minister of the interior, Oct. 13–Dec. 20, 1848, and June 2–Oct. 31, 1849.

^{page 311 note 3} Rayneval, Alphonse Gérard de (1813–58), minister in Naples, entered Rome with the French army which restored the Pope in July, 1849, was accredited French minister in Rome, May 23, 1850, and on March 26, 1851, was raised to the rank of ambassador.

^{page 311 note 4} Harcourt, François Eugène Gabriel, duc d' (1786–1865), ambassador to the Holy See, 1848, resigned his mission on the Pope's return to Rome from Gaëta.

^{page 312 note 1} John Williams, of III, Oxford Street, M.P. for Macclesfield.

^{page 315 note 1} Neumann, Philipp von (1781–1851), secretary of embassy and, from 1842 to 1844, Austrian minister in London, minister in Florence, 1845–7; came to England in 1848; minister in Brussels, 1850–1.

^{page 315 note 2} Francis, seventh duke of Bedford (1788–1861).

^{page 316 note 1} Montalembert, Charles Forbes, comte de (1810–70).

^{page 316 note 2} De Tocqueville was minister of foreign affairs June 2–Oct. 31, 1849.

^{page 318 note 1} Bem, Joseph (1795–1850), Polish general of the Magyar army, finally defeated by the Austrians under Haynau at Temesvar, Aug. 9, 1849.

^{page 318 note 2} Görgei, Arthur (1818–1916), Magyar commander-in-chief, surrendered to the Russians, Aug. 13, 1849.

^{page 319 note 1} Paskevitch, Ivan, prince of Warsaw (1782–1856), commander-in-chief of the Russian army sent against the Magyars in 1849.

^{page 320 note 1} Schwarzenberg, Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, prince de (1800–52), president and minister of foreign affairs in the Austrian ministry formed on Nov. 21, 1848.

^{page 320 note 2} Van de Weyer, Sylvain (1802–74), Belgian minister in London to 1867.

^{page 320 note 3} O'Ferrall, Richard More (1797–1880), governor of Malta, 1847–51.

^{page 321 note 1} Montebello, Napoléon Auguste Lannes, duc de (1802–74), ambassador in Naples, 1838–47, minister of marine, 1847–8.

^{page 322 note 1} Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, comte de (1811–65), son of Hortense de Beauharnais and of the comte de Flahaut, was minister of the interior 1851–2, president of the Corps Législatif, 1854.

^{page 323 note 1} Helen of Württemberg, married in 1824 Grand Duke Michael of Russia (1798–1849; died at Warsaw on Sept. 9).

^{page 323 note 2} Olga, second daughter of Nicholas I, married in 1846 Charles, prince royal of Württemberg.

^{page 323 note 3} Alexandra-Josefowna of Saxe-Altenburg, married in 1848 Grand Duke Constantine of Russia (1827–92).

^{page 323 note 4} Helen, wife of Count Michael Chreptowitch, then Russian minister in Naples; and Marie, wife of the Saxon diplomatist, Baron Seebach.

^{page 323 note 5} See infra, p. 443.Google Scholar

^{page 324 note 1} Metternich's place of residence when in England.

^{page 324 note 2} A letter of Aug. 18, 1849, to N. H. Edgar Ney (1812–82), then in Rome, proposing conditions for the reestablishment of the temporal power of the Pope.

^{page 326 note 1} This may be Marion, daughter of General Robert Ellice. It is hardly likely to be Marie Menzingen.

^{page 327 note 1} Colloredo-Wallsee, François, comte de (1799–1859), Austrian minister in London, February–November 1849, 1852–6.

^{page 327 note 2} Colborne, Sir John, first Baron Seaton (1778–1863), lord high commissioner of the Ionian islands, 1843–9.

^{page 327 note 3} Ward, Sir Henry George (1797–1860), lord high commissioner of the Ionian islands, 1849–55.

^{page 331 note 1} Dembinski, Henry (1791–1864), and other leaders of the Magyar revolt had taken refuge in Turkey.

^{page 331 note 2} Titov, Wladimir Pavlovich (d. 1891), Russian minister in Constantinople.

^{page 332 note 1} Stürmer, Bartholmaüs, Count (1787–1863), Austrian internuncio in Constantinople.

^{page 332 note 2} Fortunato, Chevalier Don Giustino, from Aug. 7, 1849, president of the council of ministers of the Two Sicilies, minister of foreign affairs, and (to Nov. 19, 1849) minister of finance. In a note of Sept. 20 he replied to representations about the government of Sicily made in the British note of Sept. 16.

^{page 333 note 1} Fuad Mehemet, pasha (1814–69), arrived in St. Petersburg on Oct. 5, 1849, on a special mission relating to the Tsar's demand for the extradition of the refugees from Turkey.

^{page 334 note 1} Aupick, General Jacques (1789–1857), French ambassador in Constantinople, 1848–51, in London, 1851, minister in Madrid, August 1851.

^{page 335 note 1} Parker, Admiral Sir William (1781–1866), in command of the British Mediterranean squadron.

^{page 337 note 1} Shipwrecked Ionian Islanders had been expelled from Czervy by Greek soldiers. The British minister in Athens demanded (July 19, 1849) the evacuation by Greece of the islands of Czervy (Elaphonisi) and Sapienza. For commentaries upon the British claims see Add. MSS. 43247, fos. 114, 120.

^{page 339 note 1} Bloomfield, John Arthur Douglas, second Baron Bloomfield (1802–79), minister in St. Petersburg, 1844–51.

^{page 340 note 1} Batthyany, Count Louis (1809–49), head of the Hungarian government March–Sept. 1848, was executed on Oct. 6, 1849, on a charge of high treason. It was alleged in evidence against him that he knew of the intention to murder Count Latour on Oct. 6, 1848.

^{page 340 note 2} Howard, Harriet (1823–65).

^{page 341 note 1} Falloux, F. A. P., vicomte de (1811–86), minister of public instruction since Dec. 1848, introduced his famous education bill on June 18, 1849; it aroused great opposition and he resigned in October before the bill became law.

^{page 345 note 1} Charles Eastland Michele was consul in St. Petersburg from Oct. 24, 1849.

^{page 347 note 1} The proclamation, issued motu proprio by Pope Pius IX on Sept. 12, 1849, promised reforms to his subjects.

^{page 348 note 1} Pulski (or Pulszky), Francis Aurelius (1814–97), Hungarian patriot, friend of Kossuth, and later (1869–94) director of the Pesth museum.

^{page 350 note 1} Hübner, Joseph Alexander von (1811–92), Austrian minister in Paris, 1849–59.

^{page 351 note 1} i.e. Louis Philippe.

^{page 352 note 1} The former, in Surrey, the place of residence of Louis Philippe, the latter, in southern Austria, of the comte de Chambord.

^{page 353 note 1} Aumale, Henri, due d' (1822–97), fourth son of Louis Philippe.

^{page 353 note 2} On July 12, 1850, Queen Isabella gave birth to a son who lived for no more than a few minutes.

^{page 354 note 1} Two former royal castles in the north of France.

^{page 358 note 1} Lahitte, Jean Ernest Ducos de (1789–1878), minister of foreign affairs, 1849–51.

^{page 358 note 2} Kisseleff, Nicolas, Count (1800–69), Russian counsellor of embassy in Paris and sometimes chargé d'affaires, 1839–1851Google Scholar; minister in Paris, 1851–4.

^{page 361 note 1} Persigny, J. G. V. de Fialin, comte (later due) de ( 1808–72), French representative in Berlin, December 1849–April 1850, minister of the interior, January 1852–June 1854.

^{page 362 note 1} Faucher, Léon (1803–54), minister of the interior, December 1848–May 1849 and April–October 1851.

^{page 363 note 1} Magnan, Bernard Pierre (1791–1865), commander-in-chief of the army of Strasbourg and later (July 1851) of Paris.

^{page 363 note 2} Bunsen, C. K. J., baron von (1791–1860), Prussian minister in London, 1841–54.

^{page 363 note 3} Stockmar, Christian Friedrich, baron von (1787–1863).

^{page 365 note 1} i.e., of Great Britain, France, and Prussia; see supra, pp. 351, 355.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 1} Peel, Sir Robert (1822–95), secretary of legation in Berne, 1846–50.

^{page 369 note 1} Kielmansegge, Adolphe, comte de, Hanoverian minister in London, 1841–66.

^{page 369 note 2} Hautpoul, Alphonse Henri, marquis d' (1789–1865), minister of war, Oct. 31, 1849–Oct. 22, 1850.

^{page 370 note 1} Jan. 15, 1850, Parker and his squadron arrived off the Piraeus; Jan. 16, Wyse delivered an ultimatum demanding unconditional satisfaction within 24 hours; he then retired on board Parker's flagship and declared the coast of Greece in a state of blockade. In response to the Greek appeal, France offered her “good offices,” which Great Britain accepted, and on March 6 the French envoy, Baron Jean Baptiste Gros (1793–1870), arrived in Athens. The blockade was raised, but Greek merchant-ships seized by Parker's command were retained. March 26, Gros made his proposals; April 8, Wyse presented further demands; April 23, Gros resigned his mission; April 25, Parker restored the blockade; April 27, the Greek government capitulated to the British demands. On April 19, however, the French and British governments had come to an agreement on the basis of the Gros proposals of March 26; but when the British government, preferring the terms of the Greek capitulation, refused to adhere to this agreement, Drouyn de Lhuys was recalled from London. The Anglo-French agreement was, however, at length made the basis of the settlement concluded with the Greek government on July 18.

^{page 371 note 1} Daru, Napoléon, Comte (1807–90), vice-president of the National Assembly, 1850–1.

^{page 371 note 2} Hatzfeldt, Maximilian, Count (1813–59), Prussian minister in Paris, 1849–59.

^{page 371 note 3} Dufour, Guillaume Henri (1787–1875), since 1847 commander-in-chief of the Swiss federal army.

^{page 374 note 1} Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard (1805–81), minister of foreign affairs, 1848–9, 1851, 1852–5, 1862–6, ambassador in London, 1849–51.

^{page 375 note 1} Probably Beauvale.

^{page 377 note 1} Londos, Anastasios, Greek minister of foreign affairs, 1849–50.

^{page 378 note 1} i.e. Molé. His daughter married the marquis de la Ferté, chamberlain to the comte de Chambord.

^{page 378 note 2} Delessert, François (1780–1868), financier and regent of the Bank of France.

^{page 380 note 1} Sackville-West, George John Frederick, styled Viscount Cantelupe (1814–50), son and heir apparent of the 5th Earl De La Warr.

^{page 381 note 1} Antonini, Emidio, Marquis, Neapolitan minister in Paris, 1849–60.

^{page 382 note 1} Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine (1818–66), French, minister in Athens, 1849–50, political director in the ministry of foreign affairs, 1851–5.

^{page 382 note 2} Castellane, E. V. E. B., comte de (1788–1862), created a marshal of France in 1852.

^{page 382 note 3} Persiany, Jean, Russian secretary of legation and sometimes chargé d'affaires in Athens c. 1838–57.

^{page 383 note 1} Louis Blanc (1811–82) and A. A. Ledru-Rollin (1808–74) both took refuge in England, the one after the events of June 1848, the other after those of June 1849.

^{page 383 note 2} Tricoupi(s), Spiridion (1791–1873), Greek minister in Paris, Feb.–Dec. 1850, in London, Dec. 12, 1850–63.

^{page 384 note 1} In the House of Lords on Feb. 18, 1850, Lord Stanley attacked Lord Clarendon, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1847–52, for removing from the commission of the peace the name of Lord Roden (Robert Jocelyn, the third earl, 1788–1870) in consequence of his conduct in connection with the clash between Orangemen and Roman Catholics at Dolly's Brae, County Down on July 12, 1849.

^{page 385 note 1} Meyendorff, Peter, baron von (1796–1863), Russian representative in Berlin, 1839–50, and in Vienna, 1850–4.

^{page 385 note 2} Probably the king, Ernest.

^{page 385 note 3} See infra, p. 516 n.Google Scholar

^{page 386 note 1} Medem, Paul, comte de, Russian minister in Vienna, 1843–50.

^{page 388 note 1} Duprat, Pierre Pascal (1816–85).

^{page 390 note 1} Zographos, Constantin (1797–1856), Greek minister in St. Petersburg, 1850–5.

^{page 392 note 1} The Austrian representative in London was not again accredited ambassador until Dec. 8, 1860.

^{page 393 note 1} Not found.

^{page 393 note 2} Forcade, Eugène (1820–69); see infra, p. 434.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 1} On Feb. 21, 1850, Disraeli's motion for an inquiry into agricultural distress was defeated by a government majority of only 21. W. E. Gladstone (1809–98) voted with Disraeli; Peel and Sir James Graham (1792–1861) with the government.

^{page 395 note 1} Add. MSS. 43, 134, fos. 244–5.

^{page 396 note 1} Green, John, British consul in the Piraeus; Griffith, Philip, secretary of legation in Athens, 1837–52.

^{page 396 note 2} Mavrocordato, Alexander (1791–1865).

^{page 397 note 1} Herbert, Sidney, first Baron Herbert of Lea (1810–61).

^{page 398 note 1} The government of Australia bill.

^{page 398 note 2} Ernest (1818–93), duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1844–93.

^{page 398 note 3} Reventlow, Frederick-Detlev, Count (1792–1851), Danish minister in London, 1842–51.

^{page 398 note 4} Peter II (1827–1900), grand duke of Oldenburg, 1853–1900, son of Frederick Augustus (1783–1853), grand duke, 1829–53. The Treaty of London, 1852 named Christian of Glücksburg (1818–1906) as successor to Frederick VII (1808–63), king of Denmark, 1848–63.

^{page 399 note 1} Constantine Frederick Peter of Oldenburg (1812–81), son of Nicholas's sister Catherine and cousin of Peter II.

^{page 399 note 2} Finlay, George (1799–1875), the historian of Greece, who claimed compensation from the Greek government on account of some land belonging to him in Athens, which was appropriated in 1836 and, in 1840, inclosed in the garden of the royal palace.

^{page 401 note 1} i.e. Guizot.

^{page 401 note 2} An award made by the king of Prussia on Nov. 30, 1843, respecting claims upon the French government on the part of British merchants engaged in the Portendic gum trade arising out of the French war against the Trazar Moors in 1834–5; cf. supra, p. 209 n.Google Scholar

^{page 402 note 1} Mediation in 1840 by the king of the French in a dispute between the British and Neapolitan governments over claims by British merchants arising out of a monopoly in the Sicilian sulphur trade granted by the king of Naples to a single company in 1838.

^{page 402 note 2} In 1844, when the British government tried to induce the Sultan of Morocco to be conciliatory towards France and warned him of the danger of allowing Abd el-Kader to use Morocco as a base of operations against Marshal Bugeaud.

^{page 406 note 1} Possibly Baron Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859). Miss M. Mackenzie has very kindly informed me that there is no reference to “Dr. Mayer” in the Royal Archives in Windsor Castle; but as she points out, Theodore Martin in his Life of the Prince Consort (I, 408, n.) speaks of “Herr Friedrich Carl Meyer, now [i.e. when the book was written] Councillor of Legation at Berlin, who became the Prince's librarian and secretary in May 1846.” And in a footnote Martin says, “Herr Meyer met Stockmar for the first time in 1846 at Baron Bunsen's in London.” On the other hand, if they are one and the same person, it is difficult to reconcile the date of Herr Meyer's appointment given by Martin with the assertion in this letter from Berlin that Bunsen had recently (i.e. early in 1850) introduced Dr. Mayer to Windsor. Cf. also infra, pp. 509 f.Google Scholar

^{page 411 note 1} Lady Emily, elder daughter of the fifth Earl Cowper and of his wife Emily (later Lady Palmerston), m. 1830 Anthony Ashley, seventh earl of Shaftesbury (1801–85); Lady Frances, younger daughter of the fifth Earl Cowper, m. 1841 Robert, Viscount Jocelyn (1816–54) eldest son of the third earl of Roden; see infra, p. 425.Google Scholar

^{page 412 note 1} Probably Lady Palmerston to Beauvale.

^{page 413 note 1} Ponsonby left Vienna on May 31, 1850; his successor, the earl of Westmorland, did not arrive at his post until Oct. 13, 1851.

^{page 413 note 2} Sir George Hamilton Seymour (1797–1880) was transferred in 1851 from Lisbon to St. Petersburg, where he remained until 1854.

^{page 413 note 3} Howden, John Hobart Caradoc, second Baron (1799–1873), minister in Rio de Janeiro 1847–8, and in Madrid 1850–8.

^{page 414 note 1} See the last paragraph of this letter. Princess Lieven, it will be noticed, did not always remember to number her letters, and despite her request, Lord Aberdeen does not seem to have begun. She does not appear to have continued to number her letters after May 6, 1852.

^{page 417 note 1} Fould, Achille (1800–67), minister of finance for various terms between Oct. 1849 and Jan. 1852.

^{page 419 note 1} Maleville, Léon de (1803–79), minister of the interior, Dec. 20–30, 1848.

^{page 419 note 2} Vatismenil, A. F, Henri Lefebvre de (1789–1860).

^{page 423 note 1} Robinson, George Frederick Samuel, Viscount Goderich and first marquis of Ripon (1827–1909), son of Robinson, Frederick John, first earl of Ripon (1782–1859).

^{page 424 note 1} See supra, p. 245 n.Google Scholar

^{page 424 note 2} Stéphanie de Beauharnais (1789–1860), cousin of Hortense, mother of Louis Napoleon, was the widow of the Grand Duke Charles of Baden (1786–1818).

^{page 425 note 1} William I (1781–1864), since 1816 king of Württemberg.

^{page 425 note 2} See infra, p. 411.Google Scholar

^{page 428 note 1} Charles de Kuster.

^{page 429 note 1} The refusal of Constantin Musurus (1807–91), Turkish minister in Athens, to grant a visa to a Greek officer wishing to travel to Constantinople, led to a scene at a ball between Musurus and King Otho, and finally to the recall of the minister in February 1847. A year later, however, he returned to his post and diplomatic relations were resumed.

^{page 430 note 1} British subjects incurred losses as a result of the bombardment of Porto Franco at Messina in February 1848. As a result of pressure from Palmerston, the Neapolitan government now agreed to establish a commission to examine the British claims.

^{page 431 note 1} Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, count von (1797–1865), Austrian minister in St. Petersburg, 1848–51, in London, 1851–2, minister of foreign affairs, 1852–9.

^{page 431 note 1} Castelbajac, Barthélemy Dominique, marquis de (1787–1864), French minister in St. Petersburg, 1849–54.

^{page 432 note 1} Gallot, sentenced on March 22 to imprisonment for six months and a fine of 2,000 frs. for libelling the president, whom the Réforms accused of operations on the bourse.

^{page 432 note 2} Rothschild, James Meyer (1792–1868).

^{page 432 note 3} Leopold II (1797–1870), grand duke of Tuscany, 1824–59.

^{page 435 note 1} Lady Alice Peel, niece of Sir Robert, married 1861 Sir Robert Morier; she died 1903.

^{page 435 note 2} Mathilde (1820–1904), daughter of Jerome Bonaparte (1784–1860), m. 1840 the Russian Anatole Demidoff, prince de San Donate; they separated in 1845. Her cousin Louis Napoleon, to whom she had once been engaged to be married, renewed his suit after the coup d'état of 1851, but was refused.

^{page 437 note 1} See supra, pp. 422, 424, 427 f.Google Scholar

^{page 438 note 1} Despite a brilliant speech by Victor Hugo (1802–85), a bill was passed authorising the transportation of those found guilty of political crimes to the Marquesas islands.

^{page 442 note 1} In the Paris bye-election on April 28 Eugène Sue (1804–57), adopted by the Left in preference to the more moderate J. C. Dupont de l'Eure (1767–1855), defeated Leclerc, adopted by the Right in preference to Piscatory's brother-in-law, Fernand Foy.

^{page 443 note 1} Kalergi, Marie (1822–74), daughter of Nesselrode's cousin, married in 1839, but separated from her husband in 1840, and subsequently spent much of her life in Paris.

^{page 444 note 1} Berger, Jean Jacques (1790–1859), préfet de la Seine, 1849–53.

^{page 444 note 2} i.e. Stéphanie.

^{page 444 note 3} Baroche, Pierre Jules (1802–70), minister of the interior, March 185O–Jan. 1851, minister of foreign affairs, April 10–Oct. 14, 1851.

^{page 445 note 1} Caroline Georgina Fraser, an American, m. 1827 Prince N. L. C. Murat (1803–78), son of Joachim Murat, who returned to France in 1848 from a long exile in the U.S.A.

^{page 446 note 1} Rauch, General, Prussian military attaché in St. Petersburg, 1843 c.–50.

^{page 446 note 2} In a speech at the opening of the Diet of Württemberg on March 15 the king denounced the new Prussian league.

^{page 447 note 1} Barante, A. G. Prosper Brugière, baron de (1782–1866), French ambassador in St. Petersburg, 1835–48.

^{page 451 note 1} On the occasion of the occupation of the town in May 1849.

^{page 453 note 1} Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809–65), founded three daily newspapers, Le Peuple (11 23, 1848–04 1849)Google Scholar, La Voix du peuple (10 1, 1849–05 16, 1850)Google Scholar, and Le Peuple de 1850 (06 15–10 13, 1850)Google Scholar, each one of which was suppressed in turn. He was imprisoned from 1849 to 1852.

^{page 456 note 1} Gémeau, Auguste Pierre Walbourg (1790–1868), commander of the Lyons division, commander-in-chief of the French army in Rome, 1850.

^{page 458 note 1} Arthur, duke of Connaught (1850– ).

^{page 459 note 1} Benoist d'Azy, Denis, Vicomte (1796–1880).

^{page 459 note 2} Beugnot, Arthur Auguste, comte de (1797–1865).

^{page 459 note 3} De Sèze, Jean Pierre Aurélien (1799–1870).

^{page 459 note 4} St. Priest, E. L. M. Guignard, vicomte de (1789–1881).

^{page 459 note 5} Buffet, Louis Joseph (1818–98), minister of agriculture and commerce, Dec. 1848–Oct. 1849, April–Oct. 1851.

^{page 459 note 6} Chasseloup-Laubat, J. P., marquis de (1802–63).

^{page 459 note 7} Lasteyrie, Adrien Jules, marquis de (1810–83).

^{page 462 note 1} Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783–1865), president of the Assembly, 1849–50.

^{page 462 note 2} i.e. the commissioners named on p. 459, supra.

^{page 463 note 1} Probably Chomel, Auguste François (c. 1788–1858), one time professor in the Ecole de Médecine.

^{page 463 note 2} Milnes, Richard Monckton, (1809–85) first Baron Houghton (1863).

^{page 467 note 1} Deflotte, P. L. F. R. (1817–60).

^{page 467 note 2} Lagrange, Charles (1804–57).

^{page 467 note 3} Edwardes, Richard, attaché and sometimes chargé d'affaires in British embassy in Paris, 1847–1851.Google Scholar

^{page 467 note 4} Marescalchi, Ferdinand, first secretary of the French embassy in London, 1849–50.

^{page 469 note 1} Probably Pasquier, Etienne Denis, duc de (1767–1862), president of the Chambre des Pairs, 1830–48, who was given the title of chancellor of France in 1837.

^{page 472 note 1} Girardin, Emile de (1802–81).

^{page 474 note 1} Haussonville, J. O. B. de Cléron, comte d' (1809–84).

^{page 477 note 1} Prince Frederick William Louis (1797–1888), later William I, king of Prussia and German Emperor; married in 1829 Marie Louise Augusta of Saxe-Weimar (1811–90).

^{page 477 note 2} On May 22 an artillery sergeant shot the king in the arm as he was leaving Berlin by train for Sans Souci.

^{page 479 note 1} Koller, Baron Auguste, counsellor of the Austrian embassy in London.

^{page 482 note 1} Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795–1873), commander-in-chief of the French army in Rome, 1849–50, succeeded Changarnier in Jan. 1851 as commander of the Paris division of the army.

^{page 484 note 1} The original sum granted by the constitution for the salary of the president was 600,000 frs., but already by various additions it had been brought up to 1,550,000 frs. per annum. Finally, on June 24, 1850, the Assembly passed by 354 votes to 308 the Ministry's proposal that a credit of 2,160,000 frs. should be opened in the ministry of finance for the extraordinary expenses of the President; see infra, p. 498.

^{page 486 note 1} i.e. Frederick William IV of Prussia, whose sister was the Empress Alex-andra-Feodorowna of Russia (1798–1860).

^{page 491 note 1} This may refer to a French memorandum (undated) on the negotiations in Greece, to be found in Add. MSS. 43,247, fos. 142–50.

^{page 492 note 1} Dumon, Pierre Sylvain (1797–1870), minister of finance, 1847–8.

^{page 493 note 1} In the House of Lords on Monday, June 17, 1850, on a motion censuring its policy in the Greek question, the government was defeated by 169 votes to 132.

^{page 497 note 1} Ellice, who disliked Palmerston's foreign policy; he voted with the government on June 28 in the division which followed the debate on Palmerston's policy in the Greek question.

^{page 499 note 1} In the debate on the Greek question in the House of Commons on June 28, Lord John Russell referred to “a foreign cabal at work, which has endeavoured to impose upon the public of England false statements, which for the sake of its own ends has raised unfounded suspicions with respect to the foreign policy of England, and which endeavours to overturn that foreign policy.” Hansard, 3rd series, cxii, 719.Google Scholar

^{page 500 note 1} On June 29 Peel was thrown from his horse and received injuries from which he died on July 2, 1850.

^{page 500 note 2} i.e. Guizot.

^{page 502 note 1} Haynau, Julius Jakob, baron von (1786–1853), was deprived of his office as governor of Hungary on July 5, 1850. For his maltreatment when visiting Barclay's brewery on Sept. 5, see infra, pp. 514–5.Google Scholar

^{page 504 note 2} In accordance with Peel's express wish, his widow declined the Queen's offer to bestow upon her the same rank of viscountess bestowed on the widow of George Canning.

^{page 504 note 1} Not despatched until the middle of October; see infra, p. 520.Google Scholar

^{page 504 note 2} Krüdener, Juliana (1766–1824).

^{page 507 note 1} Bourbon, Charles Louis de (1799–1883), duke of Lucca from 1824 to 1847, when he ceded the duchy to Tuscany and in the same year, on the death of Marie Louise, became duke of Parma. He left his new duchy in April 1848 and a year later renounced it in favour of his son.

^{page 508 note 1} Larochejaquelin, H. A. G. du Vergier, marquis de (1805–67), was denounced by the legitimists because he tried, though a monarchist, to co-operate with the republicans.

^{page 508 note 2} Molé's daughter; see supra, p. 378Google Scholar, n.1.

^{page 509 note 1} Louis Philippe died on Aug. 26.

^{page 511 note 1} Grey, Sir George (1799–1882), home secretary, 1846–52.

^{page 511 note 2} Richmond, Charles, fifth duke of (1791–1860).

^{page 511 note 3} i.e. the widow of Louis Philippe.

^{page 514 note 1} The circular, written by B. A. F. X. Sauvaire, comte de Barthélemy (1800–75) in the name and by the authority of the comte de Chambord, and issued from Wiesbaden on Aug. 30, 1850, insisted upon Chambord's hereditary title to the French throne and condemned the system of an appeal to the people.

^{page 516 note 1} Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (1797–1853), chief Prussian commissioner in Frankfurt, 1849–50; Foreign Minister, Sept.–Nov. 1850. He resigned the Foreign Office because, in the dispute with Austria and the Diet over Hesse, his warlike policy was rejected. He came over to England, and against the will of the government was invited to Windsor. The Times (11 29, 1851)Google Scholar alleged that he was the emissary of the Prussian king who believed he could rely on the influence of Prince Albert to overcome British hostility to his recent policy.

^{page 517 note 1} Lola Montez (c. 1820–61), mistress of Louis I (1786–1868), king of Bavaria, 1825–48, was forced to retire in 1848, followed by the king. Leopold's mistress was Mme. Meyer von Eppinghoven.

^{page 517 note 3} Monsignor Franzoni, archbishop of Turin, was condemned on the charge of “abuse of power”; he was exiled and crossed into France.

^{page 517 note 3} Abercromby, Sir Robert (1784–1855), British minister in Turin, 1840–52.

^{page 520 note 1} Treaty signed at Bregenz, Oct. 11, 1850, by which the parties agreed to put an army into the field to support the authority of the Diet against Hesse.

^{page 520 note 2} See supra, No. 360.

^{page 521 note 1} Despite the opposition of Changarnier, the President and the new minister of war, Count J. P. A. Schramm (1789–1884) removed General M. G. J. Neumayer (1789–1866) from the command of the first military division (Paris) to that of the second (Rouen).

^{page 523 note 1} Frederick William I (1802–75), elector of Hesse, 1847–66.

^{page 523 note 2} The papal brief of Sept. 30, 1850, constituted an episcopal hierarchy in England and Wales consisting of one archbishop, Cardinal Nicholas Patrick Wiseman (1802–65), and twelve bishops.

^{page 525 note 1} Manteuffel, Otto Theodor (1805–82), Prussian minister of the interior from 1848, and from November 1850 to 1858 president of the council and minister of foreign affairs.

^{page 525 note 2} Prokesh-Osten, Anton, Baron von (1795–1876), Austrian ambassador in Berlin, 1849–52.

^{page 526 note 1} i.e. the President's speech, read to the Assembly by Baroche on Nov. 12.

^{page 528 note 1} The select committee of the House of Commons, appointed in April 1850 to consider official salaries, recommended that the embassy in Paris (and in Constantinople) be converted into “missions” (legations) and that no diplomatic salary exceed £5,000 per annum. Palmerston resisted these recommendations, but compromised by agreeing to the reduction of the salary of the ambassador in Paris from £10,000 to £8,000, to date from April 6, 1851. In consideration of this reduction, however, the expense of warming, lighting, and the other charges connected with that part of the embassy house used for official purposes and consular business, was henceforward to be borne by the public and not, as hitherto, by the ambassador; see infra, pp. 546–7, 562.Google Scholar

^{page 528 note 2} A bill was introduced to authorize the French government to call out 40,000 additional troops in consequence of the threatening aspect of affairs in Germany.

^{page 529 note 1} The Olmütz convention signed by Schwarzenberg and Manteuffel on Nov. 29, 1850.

^{page 533 note 1} William I of Württemberg and Francis Joseph I (1830–1916), emperor of Austria, 1848–1916.

^{page 535 note 1} i.e. of Württemberg; see supra, p. 323, n.2.

^{page 535 note 2} See supra, p. 326 n.Google Scholar

^{page 535 note 3} George, later sixth earl of Aberdeen (1841–70).

^{page 536 note 1} In an exchange of compliments between Dupin and Louis Napoleon, the latter, it was alleged, boasted of his intention to defend his powers against encroachment by any other authority in the State—e.g. the Assembly.

^{page 542 note 1} A proposal to grant the President a supplementary credit of 1,800,000 francs was rejected by the Assembly on Feb. 10, 1851.

^{page 543 note 1} Garibaldi, Antonio, became papal nuncio in Paris on Dec. 23, 1850

^{page 545 note 1} A motion introduced by Disraeli in favour of measures for the relief of agricultural distress was defeated by a majority of 14 in the House of Commons on Feb. 13, 1851.

^{page 547 note 1} Austria's plan to establish a central executive for the German federation consisting of eleven members was presented to the Dresden conference on Jan. 11, 1851; it was eventually rejected and by May it had been agreed simply to re-establish at Frankfurt the Federal Diet of 1815.

^{page 551 note 1} A moderately worded letter from Chambord, in Venice, to Berryer, complimenting him upon the speech which he had made in the Assembly on Jan. 16, when Berryer had defended his own policy of promoting “fusion” under the legitimist claimant, was published in Paris on Feb. 21.

^{page 552 note 1} i.e. Guizot.

^{page 565 note 1} On the occasion of the fourth night of the debate on the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill, the Speaker, Charles Shaw-Lefevre (1794–1888), permitted the use of extreme language in denunciation of the Pope and Roman Catholicism.

^{page 566 note 1} Stratford Canning.

^{page 567 note 1} Rouher, Eugène (1814–84), minister of justice, Oct. 1849–Oct. 1851 (save for the period July 18–24, 1851).

^{page 567 note 2} Crouseilles, M. J. P. P. Dombidau, baron de (1792–1861), minister of public instruction, April–Nov. 1851.

^{page 570 note 1} Rochow, Theodor Heinrich Roohus (1794–1854), Prussian minister in St. Petersburg, 1845–54.

^{page 571 note 1} By a majority of 14 on the amendment of Joseph Hume (1777–1855) to a clause in the government's income and property tax bill.

^{page 571 note 2} Castelcicala, Paolo Ruffo, prince of, Neapolitan minister in London, 1840–51.

^{page 572 note 1} In April J. C. Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, duque de Saldanha (1790–1876), led a revolt, and at the moment when it seemed to have failed Oporto declared for him. A. B. Costa Cabral, marquez de Thomar (1803–89), resigned, and on May 22 a ministry was formed with Saldanha at its head.

^{page 573 note 1} Dietrichstein, Moritz, Count (d. 1852), Austrian ambassador in London, 1846–8.

^{page 573 note 2} Marie Thérèse of Modena (1817–86) m. 1846 the comte de Chambord.

^{page 573 note 3} In April 1851 the Assemblée Nationale, founded in Feb. 1848, was largely taken over by Guizot and other leading Orleanists and Legitimists for the purpose of promoting the “fusion.”

^{page 575 note 1} The wife (nee Zakrevsky) of Dmitry Nesselrode, the chancellor's son, had left him; she went to Paris where, it is said, she had a liaison with Dumas fils.

^{page 575 note 2} Valdegamas, Donoso Cortes, marques de (1809–53), Spanish minister in Berlin, 1848–51, and in Paris, 1851–3.

^{page 575 note 3} Gagern, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Baron von (1799–1880), president of the Frankfurt Parliament, May 1848, president of the ministerial council of the “empire”, December 1848–May 1849.

^{page 577 note 1} The marriage of Prince (later the Emperor) Frederick (1831–88) and Princess Victoria Adelaide (1840–1901) took place in 1858.

^{page 578 note 1} On May 29 the House of Commons rejected by a majority of 80 a motion censuring the conduct of the late governor of Ceylon.

^{page 580 note 1} Boulay de la Meurthe, H. G., comte (1797–1858), vice-president of the French Republic.

^{page 584 note 1} Viel-Castel, C. Louis G. G. de Salviac, Baron de (1800–87), political director in the ministry of foreign affairs, 1849–51.

^{page 584 note 2} Walewski, A. F. J. C., comte (1810–68), French ambassador in London, 1851–56.

^{page 584 note 3} Czartoryski, Adam George (1770–1861), head of the provisional government of Poland in 1831.

^{page 585 note 1} For the dispute between V. Bourrée and J. H. Drummond Hay, the French and British consuls at Tangier, see F.O. 99/49.

^{page 585 note 2} On June 8, by order of the Austrian commander at Leghorn, police arrested Henry, Charles, and Edward Stafford, sons of the late earl of Alborough, on the grounds that they were using a secret press to print matter hostile to the government.

^{page 585 note 3} Grammont, J. P. Delmas de (1792–1862).

^{page 588 note 1} Eustace Clare Grenville-Murray was officially attached to the British “legation” in Vienna on July 14, 1851, and removed on April 7, 1852.

^{page 589 note 1} Boutenief.

^{page 593 note 1} The proposal of Nicolas Joseph Creton (1798–1864) for repealing the law which exiled members of the Bourbon and Orleans families from France.

^{page 595 note 1} Charles A. Murray, British agent and consul-general in Cairo, took the side of the Egyptian viceroy, Abbas Pasha, in the quarrel which arose over the neglect of Abbas to secure the previous authorization of the Sultan before contracting with a British engineer for the railroad from Alexandria to Cairo. Palmerston ridiculed the Porte for “the fuss which had been made about so common an undertaking,” but instructed Murray to persuade Abbas, for form's sake, to apply for his suzerain's permission before beginning work.

^{page 598 note 1} Thaddeus Kosciusko (1746–1817), the Polish patriot, and Louis Kossuth (1802–94) were welcomed on their arrival in this country on their way to the U.S.A., the former in 1797 after his release from prison by the Emperor Paul, and the latter on Oct. 23, 1851, after his release from his honourable captivity in Turkey.

^{page 599 note 1} On Oct. 14 the ministry resigned and was succeeded a fortnight later by a ministry of avowed Bonapartists. Thereupon, on Nov. 4, Louis Napoleon asked the Assembly for the abrogation of the electoral law of May 31, 1850, and a return to the principle of universal manhood suffrage. The proposal was defeated by 6 votes; but when the monarchists, who were responsible for its defeat, introduced through the officials (questeurs) of the Assembly a bill to give legal recognition to the right of the President of the Assembly to require the armed forces to come to its protection, the Republicans had their revenge by joining with the Bonapartists in defeating the proposal on Nov. 17, 1851.

^{page 609 note 1} See supra, p. 294Google Scholar, n.4.

^{page 610 note 1} i.e. the dismissal of Palmerston for his unauthorised approval of Louis Napoleon's coup d'état. He was succeeded by Granville George Leveson-Gower, second Earl Granville (1815–91).

^{page 613 note 1} Saint Arnaud, Arnaud Jacques Leroyde (1796–1854), minister of war, 1851–4.

^{page 613 note 2} Magne, Pierre (1806–79), minister of public works, April 10–Oct. 26, 1851; Dec. 3, 1851–Jan. 22, 1852; July 28, 1852–5.

^{page 613 note 3} Savary, A. J. M. R., due de Rovigo (1774–1833), succeeded Fouché as minister of police in June 1810.

^{page 613 note 4} On Jan. 22, 1852, two decrees were issued by Louis Napoleon, the first compelling the members of the Orleans family to sell within twelve months all real property they possessed in France, the second denouncing the transfer by Louis Philippe, on Aug. 7,1830, of the great proportion of his large estates to his sons, and declaring those estates now restored to the State domain.

^{page 614 note 1} Queen Victoria to Lord John Russell, Aug. 12, 1850: Queen Victoria Letters 1837–61, II, 315.Google Scholar

^{page 616 note 1} On Feb. 2 a priest, Martin Merino, attempted to assassinate Queen Isabella by stabbing her.

^{page 617 note 1} The motion censuring Clarendon as Lord-Lieutenant for his transactions with Birch, editor of a Dublin newspaper, was defeated in the House of Commons on Feb. 19 by 92 votes.

^{page 619 note 1} By his amendment to the government's militia bill, Palmerston secured its defeat in the House of Commons on Feb. 20, and on the following day Lord John Russell resigned.

^{page 619 note 2} Stratford Canning (“avec prénom”) continued as ambassador in Constantinople; Viscount Canning (“nom seul”) declined Derby's offer of the ministry of foreign affairs, and the post was given to James Howard Harris, third earl of Malmesbury (1807–89).

^{page 620 note 1} Wellesley, Henry Richard Charles, first Earl Cowley (1804–84), ambassador in Paris, 1852–67, presented his credentials to the President on Feb. 20.

^{page 622 note 1} Billault, A. A. M. (1805–63), first president of the new Corps législalif.

^{page 624 note 1} Canino, Charles Lucien Jules Laurence Bonaparte, prince de (1803–57), son of Lucien Bonaparte, m. 1822 Zénaïde (1802–54), daughter of Joseph Bonaparte. He took a prominent part in organising the Roman Republic 1848–9.

^{page 626 note 1} Princess Lieven appears to have ceased numbering her letters after this date.

^{page 632 note 1} Wasa, Princess Caroline of (b. 1833), a granddaughter of the dowager Grand-duchess Stéphanie of Baden and a descendant of the old legitimate Swedish dynasty. In 1853 she married Albert, prince royal of Saxony.

^{page 634 note 1} The dispute turned on the interpretation of the convention of 1818 regulating the activities of United States fishing vessels off the coasts of British North America. It was settled by the treaty of 1854.

^{page 635 note 1} The French authorities alleged that an “infernal machine” had been discovered in a house on the President's route to Marseilles. The assertion that this was part of a plot to assassinate him was not proved.

^{page 640 note 1} The Austrians chose to believe that the disturbances in Milan and the attempted assassination of the Emperor Francis Joseph by an Hungarian in Vienna on Feb. 18, 1853, were the result of the activities of Kossuth and Mazzini.

^{page 643 note 1} Oliffe, Joseph Francis, physician to the British embassy in Paris, was knighted on June 13, 1853. His wife was the daughter of William Cubitt (1791–1863), M.P. for Andover, who was a brother to Thomas Cubitt (1788–1855), employed to build the east front of Buckingham Palace.

^{page 646 note 1} Marie (widow of duke of Leuchtenberg), see supra, p. 119Google Scholar, n. 1; Olga (wife of prince of Württemberg), see supra, p. 323Google Scholar n. 2, and Catherine (1827–94), niece of the Emperor Nicholas, who married in 1851 Duke George of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

^{page 648 note 1} Gortchakov, Michael, Prince (1795–1861), commander of the Russian army in the Danubian principalities and later in the Crimea.

^{page 650 note 1} The so-called Buol project, proposing the adoption of the “Vienna Note” together with a conciliatory declaration by the Emperor Nicholas, was drawn up at a meeting of the Austrian and Russian emperors at Olmütz; it was rejected by the British cabinet on Oct. 8.

^{page 652 note 1} Shamyl (1797–1871), leader of the tribes in the Caucasus in their long struggle against the Russians.

^{page 654 note 1} Probably Emily (1790–1861), daughter of Sir George Rumbold, and baronet, who married Ferdinand, Baron de Delmar.