^{page vii note 1} No reference is given to statements in the Journal which can be easily verified by consulting the index.

^{page vii note 2} This is given as 29 May 1826 in the Dict. Nat. Biog., 2nd supplement, iii. 695.

^{page viii note 1} See details in the Index under Kimberley.

^{page viii note 2} He succeeded Granville as leader in April 1891, surrendered the position when Rosebery became Prime Minister in 1894, and resumed it on the latter's resignation in Oct. 1896.

^{page viii note 3} Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 4th ser., lxxxix. 37–43.

^{page viii note 4} Doubleday, H. A. and de Walden, Lord Howard, The Complete Peerage, vii. 269–70Google Scholar ; Burke's, Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, (1890), pp. 778–80Google Scholar; Lodge, Edmund, The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage, (1859), p. 585Google Scholar.

^{page viii note 5} Kilbracken, Lord, Reminiscences, (1931), 158Google Scholar.

^{page viii note 6} Ibid., pp. 157–8.

^{page viii note 7} In his last speech on 14 Feb. 1901 he complained of ‘ a peculiar want of flexible adaptation to new circumstances ’. This remark actually referred to the army, but he went on to urge the need for other measures of domestic reform. Hans. Parl. Deb., 4th ser., lxxxix. 42.

^{page viii note 8} Infra, p. xii.

^{page viii note 9} Kimberley to Raikes Currie, 23 July 1870. These letters to his uncle are in the collection at Kimberley House.

^{page viii note 10} See Hans. Parl. Deb., 4th ser., cvi. 259, 266 for statements by Salisbury and Ripon.

^{page viii note 11} Ibid., p. 263, a statement by Spencer.

^{page viii note 12} Kilbracken, p. 159.

^{page viii note 13} Hans. Parl. Deb., 4th ser., cvi. 265; and A. Lyall, The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, i. 23.

^{page viii note 14} Morley, J., Recollections, (1917), ii. 247Google Scholar.

^{page ix note 1} Henry Wodehouse died on 29 April 1834; one daughter on 20 Dec. 1833 and the other on 8 Feb. 1835.

^{page ix note 2} Lyall, p. 22.

^{page ix note 3} The Complete Peerage, vii. 270.

^{page ix note 4} Dated 11 July 1864.

^{page ix note 5} Hans. Parl. Deb., cxiv. 797–802; cxix. 1032–3.

^{page ix note 6} Ibid., cxii. 1360–1.

^{page ix note 7} Ibid., cxviii. 875–7.

^{page ix note 8} Ibid., cx. 191–4 ; cxvi. 768 ; and cxxi. 678–9.

^{page x note 1} Ibid., cxi. 519–22; cxxii. 919–22, 1144–5.

^{page x note 2} E. Fitzmaurice, The Life of the Second Earl Granville, i. 180.

^{page x note 3} Dict. Nat. Biog., ubi supra, p. 696, and The Complete Peerage, vii. 270.

^{page x note 4} Fitzmaurice, pp. 188 and 195.

^{page x note 5} Kimberley to Raikes Currie, 19 July 1861, with an enclosed copy of a letter to Lord Russell of 16 July 1861.

^{page xi note 1} In the Kimberley Papers. Dated 18 Dec. 1860.

^{page xi note 2} Hans. Parl. Deb., clxx. 1762–6.

^{page xi note 3} Dict. Nat. Biog., ubi supra, p. 696.

^{page xi note 4} 4 Oct. 1870.

^{page xi note 5} 23 April 1864.

^{page xii note 1} Hans. Parl. Deb., clxxxiv. 2077–86.

^{page xii note 2} Locker-Lampson, G., A Consideration of the State of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century, (1907), pp. 289–90Google Scholar.

^{page xii note 3} Cited by Savage, John, Fenian Heroes and Martyrs, (Boston, 1868), p. 71Google Scholar.

^{page xii note 4} Hans. Parl. Deb., clxxxiv. 2085.

^{page xii note 5} Ibid., clxxxvii. 1119.

^{page xii note 6} Ibid., clxxxiv. 2083–4.

^{page xii note 7} Ibid., clxxxviii. 384–90.

^{page xii note 8} Ibid., cxcii. 2114–22.

^{page xii note 9} Ibid., clxxxix. 578.

^{page xii note 10} Ibid., cxcii. 1012–16.

^{page xii note 11} See Journal, below, pp. 5, 27.

^{page xii note 12} Hans. Parl. Deb., clxxxviii. 388.

^{page xii note 13} 7 June 1866.

^{page xii note 14} See Clarendon to Lady Salisbury, 9 Dec. 1868, in H. Maxwell, The Life and Letters of the Fourth Earl of Clarendon, ii. 354.

^{page xiii note 1} To Raikes Currie, 8 Dec. 1868.

^{page xiii note 2} Morley, J., The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, (1903), ii. 257–80Google Scholar ; Fitzmaurice, op. cit., ii. 6–15.

^{page xiii note 3} Morley's phrase, p. 271.

^{page xiii note 4} Journal, below p. 2.

^{page xiii note 5} Morley, ii. 263, 274, and 279.

^{page xiii note 6} Ibid., pp. 289–92.

^{page xiv note 1} Morley, ii. 283.

^{page xiv note 2} Gladstone Papers, Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 44,224 : Kimberley to Gladstone, 28 June 1871.

^{page xiv note 3} Ibid.

^{page xiv note 4} Magnus, P., Gladstone, (1954), pp. 209–15Google Scholar.

^{page xiv note 5} Kilbracken, op. cit., p. 79.

^{page xiv note 6} Granville Papers, Pub. Rec. Office, G.D. 29/55. Kimberley to Granville, 3 March 1870.

^{page xiv note 7} Hammond, J. L., Gladstone and the Irish Nation, (1938), p. 6Google Scholar.

^{page xv note 1} The Autobiography and Memoirs of the Eighth Duke of Argyll, ii. 254.

^{page xv note 2} Bruce, Henry Austin, Lord Aberdare of Duffryn, Letters, (Oxford, 1902), i. passimGoogle Scholar.

^{page xv note 3} Moore, J. B., History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party, (Washington, 1898), i. 496Google Scholar.

^{page xvi note 1} Morley, op. cit., p. 411. Diary note of 13 June 1872.

^{page xvi note 2} R. L. Schuyler, The Fall of the Old Colonial System, pp. 266–72 ; C. A. Bodelsen, Studies in Mid-Victorian Imperialism, pp. 89–93.

^{page xvi note 3} Schuyler, pp. 269–70.

^{page xvi note 4} Ibid., p. 265.

^{page xvi note 5} At the inaugural dinner of the Royal Colonial Society on 10 March 1869, the American ambassador, Reverdy Johnson, had alluded to this possibility. See Folsom, A., The Royal Empire Society, (1933), p. 45Google Scholar ; Schuyler, pp. 230–1 ; also the Granville Papers G.D. 29/55 for a letter from Clarendon to Granville of 24 Jan. 1870, informing him that ‘ Fish and Co. are now going in for the British Possessions in N. America as part payment for claims and a preliminary step to negotiation ! ’

^{page xvii note 1} In Pub. Rec. Off. C.O. 42/678.

^{page xvii note 2} Ibid. Dated 11 Nov. 1869.

^{page xvii note 3} Attached to the above. The paragraph in question was added on 22 Dec. 1869 to the main draft of 30 Nov.

^{page xvii note 4} Gladstone sent for papers relating to Canada on receiving the American proposal for the surrender of the colony. It seems clear from a note from Granville accompanying the batch that he had not previously shown Gladstone his dispatches of 14 June 1869 and 10 Jan. 1870. See Gladstone Papers, Add. MS. 44,538 for Gladstone to Rogers, 24 Jan. 1870 ; and Add. MS. 44,167 for Granville to Gladstone, 25 Jan. 1870.

^{page xvii note 5} Gladstone Papers, Add. MS. 44,759.

^{page xvii note 6} Granville's reply which was attached to Gladstone's memorandum is unsigned and undated, but it seems practically certain that he received the memorandum before the end of March. Gladstone Papers, Add. MS. 44,538 : Gladstone to Granville, 29 March 1870.

^{page xvii note 7} Bodelsen, pp. 89–103.

^{page xvii note 8} 23 July 1870.

^{page xviii note 1} The question is fully treated in P. Knaplund, Gladstone and Britain's Imperial Policy, pp. 103–20, though it should be noted that the bill was entitled The Australian Colonies Duties Act and not the Australian Customs Duties Act.

^{page xviii note 2} The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vii, part i, p. 413.

^{page xviii note 3} Kimberley to Raikes Currie, 15 August 1873.

^{page xviii note 4} There is a detailed account of the origins and course of the Ashanti war in a doctoral thesis by Wolfson, Freda, British Relations with the Gold Coast, 1843–80, (London, 1950)Google Scholar. This summary is based on it.

^{page xix note 1} Wolseley, Viscount, The Story of a Soldier's Life, ii, p. 268Google Scholar.

^{page xix note 2} Hall, D. G. E., A History of South-East Asia, (1955), pp. 473–6Google Scholar.

^{page xx note 1} Drus, E., ‘The Colonial Office and the Annexation of Fiji’, Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 4th series, xxxii (1950), 98–110Google Scholar.

^{page xx note 2} de Kiewiet, C. W., British Colonial Policy and the South African Republics, 1848–72, (1929), pp. 280–98.Google Scholar

^{page xx note 3} The Transvaal had agreed to arbitration to determine its claim against certain native chiefs.

^{page xx note 4} In an obituary of 9 April 1902, on p. 9.

^{page xx note 5} Kilbracken, op. cit., p. 137.

^{page xx note 6} Journal, below p. 7.

^{page 1 note 1} In 1855 Palmerston had offered him the post of Colonial Secretary but his father had persuaded him to decline it. Diet. Nat. Biog., xviii. 948.

^{page 1 note 2} President of the Board of Trade.

^{page 1 note 3} Lady Waldegrave.

^{page 1 note 4} The first instance in the nineteenth century of a lord-lieutenant with cabinet rank occurred in Gladstone's second ministry, April 1880 to June 1885.

^{page 2 note 1} Harcourt declined it for financial reasons and because it would debar him from ‘ promotion in the law ’ (A. G. Gardiner, The Life of Sir William Harcourt, i. 189). Until 1893 the office was a political one and the holder a member of the Privy Council. See Report of the Army and Air Force Courts-Martial Committee, 1946 [Cmd. 7608], p. 7. H.C. (1948–9), XIV. 61. But note the assertion (in the Dict. Nat. Biog., 2nd Supplement, ii. 200) that Harcourt's refusal was due to the fact that, as a privy councillor, he would have been debarred, even when out of office, from legal practice. I am informed by Mr. H. A. C. Sturgess, of the Middle Temple, that this statement is unfounded and that custom only, and no written rule or order, prevented the advancement of the judge advocate general, ‘ in the same manner that, until recent years, a County Court judge was never promoted to the High Court ’.

^{page 2 note 2} He accepted the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster.

^{page 2 note 3} Lord Hatherley.

^{page 2 note 4} Secretary of State for the Colonies.

^{page 2 note 5} Chancellor of the Exchequer.

^{page 2 note 6} A minor error. During Kimberley's term as lord-lieutenant (1864–6) these had indeed been the Irish law officers, but at this time Sullivan was the attorney-general and Barry the solicitor-general for Ireland.

^{page 2 note 7} Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury.

^{page 2 note 8} Legal adviser to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

^{page 3 note 1} 32 and 33 Viet. c. 99.

^{page 3 note 2} His objection was to the disendowment, rather than the disestablishment of the Irish Church. See Hans. Parl. Deb., cxciv. 1906–38. For this reason, though generally supporting the liberal government, he had declined the office of lord chancellor.

^{page 3 note 3} On 13 March 1869 Gladstone informed the Queen that the French ambassador in London had been privately warned of England's attitude to the French design on Belgium and that Clarendon was preparing a dispatch to be sent to Paris. P. Guedalla, The Queen and Mr. Gladstone, i. 167.

^{page 4 note 1} Viceroy of India from Nov. 1863 to Jan. 1869.

^{page 4 note 2} Lord president of the Council.

^{page 4 note 3} Musical conductor and composer, born in Naples.

^{page 4 note 4} The American Senate, on 13 April 1869, had rejected the Johnson-Clarendon convention, signed on 14 January 1869, for the settlement of differences between the two countries. Senator Charles Sumner had denounced it as inadequate, since it referred only to private claims, and not to ‘ the indignity to the nation nor of the damages to the nation ’, resulting from British policy during the civil war. On 10 May 1869 the American ambassador reported to Fish that the speech had had ‘ an unfavourable effect ’ and there was not the slightest chance that England would submit to Sumner's demands. J. B. Moore, International Arbitrations (Washington, 1898), i. 504–12.

^{page 5 note 1} Lord Russell pointed to the increase of crime in Ireland, and criticized the government for delaying the introduction of a Land Bill. Hans. Parl. Deb., cxcvi. 707–15.

^{page 5 note 2} Daniel O'Sullivan, mayor of Cork, caused a great stir when, at a public dinner on 27 April 1869, he praised the attempt of O'Farrell to assassinate the duke of Edinburgh at Melbourne. The government introduced a bill to remove him from office and disqualify him permanently, but on 11 May 1869, when the second reading was reached, he resigned and proceedings were stopped. The Annual Register (1869), 186–92. Derby complained that Bright's speeches had been equally inflammatory, and had roused the tenants against the landlords. Hans. Parl. Deb., cxcvi. 718–24.

^{page 5 note 3} Of the speakers named, Magee, Derby and William Alexander, bishop of Derry, opposed the bill, while Russell and Connop Thirlwall, bishop of St. David's, supported it.

^{page 5 note 4} A liberal peer, holding no office.

^{page 5 note 5} Secretary of State for India.

^{page 6 note 1} A lord-in-waiting.

^{page 6 note 2} An Irish lawyer and political economist. Superintendent of the Judicial and Criminal Statistics Office, Dublin. His Two Reports for the Irish Government on the History of the Landlord and Tenant Question in Ireland, with suggestions for Legislation were printed in H.C. [4204], (1868–9), XXVI, 1.

^{page 6 note 3} Selwyn, formerly primate of New Zealand, asserted that if the Church of Ireland were disestablished, the Roman Catholic Church would become the Established Church. Wilberforce described this argument as ‘simply trifling with their Lordships’. Hans. Parl. Deb., cxcvii. 750–1Google Scholar. Wilberforce personally disapproved of the disestablishment, but considered that the question had been settled at the general election. He had not voted on the second reading because he had been prevented by ‘ the accidents ’ of debate from explaining his views. Ibid., 713–14.

^{page 6 note 4} According to Spencer Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell, ii. 436, Stanhope's motion had been framed by Lord John Russell. W. Tighe Hamilton wrote long letters to the editor of The Times in favour of concurrent endowment. He urged the government to ignore the ecclesiastics and make the offer of ‘ a reasonable endowment for the use of their clergy ’ directly to the Catholic laity. The Times, 22 June 1869, p. 10, and 12 July 1869, p. 9.

^{page 7 note 1} Home Secretary.

^{page 7 note 2} Joint secretary to the Treasury and liberal whip.

^{page 7 note 3} Leader of the conservative opposition in the House of Lords.

^{page 10 note 1} On 10 Feb. 1870 Gladstone secured a motion debarring O'Donovan Rossa, sentenced in Dec. 1865 to penal servitude for life, from membership of the Commons. Hans. Parl. Deb., cxcix. 151–2.

^{page 10 note 2} The government's handling of local taxation may conveniently be treated here. On 21 Feb. 1870, Goschen, then President of the Poor Law Board, secured the appointment of a Select Committee to report on the expediency of dividing the rates, paid by occupiers of rateable property, between the owners and occupiers (Hans. Parl. Deb., cxcix. 638–69Google Scholar). A demand for the relief of real property had been made by Sir Massey Lopes on 23 Feb. 1869, and on 29 Feb. 1871 he again moved for a general review of taxation. He observed that the Select Committee of 1870 had not touched the question of the incidence of local taxes, and that its report had only been carried by the casting vote of the chairman. His motion was defeated when Gladstone assured the House that a measure dealing with local taxation was ready (ibid., cciv. 1037–61, and 1084–99). However, the Local Taxation Bill to divide rates between the owner and the occupier, was withdrawn on 8 May 1871, owing to pressure of business (ibid., ccv. 399). On 16 April 1872 Sir Massey Lopes secured a majority of 100 for his resolution that occupiers and owners should be relieved from charges for purposes of a national, rather than local, character (ibid., ccx. 1331–1404). Gladstone merely promised on 1 August 1872 to review the whole question of local taxation and local government during the recess (ibid., ccxiii., 245–6). A minor measure, the Rating (Liability and Value) Bill extending liability for rating to certain kinds of property not previously taxed, passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords on 25 July 1873 (ibid., ccxvii. 973 ff.). However, at the general election of 1874, when Gladstone decided to ‘ dissolve on Finance ’, he proposed to promise the repeal of income tax and ‘ Pecuniary aid to local taxation …’ (J. Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (1903), ii. 487). It will be noted that Lord Kimberley deplored the government's failure to tackle the question (see below, pp. 35–6, 43).

^{page 11 note 1} Slater's Directory of Ireland, 1870–1, p. 195, lists both Henry O'Hara, Q.C., revising barrister of Dublin, and Robert Patrick O'Hara, Q.C., and it is difficult to decide which is meant here. Neither is mentioned in the dictionaries of Irish biography.

^{page 11 note 2} At the close of the year many of the leading Fenians, including O'Donovan Rossa, were released from prison on condition of banishment from the United Kingdom for varying terms of up to twenty years. Return of the Names of the Fenian Convicts Recently Released. H.C. 144, p. 1 (1871), LVIII, 461, and Copy of the Conditional Pardons granted … since 1865. H.C. 208, pp. 5–8 (1881), LXXVI, 381.

^{page 12 note 1} Postmaster-general.

^{page 13 note 1} Private secretary to the Queen.

^{page 13 note 2} Colonial Secretary, 1846–52. See below, p. 38.

^{page 13 note 3} He had become Master of the Rolls, Ireland.

^{page 13 note 4} Vyner was a brother-in-law and cousin of Earl de Grey.

^{page 14 note 1} It was only passed in 1907 : 7 Edw. 7, c. 47.

^{page 14 note 2} Childers, then first lord of the Admiralty, had raised the question in cabinet early in 1869, and on 25 Nov. 1870 he wrote to Granville, the foreign secretary, that the free navigation of the Canal was a matter of ‘ vital concern ’. Turkey had claimed the right to close it at any time and to deny a passage to warships (Spencer Childers, The Life and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Hugh C. E. Childers, i. 247). Gladstone, however, was even more sanguine than Kimberley about the situation. He thought it would be easy enough to seize control in time of war, as ‘ never was there less danger or likelihood of our being overpowered in the Mediterranean ’ (Gladstone to Granville, 13 Nov. 1870, in Agatha Ramm, The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1868–76, i. 156). As is well known, the Convention of 29 Oct. 1888, provided by Art. 1 for free navigation ‘ in time of war as in time of peace, to every vessel of commerce or of war …’ on condition (Art. 4) that there was no fighting in the canal or within a radius of three miles from the ports of access (Hertslet's, Commercial Treaties, xviii. 369–73)Google Scholar.

^{page 14 note 3} There is no trace of this memorandum in the relevant volumes of the Pub. Rec. Off. F.O. 78 series, relating to the Suez Canal, nor in the F.O. 96 series, comprising minutes, memoranda and draft dispatches. In the Clarendon Papers at Oxford there is a seven page memorandum by Palmerston of 15 July 1855, which begins, ‘ This paper seems to me to be full of sophistries ’. There is, however, no mention of Wodehouse. I have not been able to see the private papers of Palmerston in the possession of Lady Mountbatten.

^{page 15 note 1} John Lord Wodehouse, subsequently second earl of Kimberley.

^{page 15 note 2} Luby and O'Leary were arrested after the raid on the office of The Irish People and early in Dec. 1865 sentenced to penal servitude for twenty years. McCafferty took a leading part in the abortive attempt to seize Chester Castle, was arrested on landing in Ireland and sentenced to death in May 1867 but the sentence was afterwards commuted to penal servitude for life. All three were conditionally pardoned at the close of 1870. Savage, John, Fenian Heroes and Martyrs (Boston, 1868)Google Scholar, and O'Leary, John, Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism, 2 vols. (London, 1896)Google Scholar, passim. See also above, p. 11 n. 2.

^{page 15 note 3} Cairns resigned the leadership of the opposition in the Lords after arranging the compromise on the Irish Church Bill, owing to the resentment it aroused in his party. Until he resumed the position in 1870, Richmond acted as leader, and deputized for him in 1871 when he was ill : Diet. Nat. Biog., iii. 671 and 2nd supp., ii. 129.

^{page 16 note 1} Vice-president of the Council.

^{page 16 note 2} The bill was actually withdrawn on 8 Aug. 1870, owing to objections made to Commons amendments and was only enacted in the ensuing session. Hans. Parl. Deb., cciii. 1683–4.

^{page 17 note 1} One party of Fenians under General O'Neill crossed the frontier from Franklyn, Vermont, on 25 May 1870 but were repulsed at Williamstown by a detachment of the 69th Regiment and some Canadian volunteers. On 27 May, a second attempt to invade Canada by another band, crossing from Malone, was also defeated. The Annual Register (1870), pp. 119, 293.

^{page 17 note 2} Carnarvon referred to the danger of an American attack on Canada and Canadian fears that the withdrawal of the troops were an earnest of the Imperial Government's design to sever the connection. Hans. Parl. Deb., cciii. 703–14.

^{page 17 note 3} Colonial Secretary, 1864–6 ; Secretary of State for War, 1868–74.

^{page 18 note 1} Sent to discuss questions of Canadian defence, Fenian aggression from American bases and trespasses on Canadian fishing grounds by fishermen from the United States : Parkin, George R., Sir John A. Macdonald (London, 1909), p. 168Google Scholar.

^{page 19 note 1} Persigny had lost all influence after his dismissal as Minister of the Interior in 1863, but he entered into negotiations with the Germans and obtained terms which he thought would have averted the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and the heavy war indemnity. To his chagrin, the Empress refused to assent to them. His criticisms of her in London were repeated to the Emperor, who strongly resented them. de Laire, M. H., D'Espagny, Comte, Memoires du due de Persigny (Paris, 1896), pp. 504–9Google Scholar.

^{page 20 note 1} The Regulation of the Forces Act, 1871.

^{page 21 note 1} Childers had resigned on 3 March 1871 as his health had been affected by strenuous work and the antagonism to his schemes for naval reform. His son was aboard the Captain which capsized and foundered off Finisterre (see Childers, op. cit., i. 192).

^{page 21 note 2} He succeeded Goschen at the Poor Law Board, and a few months later became President of the new Local Government Board.

^{page 22 note 1} The bill was withdrawn owing to the opposition it aroused. The Annual Register (1871), 61–2.

^{page 22 note 2} Lowe had intended to obtain a million pounds by a tax on matches, but had to withdraw the proposal and substitute a higher income-tax. R. C. K. Ensor, England, 1870–1914, p. 20.

^{page 22 note 3} Armine Wodehouse, his younger son.

^{page 22 note 4} Signed on 8 May 1871, and, among other things, providing for arbitration on the ‘ Alabama claims ’, the San Juan water boundary, and the Canadian fisheries.

^{page 23 note 1} A leading member of the Conservative party.

^{page 23 note 2} Russell had refused in 1865 to pay compensation for the losses inflicted by the Alabama or to refer the dispute to foreign arbitration, asserting that ‘ Her Majesty's Government are the sole guardians of their own honour.’ His offer of a joint commission to consider claims which both powers should agree to refer to it was rejected as inadequate. See Moore, op. cit., i. 496–7.

^{page 23 note 3} Article XVIII gave Americans the right of fishing for ten years on the sea coasts of the Provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the colony of Prince Edward Island, and adjacent islands. British subjects were given similar rights of fishing on the eastern sea coast of the U.S.A. north of the 39th parallel of latitude by Article XIX. As the Canadian fisheries were the more valuable, commissioners meeting at Halifax were to determine the amount compensation to be paid by the U.S.A. to Canada. After the Senate had rejected a reciprocity treaty in Feb. 1875, the Halifax Commission met on 15 June 1877 and on 23 Nov. 1877 awarded to Great Britain $5,500,000 on behalf of Canada. See Moore, op. cit., i. 719–45.

^{page 24 note 1} The Canadian Prime Minister was one of the commissioners on the British side.

^{page 24 note 2} Sir John Rose, the Canadian Minister of Finance from Nov. 1867 to Sept. 1869, had, after his resignation, moved to London where he engaged in banking and also acted as ‘ the informal agent ’ of the Canadian Government. In Dec. 1870 he was sent by Granville to Washington to explore the possibility of resuming the negotiations for a settlement and by the beginning of Feb. 1871 it was agreed to appoint a joint high commission. See Long, Morden H., ‘Sir John Rose and the Informal Beginnings of the Canadian High Commissionership,’ Canad. Hist. Rev., xii (1931), 23–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 24 note 3} The British commissioners at Washington had to acquiesce in the American refusal to entertain the question of compensation for Fenian raids on Canada : Moore, op. cit., i., 687. Gladstone, however, thought that Britain had been to some extent responsible owing to her strained relations with Ireland and America, and compensation was given to Canada in the form of a British guarantee of a Canadian railway loan: P. Knaplund, Gladstone and Britain's Imperial Policy, pp. 122–3.

^{page 24 note 4} Demanding ‘a complete and comprehensive scheme’ of reform before proceeding to the second reading. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccvii., 1792–3Google Scholar.

^{page 25 note 1} Under-secretary for war.

^{page 25 note 2} Motion by Richmond condemning the abolition by royal warrant of purchase of army commissions as an ‘ interposition of the Executive during the progress of a measure submitted to parliament ’. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccviii. 455.

^{page 26 note 1} An error. The bill was read for the third time in the Commons on 8 Aug., but the motion for the second reading was defeated in the Lords on 10 Aug. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccviii. 1306.

^{page 27 note 1} Granville had described him as ‘ a sensible man ’. Gladstone Papers, Brit. Mus., lxxxii. (44167) : Granville to Gladstone, 30 June 1870. Kimberley, however, had found his advice on Fiji misleading : Drus, Ethel, ‘The Colonial Office and the Annexation of Fiji’, in Trans. R. Hist. Soc, 4th Ser. xxxii. (1950), 94–5.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 2} Assassinated by an Afghan convict while inspecting the penal settlement of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands : Doubleday, H. A. and de Walden, Lord Howard, The Complete Peerage, viii. 610Google Scholar.

^{page 27 note 3} The Judicial Committee Act of 1871 provided for the addition of four salaried members to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council who were at the date of their appointment to be or have been judges of one of the superior courts of England or India. In order to qualify Sir Robert Collier, then the attorney-general, he was appointed to a vacant judgeship in the court of common pleas and sat for only a few days before moving on to the judicial committee. The motion of censure in the Lords was defeated by only one vote on 15 Feb. 1872. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccix. 376–462.

^{page 28 note 1} Solicitor-general 1868–71; attorney-general in succession to Collier.

^{page 28 note 2} He became Governor-General of Canada, May 1872.

^{page 28 note 3} The bill ‘ to authorize the acquisition and appropriation by the Metropolitan Board of Works of certain land reclaimed from the River Thames …’ was read for the first time on 8 March 1872 but on 22 July 1872 Harcourt moved and carried a resolution for the postponement of the matter owing to the lateness of the session and the pressure of business. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccix. 1742–6 and ibid., ccxii. 1579–87.

^{page 29 note 1} At the Inter-Colonial Conference in 1871, New South Wales, Tasmania, S. Australia and Victoria had passed resolutions demanding that the right to regulate their tariffs should not be restricted by imperial treaties. Julius Vogel, the Treasurer of New Zealand, in a memorandum of 8 Dec. 1871, argued that the alternatives were full fiscal freedom for the colonies, an imperial preferential tariff system or imperial federation. The despatch of 19 April 1872 rebutted these extreme claims, though Kimberley had long appreciated the wisdom of granting the Australasian colonies the right of granting preferential tariffs to one another. Knaplund, op. cit., pp. 103–20.

^{page 30 note 1} Curiously enough, for months before its introduction, Bruce had been worrying about the Licensing Bill. As early as 16 Dec. 1871 he told his wife, ‘ The Cabinet greatly approved of my new scheme.’ Lord Aberdare, Letters, i. 319 and passim.

^{page 30 note 2} Legal Adviser to the Home Office.

^{page 30 note 3} Home Secretary in Disraeli's second Ministry.

^{page 31 note 1} He entered the cabinet as Lord Chancellor in Oct. 1872.

^{page 31 note 2} When the cases were presented to the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva on 15 Dec. 1871, it was found that the indirect claims had been revived by the Americans. The British government steadily refused to admit their validity, and at the suggestions of General Schenck, the American ambassador, drew up a supplemental article to rule them out (Wolf, L., The Life of the First Marquess of Ripon, i. 261–2)Google Scholar. The draft was settled in cabinet on 10 May 1872, but in communicating it to Schenck, on the same day, the wording was inadvertently weakened, so that the last sentence ran ’… the President … consents that he will make no claim on the part of the United States in respect of indirect losses as aforesaid before the Tribunal of Arbitration ’ (Granville Papers, G.D. 29/233, Foreign Office confidential print, 11 May 1872). This was subtly amended in the proposed Identic Note of 20 May 1872 to the arbitrators by the addition of a concluding sentence requesting ‘ that no claims for indirect losses as aforesaid may be entertained by the Tribunal’ (F.O. 362/1. Granville to Schenck, 20 May 1872). But it appears from the published American records that there had been an earlier muddle over the draft of 10 May 1872. Granville had personally brought a copy to Schenck, and not long after, Lord Tenterden ‘ came in haste ’ to recall it and substitute another, which nevertheless contained the inaccuracy noted above. Schenck sent a copy of the first version to Washington, but I have been unable to find a duplicate in the Foreign Office files or the Granville Papers. The Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, Dec. 1872), Part ii, vol. ii, 500–2Google Scholar. The bungling was not entirely Lord Granville's fault. It appears that Schenck, knowing of the Cabinet meeting, went down to the Foreign Office to impress on Granville the American point of view. He adds, ‘ Lord Granville came out of Cabinet to meet me.’ ibid., Schenck to Fish, 14 May 1872, pp. 515–16. A photostat copy of the first note, obtained from the National Archives at Washington, has been placed in the Institute of Historical Research, London.

^{page 32 note 1} For the suspension of proceedings before the Geneva tribunal until the indirect claims made by the United States had been withdrawn. Lord Russell subsequently withdrew the motion. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxi. 1107 and 1268.

^{page 32 note 2} Gladstone noted on 13 June 1872 that the main opposition to this course came from Halifax, Kimberley and Cardwell. Morley, op. tit., ii. 411.

^{page 32 note 3} Tenterden asked for an adjournment of the tribunal on 15 June 1872. The Americans were, however, prepared to give way and it was arranged that the arbitrators should unanimously pronounce against the indirect claims on 19 June. Moore, op. cit., i. 642–6.

^{page 33 note 1} For equally unflattering opinions, see W. F. Monypenny and G. E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, 1st edn., iii. 344–5 and v. 286. Also SirLucy, Henry, Men and Manner in Parliament (London, 1919), pp. 233–4Google Scholar.

^{page 33 note 2} Eldest son of Sir Robert Peel, the statesman. His career as chief secretary for Ireland, 1861–5, was a failure and he was not again given office. Note the acid comment in the Dict. Nat. Biog. xv. 668–9 on his lack of ‘ moral fibre ’.

^{page 34 note 1} 35 & 36 Vict. c. 33.

^{page 34 note 2} He had re-entered the cabinet in Aug. 1872 as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster.

^{page 36 note 1} In Jan. 1873 it was agreed that the Oxus should be the northern boundary of Afghanistan, which was to be a neutral zone between the British and Russian empires in Central Asia : Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, iii. 75.

^{page 36 note 2} Florence, Countess of Kimberley.

^{page 37 note 1} The full amount of $15,500,000 was paid by 9 Sept. 1873. Moore, op, cit., i. 665.

^{page 38 note 1} Lowe proposed to reduce the duty on sugar and take one penny off income-tax. W. H. Smith moved that before reducing indirect taxation, the government should inform the House of its views on direct taxation, both local and national: Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxv. 1030–41.

^{page 38 note 2} R. W. Crawford, M.P. for the City of London, had moved the rejection of the scheme prepared by the Endowed Schools Commissioners for the future management of Emanuel Hospital : Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxv. 1892.

^{page 38 note 3} For the disestablishment of the Churches of England and Scotland, which Gladstone opposed as contrary to the wishes of the large majority of the people of England : Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxvi. 16, 37–49.

^{page 38 note 4} 36 & 37 Vict. c. 22.

^{page 39 note 1} Chief Commissioner of Public Works.

^{page 39 note 2} The contract awarded to the Union Steamship Company was for a steam service between Zanzibar and the Cape of Good Hope and a faster service between the Cape and England. When the Cape objected to the latter it was withdrawn but Lowe then compensated the company by increasing the payment for the carriage of the mails between Zanzibar and Table Bay from £15,000 to £26,000. After a Select Committee had inquired into the matter, a new contract was approved, reducing the payment to £20,000. Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxvi. 1195–1215; ccxvii. 1553–4.

^{page 39 note 3} The Elminas were allies of the Ashantis, who had invaded the Protectorate. In March, the King and two of his chiefs who refused to take the oath of allegiance, were sent as prisoners to Cape Coast Castle, and on 24 April 1873 deported to Sierra Leone. See Freda Wolfson, British Relations with the Gold Coast, 1843–80 (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1950), pp. 279–82.

^{page 40 note 1} To defer consideration of the Commons amendments for three months to allow time for further inquiry into the expediency of establishing a separate court of ultimate appeal for England : Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxvii. 869–72.

^{page 40 note 2} After the second reading the Bill had been referred to a Select Committee (of the Lords) which had raised the figure from £5,000 to £6,000. The Commons reduced it to £5,000. Cairns suggested that the clause be omitted to afford the other House opportunity for reconsideration but he did not press the proposal : Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxvii. 895–6.

^{page 40 note 3} Its object was to extend the liability to rating for purposes of local taxation to certain kinds of property not previously rated : Hans. Parl. Deb., ccxvii. 973.

^{page 40 note 4} Scudamore, the Assistant-Secretary of the Post Office, had applied to the extension of the telegraphic system a sum of nearly one million pounds, arising partly from Post Office receipts and partly from Savings' Bank deposits, instead of transferring the sums to the Consolidated Fund and the National Debt Commissioners respectively. Monsell, the Post-Master General, had not known of this, but Scudamore had been in touch with Lowe. The Annual Register (1873), 80.

^{page 41 note 1} Cross moved a vote of censure on the Post Office and Treasury. Sir John Lubbock's amendment, which was carried, censured the abuses as strongly but came from the government side. ibid.

^{page 41 note 2} Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster.

^{page 41 note 3} Sir Garnet Wolseley was sent out as Commander-in-Chief and Civil Administrator of the Gold Coast. On 15 Jan. 1874 Glover crossed the Pra with a force of 800 Hausas and threatened the left flank of the Ashantis, while the main army advanced under Wolseley: Dict. Nat. Biog., viii. 4.

^{page 42 note 1} As Governor-in-Chief of the West Africa Settlements.

^{page 42 note 2} He had served on the Gold Coast in 1863, when there was a war with Ashanti, and wrote a valuable report on the Gold Coast. He ‘ strongly deprecated ’ the dispatch of Wolseley's expedition. In 1873 he was appointed Governor of the Straits Settlements : Dict. Nat. Biog., 2nd Supp. i., 363.

^{page 43 note 1} According to Gladstone's Diary, he told Bright, Granville and Wolverton on 18 Jan. 1874 : Morley, op. cit. ii. 484–5.

^{page 43 note 2} Cardwell and Goschen, however, had objected to Gladstone's proposal to reduce the military and naval estimates and it was decided to leave the question open till after the General Election : Morley, op. cit., ii. 483–5.