^{page 1 note a} In the Parliament holden at Dublin in 1586 an Act was passed for escheating the lands of Gerald Earl of Desmond. Those lands were thereupon granted to English settlers called “undertakers” under certain conditions and with certain privileges.These grants were made in tracts so large that the grantees were unable to people or defend them, and consequently the Irish re-entered upon the lands and expelled the undertakers, seizing and destroying their property. Being thus reduced to great straits and misery they supplicated the Crown for protection and support in the recovery and possession of their lands. That they had just cause of complaint is evident from this letter.

^{page 2 note a} The editor has failed to identify this Mr. Stafford. His name is not mentioned in the Irish State Papers of the period as serving in Munster. Can he have been Sir Thomas Stafford who in 1633 published Pacata Hibernia? That gentleman is said (Biog.Brit, under Carew) to have been a natural son of Sir George Carew, and Sir George, in his will dated 30 Nov. 1625 (Probate granted 19th May 1629; Ridley 36), bequeathed to him the reversion of certain leases of lands in Devon and Cornwall, and all his books and manuscripts. The letter now under consideration, if it refer to the same person, is, however, inconsistent with such relationship.

^{page 3 note a} James FitzThomas, son of Sir Thomas FitzGerald, eldest son of James fifteenth Earl of Desmond by Joane daughter of David Lord Roche. Sir Thomas was disinherited by his father as a bastard. He was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney in 1569, and married a daughter of David Lord Roche, grandson of the above-mentioned David. James FitzThomas, under the authority of O'Neil, the Pope, and the King of Spain, assumed the title of Earl of Desmond, and was called the Sugane or “Straw-rope” Earl. He had, however, almost absolute authority over all Munster.

^{page 3 note b} Mr. John Power.

^{page 4 note a} Dermot O'Connor was a gentleman of Connaught of the family of O'Connor Don, but of small estate. He was a man of great courage and ability, and commanded, under a commission from O'Neil, 1,400 bonnaghts or mercenary soldiers. He married the Lady Margaret FitzGerald, daughter of Gerald Earl of Desmond.

^{page 4 note b} Sir George Carew, on his arrival in Munster, finding himself too weak to meet the Irish in the field, had recourse to a system of subtilty and treachery of a not very creditable character. His object was to sow dissensions among the leaders of the rebellion, and, among other devices, resolved to tempt Dermot O'Connor to betray the Sugane Earl to the Government. With this view he sent a fit agent to sound the inclinations of the Lady Margaret, and, finding her not an unfit instrument, proposed that, if Dermot would deliver up the Earl, he should receive l,000l. sterling in money, and have a company of men in the pay of the Queen, with other advantages. The Lady Margaret, having received an English education, and being favourably disposed towards the English, and moreover naturally hating the man who had usurped her brother's title and dignity, prevailed upon her husband to enter into the project. A meeting with the Sugane Earl was, without difficulty, arranged, when James FitzThomas was seized by Dermot upon the charge of being in collusion with the English, which charge he affected to support by the production of a fictitious letter said to have been intercepted, but with which he had been furnished by the Lord President for the purpose. The important intelligence of the seizure of the Earl appears to have been immediately communicated to the English Court. Before, however, the Lord President could reach Castle Ishin, the place of the Earl's confinement, to receive his prisoner, John FitzThomas, the Earl's brother, with Pierce Lacy, and several gentlemen of the Geraldines, mustered a force, and effected a rescue. The intelligence of the escape of the captive following so closely upon the report of his capture was of course a grievous disappointment at Court, and naturally tried the patience of the hot and fiery-tempered Elizabeth. This accident led to the design of sending into Ireland the young James FitzGerald, son and heir of the late Earl, for the purpose of dividing the interest of the still powerful family of the Geraldines.

^{page 5 note a} Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, created Earl of Devonshire 26th July 1603, ob. 3rd April 1606.

^{page 6 note a} John Carey, third Lord Hunsdon, appointed Lord Chamberlain 1598, in succession to his brother.

^{page 6 note b} A kind of vessel.

^{page 6 note c} Bridgett, dau. of Sir William Kingsmill, knt. and widow of Sir Thomas Norris, Lord President of Munster and Lord Justice of Ireland, who was killed by the rebels in 1599. Sir Thomas Norris had a grant of a considerable tract of land at Mallow, which was inherited by his only daughter, who married Sir John Jephson, knt. (See also Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archæological Journal, vol. ii. p. 270.)

^{page 7 note a} The only son of Tirlough Lynough. He was knighted by Sir John Perrott 21st June (1587?) He joined Docwra at Longhfoile with 30 horse and 30 foot on 1st June and died in October following. Sir Arthur Chichester, writing to Cecil on 21st October in this year, says: “Sir Art. O'Neyle is dead of drinkinge to manie currosses uppon his marriadge daye. There is no great looss of him, a verie dull fellow.” (State Paper Office, Irish Corr.)

^{page 7 note b} The same day John FitzThomas, accompanied with 100 kerne or thereabouts, came into the Lord Barry his country near Castle Lyons, and there took from him and his servants a prey of 300 cowes and 10 horses.” (Pacata Hibernia.) This was David Lord Barry, second Viscount Buttevant. A letter was written by the Council to the Lord Barry on 2nd February, 1599, urging him to use his utmost endeavours to reduce his brother, John Barry, who was in rebellion. (Priv. Co. Reg.)

^{page 7 note c} The Lords of the Council in England wrote on 2nd February 1599 to John FitzEdmond (FitzGerald of Clone) commending his constant faith and affection to the Queen's service, and stating that her Majesty doubteth not but he, to whom Almighty God hath given learningand greatness which will make him despyse all barbarous traytors, besides the strong motives of his natural duty and affection, will now strayne his best indeavours to deserve the contynuance and increase of her extraordinarie good opinyon, and urging him to imploye himself against John McRedmond, the Seneschal of Imokelly. This would seem to be the John FitzRedmond mentioned in the text. (Privy Council Register.)

^{page 8 note b} Henry Brooke, eighth Lord; ob. 1619.

^{page 9 note a} Morice Lord Roche, Viscount Fermoy. He married first, Ellinor daughter of Morice FitzGterald, brother to James FitzJohn, Earl of Desmond, and by her had two sons, David his successor, and Tibald. He afterwards married Katharine daughter of Gerald Earl of Desmond, by whom he had no issue. He died in June 1600, and is described as a mild, comely man, learned in the Latin, English, and Irish languages. His son David succeeded him; whom Carew, writing to Cecil on 17th September from Cork, describes as a gentleman of great towardness. (State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 10 note a} Carew, writing to Cecil from Limerick on 18th July 1600, says, “James FitzThomas, McMorris, and Piers Lacye (as I am advised), the 5th of this instant dispatched a messenger with a somme of money unto Tyrone to leavy bonnoughts in Vlster, and also have dealt w^th Redmond Burke and Tirrell, to return with their forces unto them, whereof if they fayle (holding their treasons to be unpardonable) they have resolved to goe into Spaine, hoping from thence to obtain aydes to infest this country with a newe warr.” (State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 10 note b} Pierce Oge Lacy, of Bruree and Bruff, co. Limerick. He is said to have been eighteenth in descent from William Gorm, son of Hugh de Lacy, one of the original conquerors of Ireland, by the daughter of Roderick O'Connor. (Annals of the Four Masters, vol. iii. p. 75.)

^{page 11 note a} Henry IV. 1589-1610; assassinated 1610.

^{page 11 note b} Charles Emanuel, the great Duke of Savoy and King of Cyprus, born 1562. He Was a learned mathematician, an able statesman, and a strenuous general, but ambitious; called by historians “the ornament and disturbance of his times.” While France was embroiled in civil war he seized the marquisate of Saluzzo, for which he coined money with a centaur treading on the crown of France, and the motto Opportune. But King Henry IV. requited it, overrunning all his country, coining money with the French Hercules treading on the centaur, and the motto Opportunists. By the peace established through the mediation of the Pope, 1601, Saluzzo was however yielded to the Archduke on his cession of other territories. Died 28th July 1630.

^{page 12 note a} Albert, Cardinal Archduke of Austria, married 1st April 1599, Clara Isabella, Infanta of Spain, favourite daughter of Philip II., under whose will be obtained the sovereignty of the Netherlands. Died 1633. The overthrow alluded to was that at the battle of Newport.

^{page 12 note b} Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

^{page 13 note a} Sir Anthony Paulett, the son of Sir Amias Paulett (ambassador to France in 1576. and keeper of the unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots,) by Margaret daughter and heir of Anthony Harvey of Columb John, co. Devon. Sir Anthony held the appointments of Governor of Jersey and Captain of the Guard, in both which Raleigh succeeded him. Sir Anthony's son John Poulett was, in 1627, created Baron Poulettof Hinton St. George, and his great-grandson, in 1786, Earl Poulett.

^{page 13 note b} The Editor is uncertain whether this passage refers to the Lady Norris (seenote c, p. 6), or to the Lady O'Carroll, widow of Sir Charles O'Carroll. The husbands of both these ladies had recently lost their lives in the Queen's service. Sir John McCoghlan, Lady O'Carroll's brother, a man of great power and influence, was making suit to the Court at this time in her behalf. It is most probable that the allusion is made to the former lady.

^{page 13 note c} David Barry, only son of David Lord Barry, second Viscount Buttevant (see note p. 7), by his first wife Ellen daughter of David Viscount Fermoy. The young gentlemen mentioned in the text died s. p. j and his posthumous son, by his wife Elizabeth daughter of Richard Lord Poer, succeeded his grandfather, and in 1627 was created Earl of Barrymore.

^{page 13 note d} Gabriel Goodman, appointed Dean of Westminster in 1561, and died in that office 1601.

^{page 14 note a} Florence McCarthy, eldest son of Sir Donnough McCarthy Reagh, by Joan daughter to Maurice FitzGerald a totum, brother of James fifteenth Earl of Desmond. Florence married Ellen the only daughter and heir of Sir Donnel McCarthy, Earl of Clancare. He was no coward, but a most able man, and as astute a politician as Cecil himself.

^{page 14 note b} Donough fourth Earl. He was always faithful to the English Crown, under which he held several important offices. Ob. 1624.

^{page 14 note c} The Earl of Southampton. It appears, from a letter addressed by him to Cecil from Dublin dated 22nd July, that he had made application for the government of Connaught, and had been refused by the Queen. He says: “And now, since I have heere nothinge to doe but as a private man, w^ch condition cannot afford mee meanes to performe ought worth the thinkinge of, and that I doe desier to spend my time so as I may best bee enabled to serue her Ma^tie, I doe intend, God willinge, to goe hence into the Low Contries to live the rest of this sommer in the States army, where, perhappes, I may see somewhat woorth my paynes.”

^{page 18 note a} Sir Arthur Chieheater, Lord Deputy 1604. Created Baron of Belfast 1612. Ancestor of the Marquis of Donegal.

^{page 18 note b} After the escape of James FitzThomas, Carew made an inroad into the country of Edmund FitzGerald, Knight of the Valley, and took the castle of Glinne, the principal stronghold of that chieftain, by storm. Several.other castles were yielded to him. He then invaded Kerry, and captured the castle of Lixnaw, carrying devastation throughout the country. Patrick FitzMauriee, Lord of Lixnaw, was so affected with grief at the loss of his chief house and the ruin of his country that he died, and his son Thomas, by Joane, daughter of David Lord Roche, became his successor. Several of the principal leaders of the rebellion in this neighbourhood made their submission. Thomas, the new Lord of Lixnaw, sought also, through his wife, a sister of the Earl of Thomond, to be received into protection upon conditions, but was refused except upon absolute submission, and a promise that he would do service against the rebels, which he refused, as being inconsistent with his honour. His suit was therefore rejected.

^{page 19 note a} Hugh Roe, son of Hugh Duv, son of Manns, Lord of Tirconnell, was inaugurated O'Donnell 1592. He fled to Spain in 1602, where he died the same year. He was a man of great ability.

^{page 20 note a} Sir Henry Doowra was a distinguished officer in the Irish Wars. Appointed Constable of Loughfoile for life 1604, and Treasurer of Wars 1616. Created Baron of Culmore and Lord Docwra 1621.

^{page 20 note b} Mulmurry MacSwiny na Doe. He was well thought of by the English government, and had been granted a pension of 6s. a day for life, and the command of 100 English soldiers. He was sent to assist Sir Henry Docwra at Loughfoile, but treacherously drove out of the garrison a number of horses, which, by previous arrangement, were captured by O'Donnell. Docwra discovered this guilty act by intercepting the messenger to O'Donnell, and McSwiny, being charged with it, could not deny his guilt. He was thereupon seized for the purpose of being sent to Dublin for trial, and was placed on board a ship proceeding to Dublin under the command of Capt. Plemming. Docwra, writing to Cecil under date 29 Aug. 1600, says of McSwiny “that he kept his bed by reason of a disease which the surgeon of the army testifieth he was troubled withall indeed. He suddenly rose naked from his bed, leaped into the river, and recovered the shore on O'Cahan's side before we could overtake him.” (State Papers, Ireland.) Elizabeth, his sister, was the wife of Hugh Roe O'Donnell.

^{page 21 note a} Berg or Bergues St. Vinox, on the river Coln, at the union of several canals which lead to Dunkirk, Gravelines, St. Omer, Fumes, &c. It was the last town in West Flanders which held out for the Dutch in the 16th century; but, being taken by the French in 1658, waa confirmed to that country by the Treaty of the Pyrenees the following year.

^{page 22 note a} Maurice, Count of Nassau, brother of Philip William, Prince of Orange, whom he succeeded in 1618. He was appointed Governor of the Netherlands, 1587. Died unmarried, 1625.

^{page 22 note b} Henry Percy, ninth Earl of his house; died 1632.

^{page 22 note c} Roger Manners, fifth Earl; died 1612.

^{page 22 note d} Thomas Grey, sixteenth and last Baron Grey of Wilton; died in the Tower, 1614.

^{page 22 note e} Francois de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguieres, Peer, Constable, and Marshal of France, Knight of the Orders of the King, Governor of Dauphiny; created Marshal of France 1608; died 1626, aged 83 years.

^{page 22 note f} To Mary de Medicis, his second wife. The marriage took place on 9th December.

^{page 23 note a} Henrietta d'Entraguea, the successor of Gabriella d'Estrees as the King's mistress. She had obtained from the King, before she submitted to his desires, a written promise that, in the event of her bearing him a son within a year, she should be raised to his throne and bed.

^{page 23 note b} John Ruthven, third Earl of Gowrie. He and his brother Alexander were both slain, and his honours forfeited.

^{page 23 note c} Second son of Henry Howard, commonly called Earl of Surrey, and grandson of Thomas third Duke of Norfolk, created in 1604 Baron Howard of Marnhill and Earl of Northampton. He built Northumberland House at Charing Cross. Died unmarried 1614.

^{page 23 note a} See note A, p. 13.

^{page 24 note a} Third son of Edward first Duke of Somerset. He married Joan daughter of Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland.

^{page 24 note b} Henry Brook, eighth Baron; see note B, p. 8.

^{page 24 note c} Sir Thomas Howard, second son of Thomas Duke of Norfolk, created Lord Howard de Walden 1597, and Earl of Suffolk 1603. He married Catherine, one of the daughters and co-heirs of Sir Henry Knyvett, knt. of Charlton, co. Wilts, and relict of Richard son and heir of Robert Lord Rich. The Lady Beville mentioned in the text was Frances the other daughter and co-heir of Sir Henry Knyvett. She married, first, Sir William Bevile of Kilkhampton, co. Cornwall, knt.; who dying in 1600, she married, secondly, Francis Earl of Rutland, and had one daughter, who became the wife of the favourite Villieirs, Duke of Buckingham.

^{page 27 note a} Myler Migrah, Archbishop of Cashel. He was a Franciscan Friar, but, having conformed, was promoted to the see of Cashel in 1570. He was reduced to great distress in consequence of the rebellion, and was obliged to leave his see. It appears from the Acts of the Privy Council that about this time the Queen desired the Lord Keeper to present him to some benefice in England, which he might hold in commendam, and on his going into Ireland with the young Earl of Desmond, he, Patrick Crosbie, and John Poer were granted, respectively, 100 marks, 40l. and 30l. by way of reward and recompence for the services they had done and might do, and also for their better encouragement for any such further services as they might perform in connexion with the young Earl. (Privy Council Reg. vol. xvi. 386.)

^{page 28 note a} Patrick Crosbie was descended from the Crosbies of Great Crosbie in Lancashire. His father settled in Ireland in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and had two sons, Patrick the elder, and John the younger. Patrick did good service in Ireland, and obtained a grant of lands including the estates of O'Moore, in which he was succeeded by his son Pierce, who, it is said, was created a Baronet, but died 1646 s.p. He received a grant of 40l. for this service; see note A, p. 27.

^{page 31 note a} The only persona who were permitted to accompany the young Earl, besides his necessary servants, were James FitzEdmonds, son of John FitzEdmonds (FitzGerald of Clone) and one of the Poores, to whom he is said to be beholding.” (Captain Price's Instructions, Privy Council Register, vol. xvi. p. 386.)

^{page 32 note a} Sir Walter Raleigh.

^{page 32 note b} Dermot O'Connor. On the young Earl's arrival in Ireland he sent for Dermot. The latter immediately obeyed the summons of his brother-in-law, but on his journey he was attacked by two of the Burkes and killed.

^{page 33 note a} Sir John Fortescue, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1589–1603.

^{page 33 note b} Charles Howard, second Lord Howard of Effingham, K. G. 1575, created Earl of Nottingham 1596; died 1624.

^{page 33 note c} Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, created Earl of Dorset 1603; died suddenly in his place at the council table 19th April 1608.

^{page 33 note d} George Touchet, eighteenth Lord Audley, created Earl of Castlehaven in Ireland 1617; died the same year.

^{page 34 note a} Patrick FitzMaurice, Lord of Lixnaw. His son Thomas succeeded him. He married Honora, daughter of Connor third Earl of Thomond. It is said in the Four Masters that she fled from the plundering and insurrection of her husband, and came to her native territory under the protection of the President and the Earl of Thomond, and afterwards died at Dangan. (vj. 2183.) It is stated in Pacata Hibernia that this Lady Honora procured the murder of Maurice Flack, a very brave servant of the Lord President, and that her brother, the Earl of Thomond, upon hearing of it, was infinitely grieved, and that for it he held his sister in such detestation, that from that day forward to the day of her death, which occurred not many months afterwards, he never did see her and could not abide the memory of her name. (Book i. cap. xiij.)

^{page 35 note a} Sir Thomas Wilsford (the elder) of Heding, co. Kent. He had served with some distinction in Ireland. His eldest son, William, married Anne, daughter and heir of Sir Peter Carew, the younger, but died s.p. His second son, Thomas, was knighted at Whitehall 1607.

^{page 35 note b} John Crosbie, younger brother of Patrick Crosbie (see note ^a p. 28). Having entered holy orders, he became Prebendary of Dysert in the cathedral of Limerick, and was advanced to the Bishopric of Ardfert (Kerry), by patent dated 15 Dec. 1600. The royal visitors, in 1615, speak of him as “homo admodum civilis coram nobis.” The Queen's letter speaks of him as “a graduate in schools, of English race, and yet skilled in the Irish tongue, well disposed in religion.” He married a daughter of O'Lalor of Queen's County, and left issue two sons and four daughters: ob. 1621. His descendant was created Viscount Brandon and Earl of Glandore (1776; extinct 1815).

^{page 37 note a} See note ^a, p. 7.

^{page 37 note b} Thomas FitzMaurice, Lord of Lixnaw, see notes ^b, p. 18, and ^a p. 34. He was indicted for treason in 1601, but was pardoned in 1605, which pardon he pleaded in the King's Bench in Dublin, in Easter term 1616.

^{page 38 note a} O'Sullivan More was the chief of a sept dependant upon MacCartie More, by whom the chieftainry was conferred by the delivery of a white wand. Sir Warham St. Leger in a tract on the State of Ireland, sent to Burghley in 1588, on the occasion of the marriage of Florence MacCartie, called O'Sullivan More “Lord of a great country;” and, in proposing the extinction of various Irish customs, he says, “the gevinge of the rodd to be abolished, and all those meane lords to hould their lands of Her Highnes.” O'Sullivan More's country was in the county of Kerry, and lay on the north verge of the estuary of the river Kenmare. It contained 200 plough lands, and O'Sullivan was bound to provide 50 galloglasses on a rising out, and in the yearly spending the value of 201.

^{page 39 note b} Copy of a Letter from Sir robert Cecil to the Lord Barry.

[Lamb. MSS. 604, 240.]

MY LORD,

I haue ben sollycited by your l'res, and by your sonna (whoe is now in perfect healthe, I thank God,) in diverse sutes which you have propounded, with all which I haue acquaynted her Ma^tie. Whervppon I haue receaved this answere: that she hathe well accepted of your faythfull endevors in this tyme of so great and monstrous a defection in others, wherof her Presydent hath from tyme to tyme advertysed her, and when she shall see any frute of this extreame charge whervnto she hath ben put, she resolveth to make the difference knowen betwene the come and the chaffe. In the meane tyme her Ma^tie sayth that she hath ben pleased to gyue you the charge of a band, which, though it be not that whereof you are worthy, yet she is not so ill informed of the state of that contry but that she can well conceave that there is never a nobleman who is lord of a contry and hath followers to whom a hundred foote in her Majesties pay is not of greater vse then the best peneyon she hath ever given in Ireland. And, therefore, my Lord, for aunsweare to your demandes of land belonging to James McThomas, I pray you vnderstand this in the best sence. It is suche newes to her May^tie to hear that she hath any thing to give in that Provynce where she mayntayneth so great nvmbers, as she intendeth to suspend the satysface'on of any man in that poynt vntyll she may be informed what it is she parteth withall, a course which she prescrybeth to her selfe out of no indysposycon towardes your Lo. or many others of good quallytie and merytt that are suters, but only because she taketh it a lytle to soone to be moued before she knowe howe tytles depend, and what may be fytt for one and fytt for an other. For the captaynry of your Lordship'g contry; as other lords enioy any aucthority from the Queene her Majestie meaneth to deale with your Lordship as well as with any of your rancke, wherein I could haue wyshed you had moued the Presydent to haue recommended it, because I know not in what sorte to demand it. I pray you, therefore, acquaynt him with your desire in that poynt, that he may recommend the same particularly, as he dyd for the company and the land, and then shall your Lordship to them both receave a dyrect aunsweare.

Endorsed in the hand of Cecil's Secretary,

1600, 30 Sept.

Coppy of my Master's l're to ye Lord Barry.

^{page 40 note a} The Archbishop of Cashel; see note ^a, p. 37.

^{page 41 note a} Castlemaine was in the keeping of Thomas Oge FitzGerald of Kerry as Constable for the Sugane Earl: upon the summons of the young Earl it was surrendered to the Queen. This appears to have been the only service done by the young Earl in Ireland, and the merit of this is questioned by the author of Pacata Hibernia upon the ground that it was so closely invested by Sir Charles Wilmott that the Constable had no alternative but starvation.

^{page 41 note b} Edmond FitzGibbon. His father John FitzGibbon was attainted of treason in 1571, but Edmond was restored in blood. He married Ellen daughter of Tobin of the Comshenough, and had three sons and three daughters. Maurice died in his father's lifetime, and his only daughter and heir married Sir William Fenton, son of Sir Jeffrey Fenton. John died s. p.; and Thomas was living in 1616. This family is said have descended from an illegitimate son of an Earl of Desmond by the wife of one called Gibbon O'Gwyn, whereupon the name of FitzGibbon was assumed.

^{page 41 note c} Sir Theobald Butler, created Baron Cahir, co. Tipperary, 6th May 1583.

^{page 41 note d} Dermond MacCraghe, called the Pope's Bishop of Cork. He was a faithful adherent of the Sugane Earl.

^{page 42 note a} See note b, p. 4.

^{page 43 note a} The Sugane Earl, being reduced to great extremity, and constantly pressed upon by Sir Charles Wilmot (see note ^a, p. 41), was constrained to abandon Kerry, and make his way by Conniloe to the fastnesses of Arklow. Sir George Thornton, who commanded the garrison of Kilmallock, intercepted his progress, and Captain Richard Greame, who commanded the horse, charged several times with great gallantry. The rebels were completely broken and fled. “They betooke themselves to running, and our men to killing, and surely, had not our horse been overwearied with their long forrey before they came to fight, and our foot tyred and out of breath to come up, there had not one man escaped aliue.” (Pacata Hibernia, chap, xiv.) This disaster proved the complete overthrow of the Sugane Earl.

^{page 46 note a} 124 unquestionably represents James FitzThomas, and there can be little reason to doubt that the other four numbers refer to John FitzThomas his brother; Piers Lacy; Edmund FitzGerald, Knight of the Valley; and Thomas FitzMaurice Lord of Lixnaw. These five were excepted by name in the “open pardon of lands, goods, and life granted to all inhabitants, men, women, and children, within the Province of Munster,” in December 1600. The three who fied the country were John FitzThomas, who was reported to have gone into Ulster on 30th August, and FitzMaurice and Lacy, who were stated by Carew, in writing to the Council on 15 December, to be there. On 23rd September, Carew represented James FitzThomas to be “no better than a wood–kerne;” and in the letter to the Council, to which reference is above made, he says of the Sugane Earl that “he is never accompanied by above two persons,” and that the Knight of the Valley “leads but a poor life.” (See also note ^a, p. 10.)

^{page 47 note a} The pestilent and wealthy knave was Edmond FitzGibbon, the White Knight. (See also note ^b, p. 41.)

^{page 48 note a} See note ^c, p. 6.

^{page 49 note a} The career of John Annias was a very eventful one. We first find him as one of the instruments in a design to murder the Queen. Associated with him was one Patrick Cullen. Both men were apprehended and confessed all they knew about it. Cullen was hanged, but Annias offered to expiate his fault by doing her Majesty good service. He was for some time confined in the Tower, and eventually liberated. According to his own story, the price of his pardon was the poisoning of Florence MacCarthy. There is ample evidence that he was employed by Cecil as a spy, if not for darker purposes, of which there is no small ground for suspicion. Having spread the report that the English minister had engaged him to perform the base act above mentioned, he was apprehended by the Mayor of Cork (John Meade) in 1601, and committed to the castle of Dublin; but, notwithstanding Cecil's earnest entreaty, he was not executed until Nov. 1602. A very interesting account of this man may be seen in the Kilkenny and South East of Ireland Archaeological Journal, vol. i. new series, p. 402.

^{page 49 note b} Philip III. 1598-1621; died 1621.

^{page 50 note a} See p. 43 and note.

^{page 52 note a} Sir Oliver St. John, second son of Sir Nicholas St. John of Lydiard Tregoze, co. Wilts. He greatly distinguished himself in the wars in the Netherlands and in Ireland. He was made Master of the Ordnance 1605, and Lord Deputy of Ireland 1616. In 1622 he was created Viscount Grandison in the peerage of Ireland, and in 1626 Baron Tregoze in that of England. Died 1629 s. p.

^{page 53 note a} Phillip Maguire, ninth Lord of Fermanagh, had two sons, Thomas and Brian. Thomas succeeded as tenth lord, his son Thomas Oge as eleventh, and Thomas Oge's son, Connor More, as twelfth. Whether Connor More's son, Connor Oge, succeeded as thirteenth lord is not very clear, but the fourteenth lord was Philip, the son of Brian, the son of Philip the ninth lord. From Philip the lordship descended to Saltagh, or Hugh, the son of Sir Cogh Connogh by a daughter of Manus O'Donnel, Lord of Tirconnel. Saltagh was slain near Cork by Sir Warham St. Leger, when the lordship was claimed by his brother.Cogh Connogh Oge, and by Connor Roe the grandson of Connor More the twelfth lord. Tyrone embraced the cause of Connor Roe, and advanced him to be chief of the nation. Cogh Connogh Oge, thinking himself wronged, rose to arms, making what party he could to suppress his competitor, in which he was assisted by Cormack McBaron (O'Neill), whose daughter he had married. Connor Roe submitted himself to the Lord Deputy with great assurances of faithfulness, notwithstanding that his son was a pledge with Tyrone. He was therefore expelled from his country by Tyrone, who set up another Maguire. Young Maguire, having escaped from Tyrone, joined his father, and they both did good service at Moyrye. The father had his horse killed under him, and the son was seen to kill two or three men with his own hand. They took the son of Cormack McBaron prisoner, who was a young man greatly esteemed among his people, and one whom it was thought the Irish would choose O'Neill after Hugh the present Earl. It is said 2,000l. would have been given for his ransom. He was considered the best pledge upon Cormack, and the second best pledge upon Tyrone himself. The Lord Deputy Mountjoy, writing to Cecil 12th December, 1600, says, “The old man is the only honest Irishman I have seen since my coming hither, and, believe me, Sir, is the wisest man I have known of his nation. He came in without conditions.” He surrendered bis lands to the Queen for the purpose of receiving them again by letters patent under the Great Seal. (State Papers, Irish, Eliz.) Coconnogh appears, however, to have succeeded in establishing himself in the lordship. He fled with Tyrone in 1603, and died at Genoa on 12th August 1608. His son was restored to a tract of land called Tempodessel (now Tempo) where his posterity resided down to the present century. The last was Brian Maguire, an officer in the East India Company's service, the notorious dueller. He married Honoria Ann daughter of James Baker, esq– of Ballymoreen, co. Tipperary, and had several sons, some of whom are reduced to the condition of common sailors, although related to the Earl of Ormond, the Lord Talbot de Malahide, and some of the best blood in Ireland. (Four Masters.) In the genealogical portion of this note the pedigree in the Harl. MS. 1425 has been followed, which differs slightly from the Four Masters.

^{page 54 note a} Cormack MacBaron O'Neill, son of Mathew Baron of Dungannon, and brother of Hugh Earl of Tyrone. He lived near Monaghan.

^{page 55 note a} Sir Nicholas St.Lawrence, twenty–first Lord of Howth. His sister Mary married Sir Patrick Barnewell of Turvey, and his own first wife was Margaret daughter of Sir Christopher Barnewell of Turvey, probably the sister of his sister's husband. Sir Patrick Barnewell, the person mentioned in the text, was knighted on 28th February 1585, and Sir Nicholas St.Lawrence, then son and heir of the twentieth Lord Howth, received the same honour from Sir John Perrot on 2nd May 1588. He became Lord Howth the following year, and died 14th May 1606.

It appears that great complaints had reached the Queen and Council of a lack of justice, of loose government, and of the ill employment of the troops in Ireland. These representations were strongly confirmed by Lord Howth and Barnewell; who came over to England specially upon the subject on behalf of themselves and other inhabitants of the Pale. The Privy Council, in writing to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland on 17th July 1600, say these gentlemen “haue produced many bitter complaintes of the fowle extortions by your souldiere, they haue represented the mysery of theire owne estates, they haue plainlie made it appear that, if there were no rebellion in Ireland to spoile them, the injustice used, and the army being suffered to commytt these outrages, would alone consume them, for, amongst other thinges, they make it manifest that those forces w^eh ought to lyue vppon the frontire only, are lodged vpon them whome they ought to defend,” &c. The Lord Deputy and Council were strictly charged to abate these abuses. (Privy Council Register.)

^{page 56 note a} The first notice traced of Mr. Henry Pyne is in March 1600, when he wrote to Cecil respecting the good services he had rendered in persuading the Lord Barry and others to stand fast to the Queen, and he intimates his intention of repairing to England with the Lord Barry presently after the arrival of the Lord President. On 18th May Carew informed Cecil that the Lord Barry was about to send his son to him by the bearer, Mr. Pyne, and, in September of the same year, Carew commended Mr. Pyne for his good service. During his stay in London, in charge of young David Barry, he acted as Lord Barry's agent. His Lordship, writing to Cecil on 24th September 1600, “craues his resolution concerning some requests he had charged Mr. Pyne to solicit.” From the terms in which Cecil speaks of him here and in page 14 it is evident he was not a favourite.

^{page 56 note b} See note ^a, p. 27.

^{page 57 note a} Sir Arthur Gorges married Douglas only child and heir of Henry Howard, second Viscount Howard of Bindon, by whom he had an only daughter Ambrosia, whose death is mentioned in the text. She was a ward of the Queen. On 10th May 1600 there was a decision in the Court of Wards to that effect, and a proposal was made for her marriage to Sir Philip Herbert, younger brother of William third Earl of Pembroke (and afterwards Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery), who offered the Queen 5,000l. in money and jewels. Sir Arthur Gorges made great means to have the disposing of his daughter himself, and intended giving her to the son of the Lord Thomas Howard, Lord Howard of Walden (see note c, p. 24). This young lady's mother, and also her grandfather, died in 1590. The latter was succeeded by his brother Thomas Howard as third Viscount, between whom and Sir Arthur Gorges the agreement mentioned in the text was entered into. The latter died October 1625, on the 10th of which month he was buried at Chelsea.

^{page 57 note b} Sir Walter Raleigh, lately appointed Lord Warden of the Stanneries.

^{page 57 note c} No mention of the Seneschal's son's practice with the Archduke is traced among the Irish State Papers; but the Bishop of Meath, writing to Cecil on 25th November 1601, states that the Archduke shall invade England with 30,000 men. (State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 58 note a} Thomas tenth Earl of Ormonde and third Earl of Ossory, called the Black Earl. He was educated in the English Court, and was the first of his family who conformed to the Reformed Church.

^{page 59 note a} The young Earl in a letter to Cecil gives an account of his journey and reception in Ireland. He says: “Coming thither (Cork) some three or four hours before night, we could not get lodging in a long time, neither place to send my cook to provide supper for us, until I was fain (except I would go supperless to bed) to bid myself to the mayor's house, a lawyer, one Meagh (Meade), who, if he haue no better insight in Littleton than in other observances of this place, he may, for her Majesty's service, be well called Lacklaw, for it was much ado that we got anything for money, but that the most of my people lay without lodging, and Captain Price had the hogs for his neighbours.” (State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 61 note a} Sir Charles Wilmot was knighted by the Earl of Essex on 5th August 1599. Appointed Lord President of Connaught 1616, and created Baron Wilmot of Athlone by patent dated 4th January 1620, extinct 1681. It is presumed that the services which won for him the “great commendation” adverted to in the text was his invasion of Kerry. He attacked and seized the castle of Lixnaw, co. Kerry, the stronghold of the Lord Fitz–Maurice (see note ^b, p. 18.) So sudden and unexpected was the assault that, notwithstanding the castle was sapped and underset with props of timber with the intention that it should be set on fire and destroyed rather than that it should fall into the hands of the English, there was no time to carry out the design. He surprised also and took the castle of Rathowine, belonging to the Bishop of Kerry, but which was in the hands of the rebels. In each of these castles he placed garrisons. Having rendered other valuable services to the English cause, he was appointed Governor of Kerry.

^{page 61 note b} This passage has reference to a request of Carew's in a letter to Cecil dated 2nd November 1600, that Cecil would send him tobacco and Venice glasses, if he had any to spare. (State Paper Office, Irish Correspondence.) Venice glasses were a fine kind of drinking–glasses manufactured at Venice, at this date very fashionable. Carleton, writing from the Hague to Chamberlain, says: “Such things as I left when I came from Venice are safely arrived here this weeke past by way of Amsterdam. I am only unfortunate in my drincking–glasses, of which there is more than a third part broken in the carriage, and they were very faire.”

These costly vessels were frequently broken by the drunken revellers of the day in mere wantonness, as is shown in the following quotation from Webster's “Devil's Law Case,” where Julio (Act ii. So. 1) is being baited for his riotous living:—

Rom.—(He spends) a hundred ducats a month in breaking Venice glasses.

Ariosto.—He learned that of an English drunkard, and a knight too, as

I take it. (Notes and Queries, iv. 18.)

^{page 62 note a} Ireland at an early date was famous for her hawks and her hounds. In Edward the Third's reign we find his falconer sent over to Ireland to purchase six goshawks and six tarsels; and, so highly valued were they on the continent of Europe, that it became necessary to prohibit their exportation. In the time of Henry VIII. Irish hawks had become the choicest present which could be made out of Ireland. Archbishop Allen, to propitiate Cromwell, Lord Privy Seal to Henry VIII., sent him “a leash of gentil hawkes.” Irish dogs were just as much valued. Henry VIII. so far relaxed the ordinance against exportation as to grant to the Marquis Desaria and his son, and the longer liver of them, two goshawks and four greyhounds out of Ireland. This continued during the reign of Edward VI. and Mary; but, in the reign of Elizabeth, war breaking out with Spain, the privilege ceased. No more acceptable present could be made than Irish dogs and Irish hawks down to the time of Charles I. or later. In the journal of Sir William Russell, Lord Deputy, appears this entry under date “Sunday 3 August 1595. Mr. Pierce went with divers l'res into Englande, from my lorde and lady. Martin went with hawkes, a caste to Sir Robert Cecill, a caste to the Countesse of Warwick, a caste to the Lord Thomas Hayward, one goshawk to Palke Griuel, a caste of marlians to yonge Mr. Morrishes, and a goshawk to the Countesse of Essex, in all xij.” (Lamb. MSS. 612, fo. 28.)

^{page 62 note b} Roger second Baron North, summoned to Parliament from 30th September 1566 to 24th October 1597; ob. 1600. The appointment of Treasurer of the Household here referred to was conferred on Sir William Knollys in 1601.

^{page 63 note a} See note ^a, p. 6.

^{page 63 note b} See note ^b, p. 13.

^{page 65 note a} Probably the “mistris Anne Fitton,” one of the Queen's maids of honour, to whom William Kemp dedicated his “Nine Daies Wonder,” which was reprinted by the Camden Society in 1840. See the Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of the Camden Society, p. 11.

^{page 65 note b} William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke, K.G. married Mary eldest daughter of George Earl of Shrewsbury, and coheir to the baronies of Talbot, of Strange, of Badles mere, and Furnival. He died 1630 without surviving issue, and was succeeded by his brother Philip; see note ^a, p. 57.

^{page 67 note a} Charles Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham, K.G. 1575; created Earl of Nottingham 1597. Died 1624.

^{page 67 note b} George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, died 1605, s. p. m., and was succeeded by his brother.

^{page 67 note c} Lord Thomas Howard: see note, p. 24.

^{page 67 note d} Thomas Grey, sixteenth Lord Grey of Wilton, attainted 1604, when all his honours became forfeited. Died 1614.

^{page 67 note e} Thomas Cecil, second Lord Burghley, created Earl of Exeter 1605. Died 1622.

^{page 68 note a} See note^c, p. 33.

^{page 68 note b} The discovery recently made by Mr. Gardiner (History of England 1603—1616, Lond. 1863, 2 vols. 8vo.) shews that this accusation was probably not so groundless as Cecil's words would lead us to suppose. Mr. Gardiner has printed in Appendix III. to his valuable work certain letters written by Sir John Digby to the King in 1613-16, when Digby was ambassador in Spain, shewing most conclusively that, from the accession of James I. to the day of Cecil's death he was in the receipt of a pension from the King of Spain. This pension was at first 4,000 crowns per annum, but in 1604 it was augmented to 6,000 crowns per annum, besides ayitdas de eosta as they were called, or extraordinary gifts for particular services. If, therefore, we find Cecil in the receipt of these bribes during the period to which reference is made, it is not unreasonable, when it is known that the Court of Spain was particularly anxious in regard to the succession to the English Crown, to suppose that they might have commenced somewhat earlier.

^{page 68 note c} Sir John Davis was of Walthamstow, co, Essex, and was knighted by Essex in Ireland on 12th July 1599. He was also, doubtless through the Earl's influence, appointed Surveyor of the Ordnance in the Tower of London. He married Anne relict of William Rosewell of Ford Abbey, co. Devon, and received a grant of the wardship and marriage of Henry his son and heir. Davis possessed Ford Abbey at the time of his attainder in right of his wife. (Special Commissions in Attainder and Inquisitions, Devon and Middlesex.)

^{page 68 note d} Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Governor of Plymouth. He was the second son of Edward Gorges of Wraxhall, co. Somerset. He was deprived of his office of Governor of Plymouth, and Sir Nicholas Paiker was appointed in his place; but he was restored in 1603.

^{page 68 note e} Sir Charles Danvers waB son of Sir John Danvers, of Dauntsey, co. Wilts, by one of thedaughters and coheirs of John Neville, Lord Latimer, by the daughter of Henry Earl of Worcester. His grandmother was the Lord Mordaunt's daughter, and his greatsgrandmother of the family of the Courtenays. He requested that he might suffer death by decapitation (a privilege allowed to noblemen only) which, on account of their lineage, was granted to him and to Sir Christopher Blount. Sir Henry Danvers, his brother, was created Lord Danvers 1603, and Earl of Danby 1626, and elected K.G. 1633. Died 1643, s.p. when all his titles became extinct.

^{page 69 note a} Sir Christopher Blount of Drayton Basset, Co. Stafford, was descended from the family of. Blount Lord Mountjoy. He was a distinguished soldier, and was knighted by the Lord Willoughby in the Netherlands. He was Master of the Horse to the Earl of Leicester, and after the death of that nobleman he married his widow, Lettice Knollys, the Queen's cousin, who was the widow also of Walter Earl of Essex. He thus became stepfather of Robert the present Earl.

^{page 69 note b} Sir Thomas Egerton, knt. created Baron Ellesmere 1603, and Viscount Brackley 1616. Died 1616.

^{page 69 note c} See note^c, p. 33.

^{page 70 note a} Sir William Knollys, created Baron Knollys of Grays 1603, Viscount Wallingford 1616, Earl of Banbury 1626, K.G. Died 1632, s. p. 1.

^{page 70 note b} “A Conference about the next Succession to the Crowne of Inglande, divided into two partes. Whereunto is also added a new arbor, or genealogie of the descents of all the Kinges and Princes of Ingland from the Conquest unto this day, whereby each man's pretence is made more plaine. By R.D. Imprinted at N. [Douay?] 1594.” This book gave great offence to the Queen, and was rigorously suppressed. It was made treason to be in possession of a copy. See its history in Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, tinder Robert Parsons.

^{page 70 note c} In consequence of the failure of heirs of King Henry VIII. there were several persons who had pretensions to be the successor of Elizabeth, deriving their titles from her grandfather, King Henry VII. There were others whose claims rested upon a more remote origin. Among these the only one whose name was brought prominently forward was the Infanta of Spain. Her title, such as it was, rested, first:—upon her descent from Constance the eldest daughter of William the Conqueror, who married Alain Pergant, Duke of Britany. The three elder sons of William having left no issue, it was assumed that Henry I. had forfeited his right on account of the violence used toward his elder brother Robert, and it was contended that his sister should have entered upon the sovereignty.Secondly:—upon her descent from Ellen eldest daughter of King Henry II. who married Alphonso King of Castile, whose eldest daughter and heir, Blanche, married Louis VIII. King of France, of whom the Infanta was heir-general. It was contended that King John had forfeited his title by the murder of his nephew Prince Arthur, and, having no child then born to him, his right devolved upon the issue of his sister. The fact that Louis VIII. of France had in 1217 been elected by the Barons to the crown of England, and had received their fealty and homage, was also brought forward as strengthening the Infanta's claim. Thirdly:—it was argued that she was descended from Henry III., whose daughter Beatrix was sister of Edward and Edmond, the founders of the rival houses of York and Lancaster, both which families, it was urged, had been oftentimes attainted and excluded by Act of Parliament. Beatrix married John Duke of Britany, and by him was mother of Arthur II. and so lineally were descended from her the princes of that house until their union with the crown of France; and hence the Infanta, as the eldest daughter and heir of Henry II. of France, was the heir of the house of Britany, and heir general of France. Religious reasons were, however, the strongest motives with those who were disposed to look favourably on her claims.

^{page 71 note a} John Littleton of Frankley, co. Worcester. He was a person of good estate. His ancestor married the heiress of Frankley temp. Hen. III. He was found guilty and attainted, but died immediately afterwards in the Queen's Bench prison. See Chamberlain's Letters temp. Eliz. (Camden Society 1861), pp. 106, 115. On the accession of King James his attainder was removed, and the forfeited lands restored to hia son, Sir Thomas Littleton, who represented the county of Worcester in several parliaments. In 1618 he received the honour of knighthood, and was greatly distinguished by his loyalty during the Civil Wars.

^{page 71 note b} Roger Manners, fifth Earl; died 1612.

^{page 72 note a} Sir Geffrey Fen ton, writing from Ireland in February 1601, states that he has been certified of the execution of Captain Thomas Lea, for a monstrous treason pretended upon her Majesty's person. Lea had lands at Reban, of which, upon his death, Sir Richard Wingfield, Marshal of the Army, was appointed custodian, and in which he afterwards endeavoured to obtain a further interest to the prejudice of Lea's widow. (Irish Corr.) Captain Lea was a kinsman of Sir Henry Lea, K.G.

^{page 73 note a} Sir Henry Neville, son and heir of Edward Lord Abergavenny. He married Mary, second daughter of Lord Buckhurst. Succeeded his father as second Lord Abergavenny 1622; died 1641.

^{page 73 note b} Sir Robert Cross was a naval captain, who was knighted by Essex in the expedition to Cadiz in 1596.

^{page 73 note c} Sir Gilly Merrick was knighted by Essex in Ireland in 1599, and was steward of his household. He is described as “of London,” but had no goods or chattels except one bed which was removed from Essex House for his use in the Tower. (Special Commissions and Inquisitions in Attainder, London.) See further of him in the Archæologia, vol. xxxii. pp. 172–184.

^{page 73 note d} Henry Cuff was the youngest son of Robert Cuff of Donyett, co. Somerset, brother of John Cuff, ancestor of Lord Tyrawley. Henry Cuff was a man of great learning and ability. He was for some years Secretary to Essex, with whom he had much influence, and was one of that unfortunate nobleman's principal inciters in this insane act.

^{page 74 note a} William Sandys, third Lord Sandys, summoned to parliament 1572; died 1629 s.p.

^{page 74 note b} Edward third Lord Cromwell, son of Henry second Lord by Mary, eldest daughter of John Poulett, Marquis of Winchester. He was summoned to parliament 1593. He lived in close intimacy with Essex, and accompanied him in all his expeditions. He was imprisoned for a short time only.

^{page 74 note c} William Parker, son and heir apparent of Edward Parker, eleventh Baron Morley, by Elizabeth, only daughter and heir of William Stanley, third Lord Monteagle. He was styled Lord Monteagle in right of his mother, but was not summoned to parliament as such until 1605. On the death of his father in 1618 he succeeded to the barony of Morley.

^{page 74 note d} Sir Henry Neville, ancestor of the Nevilles of Billingbear, co. Berks. He was a man of great ability, and had recently returned from an embassy to France. He married Anne, daughter of Sir Henry Killegrew, co. Cornwall, by Katherine, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, whose other daughter Mildred became the wife of William Lord Burghley, and mother of Sir Robert Cecil. Thus Lady Neville was Cecil's cousin gennain. Sir Henry Neville was sentenced to pay a heavy fine, which was mitigated to 5,000l. and he was some time imprisoned in the Tower.

^{page 75 note a} John Erskine, sixth Earl, died 1634.

^{page 75 note b} Edward Bruce of Kinloss, appointed a Lord of Session in 1597. Chamberlain, writing to Carleton, speaks of him as one “whom they call Lord or Abbot of Kinloss.” On his return he was created a peer of Scotland, as Baron Bruce of Kinloss, February 1602. Having accompanied King James to England, he was sworn of the privy council, and made Master of the Rolls for life. Died 14 Jan. 1611. He was ancestor of the Earl of Elgin.

^{page 75 note c} Sir William Eure was brother of Ralph third Lord Eure.

^{page 77 note a} Geoffry Galway, Mayor of Limerick, about Dec. 1600 had imprisoned a soldier for petty larceny, and, notwithstanding repeated orders from the President, who was then ready to march against the rebels, refused to liberate or try him. The President removed the mayor from his office, and made him pay a fine of 400l. which was expended in the repair of the castle of Limerick. (Cox, i. 434.)

^{page 78 note a} Sir Charles Manners was the only son of Sir Thomas Manners, fourth son of Thomas Earl of Rutland, by Theodosia, daughter of Sir John Newton, of Barrs Court. Sir Charles was knighted by Essex in Ireland, 5th August, 1599.

^{page 78 note b} Captain Francis Wenman was younger brother of Richard Viscount Wenman. He married Frances, daughter of William Goodere of Polesworth, co. Warwick, who, on the day of the date of this letter, married Sir Charles Manners.

^{page 78 note c} Lady Cecil was Elizabeth, daughter of William Brooke, Lord Cobbam, by Frances, another daughter of Sir John Newton: consequently she was cousin-german to Sir Charles Manners, She died 1591. The relationship between Carew and the Brookes is not traced.

^{page 79 note a} The object of this was to secure his lands. If he had died before his arraignment his lands could have been forfeited by an Act of Parliament only, and his brother John would naturally have succeeded to the title of Earl of Desmond, and to the potent influence which that title possessed.

^{page 80 note a} We have seen (note ^a, p. 34) that John FitzThomas, the Lord of Lixnaw, and Piers Lacy, had taken refuge in Ulster. The Sugane Earl begged for his life, urging that O'Neill would send up, together with these gentlemen, a very strong force, and that when these had obtained a footing in Munster the most part of the country would join with them; that, to prevent this, the saving of his life would be more beneficial for her Majesty than his death, and he promised to reclaim his brother, the Lord of Lixnaw, and Piers Lacy, if her Majesty would be gracious unto them, or else he would prosecute them to the utmost of his power. He urged, moreover, that by the saving of his life her Majesty would win the hearts of the people of Munster in general, and that he would continue his own service and alliance in dutiful sort all the days of his life. He also represented that there were three others of his sept and race alive,—the one in England, his uncle Garrett's son (the young Earl), his brother John in Ulster, and his cousin Maurice FitzJohn in Spain, either of whom might be brought into credit and restored to the house. (Pacata Hibernia.) Carew, writing to Cecil on the 18th June 1601, says, “James M'Thomas, the pretended Earl of Desmond, to redeem his own life, promises by his brother John, and Piers Lacy, to get for the writer, Tyrone either alive or dead.” He is promised for 100l.to get Bishop Cragh, and also the Knight of the Valley. (State Paper Office, Irish Corr.) The Queen's anger with this arch–traitor, as he was called, was doubtless exceedingly great, but policy prevailed. He was not brought to execution, but died a prisoner in the Tower.

^{page 80 note b} John Wood, who held the office of Victualler in Ireland, and who, being on a visit to England, was about to return.

^{page 80 note c} This was the White Knight's reward for the betrayal of the “Stagane Earl.”

^{page 81 note a} Richard Burke succeeded as fourth Earl on the death of his father, 20th May 1601. He was knighted in 1584, and made governor of Connaught by the Earl of Essex in 1599, which was afterwards confirmed. For his faithful services to the Crown he was, in 1624, created Baron of Somerhill (a manor of his in Kent) and Viscount Tunbridge, in the English peerage. To these titles were afterwards added (1628) those of Baron of Imany, Viseount Galway, and Earl of St. Alban's. He married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Sir Francis Walsingham, and widow successively of Sir Philip Sidney, and Robert Earl of Essex, and died 1635, aged 70.

^{page 81 note b} Redmond Burke, son of Joan, son of Richard second Earl of Clanriokard, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Donough O'Brien, second Earl of Thomond, which John was created Baron of Leitrim. On the death of his father, Redmond was by the Irish styled Baron of Leitrim; but his uncle, Ulicke third Earl of Clanrickard, said he was a bastard, and he claimed, and his son eventually obtained, the Barony of Leitrim. Redmond was a famous Captain among the rebels in Ulster, and was much esteemed by them for his wit and valour. It appears from the text, that at this date there was a prospect of his submission to the Qneen, and that one of the chief obstacles to his being received was the fear of offending the Lord Dunkellyn—as Richard Burke, who had just succeeded to the Earldom of Clanrickard (see note ^a,) is here called. Redmond, in 1602, fled to Spain, where he was living a fugitive in 1617.

^{page 82 note a} Jacques de Francesehi, who was said to be the main contriver of the design for poisoning the Queen which brought Annias and Cullen first into trouble. (See note ^a, p. 49.) He had been an officer in the army in Ireland. What Captain Bostock and he were suspected of at this time is not apparent. Carew carried out Cecil's instructions. Writing to the latter on 12th September, he says: “Touching Captain Bostocke, I have done all that I may to discover the papers you wrote of, and have searched his coffers, but can find nothing. The pretext I made was for certain Commissions granted unto him and others about the title of O'Mahon's lands, whereof he had a portion, which for her Majesty's special service were required.”—And the Lord Deputy and Council, writing to the Privy Council, on 7th Nov. say: “I the President do acknowledge the receipt of such intelligence concerning Captain Bostock as it pleaseth your Lordships to remember, and since that time have kept very good spial upon him, yet cannot find any thing that gives me cause to suspect him, and therefore we all think it fitter, seeing his company is returned hither among other, to make use of his service here (Camp before Kinsale), for which we find him very fit, until there may be some apt occasion to dispose of him elsewhere without giving him discontent, unless we had more particular and certain ground to charge him with, which we must receive from thence (England), yet in the mean time he shall be so narrowly looked unto as if he have the will (which we doubt not) he shall not have means to hurt much.” (State Papers, Irish Corr.)

^{page 84 note a} Carew, writing to the Privy Council on 1st May 1601, takes notice of their Instructions dated 17th Dec. 1600, that Allen Apsley is nominated Deputy to the Victualler, John Woodes. He seems to have made some complaint of the proceedings of his principal. Apsley was knighted, and in 1612, was granted, in conjunction with Sir Marmaduke Darrell, the office of Surveyor General of Victuals for the King's Navy and Marine Forces, and in 1617 he was granted, upon a composition with Sir George More, the appointment of Lieutenant of the Tower. He was thrice married, firstly to a daughter of Hawkes, co. Stafford; secondly, to Anne, daughter and coheir of Sir Peter Carew the younger, and widow of William Wilsford (see note ^a, p. 35), by whom he had a son Peter, who became also the heir of Sir George Carew, to whom these letters were addressed (Will Prerog. Court, Ridley 36); and thirdly to Lucy, youngest daughter of Sir John St. John, of Liddiard Tregoze.

^{page 85 note a} This and some other passages in these letters are very difficult of explanation. They will probably be understood by those who are more intimately acquainted with the secret workings of Elizabeth's court, during the last ten years of her reign, than is the Editor. Even during the life of Lord Burghley, much jealousy was manifested of the ability and rising fortunes of the Earl of Essex. The Queen used him as a sort of Foreign Secretary; all foreign intelligence was in his hands. A faction was formed against him by the Cecils, supported by the Howards, Cobham, Ralegh, Carew, and others, and every opportunity was seized to disparage him with the Queen. Essex had also his adherents, among the more conspicuous of whom were Rutland, Southampton, Mountjoy, Cromwell, and Sandys. Upon the death of Lord Burghley, when the principal Secretaryship became vacant, Essex used his influence to obtain the appointment of Sir Thomas Bodley to the office, but on his return from the expedition to Cadiz he was greatly mortified to find that Sir Robert Cecil, who had long been intriguing for it, had received the appointment. This was followed by other promotions in the same faction, which caused Essex great discontent, more particularly that of Lord Charles Howard to be Earl of Nottingham and Lord High Admiral, which gave him precedence of the Earl. Essex, open, rash, and impetuous, was no match for this combination, and soon fatally fell into their toils.

Essex had warmly supported the claims of James of Scotland to the succession, and was known to stand very high in the favour of that monarch. This was another cause of jealousy to Cecil, and no sooner was the unfortunate Earl removed from his path, than he himself, who was understood to have been previously in favour of the Infanta's claims, opened secret negociations with the Scotish King. This caused a division in the camp, or “the pack broke,” as Meg Ratlyff prophesied (see page 96); Cobham and Ralegh were in favour of the Lady Arabella, whilst Northumberland was believed still to adhere to the Spanish interest. They were, however, none of them, a match for the “Old Fox,” as Cecil is styled by Bacon. The Editor doubts not that the defection of Cobham and Ralegh is here alluded to.

^{page 86 note a} Gilbert Talbot, seventh Earl, K. G., died 1616.

^{page 86 note b} Edward Somerset, fourth Earl of his name, K. G., died 1628.

^{page 86 note c} Sir John Stanhope of Harrington, co. Northampton, second son of Sir Michael Stanhope. Created Lord Stanhope of Harrington 1603, which dignity expired with his son 1675.

^{page 86 note d} Edward Zouche, twelfth Baron Zouche of Haryngworth, died 1625, when the Barony fell into abeyance, which was terminated in 1815 in favour of Sir Cecil Bisshopp.

^{page 86 note e} Sir Walter Ralegh. He was never admitted to the Council.

^{page 87 note a} See note ^a, p. 85.

^{page 87 note b} Dermot M'Owen M'Carthy, called also M'Donough. He seems to have been a straightforward and honourable man. Upon his first coming in upon protection, he protested and swore he would remain a good subject; “but,” said the President, “what if the Spaniards invade Ireland? What would you do then?” “Your Lordship puts me,” he said, “a hard question; for if that should happen, let not then your Lordship trust me, nor the Lords Barry and Roche, nor any other you best conceit of, for if you do, you will be deceived.” (Pacata Hibernia), and so it fell out in many instances.

^{page 87 note c} Cormaek MacCarthy, son of Dermot Lord of Muskerry, by Helen Fitzgerald, dau. of Maurice A totan, brother of James fifteenth Earl of Desmond; died 1616. He was never personally in actual rebellion, but doubtless dissembled with both parties. Teig M'Cormack, son of Sir Cormaek M'Teig M'Carthy, being himself in trouble, accused Cormaek M'Dermot of treasonable practices. He was seized by subtilty and committed a close prisoner, being heavily ironed and closely watched. Nevertheless he effected his escape, but soon again made his submission.

^{page 87 note d} Dermot Moil M'Carthy. He married Helena, daughter of Donough of Glanflish, and was slain at Dunboy.

^{page 88 note b} Sir Francis Vere, third son of John fifteenth Earl of Oxford.

^{page 89 note a} See note ^a, p. 85.

^{page 90 note a} There seem to be two or three dark allusions in this passage. That to his “vnworthy frends” refers to the accusation of Essex (in his confession) that Mountjoy was privy to his designs and was prepared to assist him. It is evident from the admission of Fynes Morison, Mountjoy's Secretary, that he was very uneasy at his position, and contemplated flying to the continent. There can be no doubt that the whole of Essex's design, so far as he had any settled purpose, was known to the government from the beginning; but whether or not too many eminent persons were implicated in it to be dealt with severely, or whether Mountjoy's services in Ireland were too valuable to be dispensed with, it is evident the Queen considered it prudent to dissemble her knowledge of his share in the transaction. Cecil, however, did not fail to turn it to account.

The allusion to his “domestic fortune,” refers to his disgraceful connection with Lady Rich; and the third, as to the instrumentality of Carew in promoting unity between Mountjoy and Cecil, refers to the factional differences already spoken of. (see note ^a, p. 85).

^{page 92 note a} The letter to the Pope here alluded to was dated 30th March, 1600, and is printed in Pacata Hibernia, bearing the signatures of Tyrone, James FitzThomas, Florence M'Carthy, and Dermot M'Carthy.

^{page 92 note b} When Thomas Oge Fitzgerald was about to deliver up Castlemain to the young Earl of Desmond (see note ^a, p. 41), the leaders of the rebels were, of course, very angry, and it was alleged that Florence M'Carthy sent the daughter of Edmund Fitz–Gibbon, and wife of Dermot M'Carthy, called MacDonough, to Thomas Oge, urging him, with forcible persuasions, not to take that step, and promising that he would undertake at his own charge and peril to see him furnished with victuals, &e. (Pacata Hibernia.)

^{page 94 note a} There were two officers of the name of Greame serving in Ireland. Captain Richard Greame, who was probably knighted for his successful services against the Sugane Earl (see note ^a, p. 43), for we find him afterwards spoken of as Sir Richard Greame; and Captain George Greame, who is very favourably mentioned in a despatch from Sir Geffrey Fenton to Cecil, dated 29th April, 1601. (State Paper Office, Irish Corr.)

^{page 94 note b} Captain Fleming has been already alluded to (see note ^b, p. 20). He was licensed to go into England, 28th June (1602?), when it was said he had done good service in keeping the Mallies and Flaherties from infesting the coasts.

^{page 94 note c} Morice Hurley, whose loyal courses are commended by Carew to Cecil under date of 22nd March 1600–1.

^{page 94 note d} Patrick Crosbie was frequently the bearer of despatches between Carew and Cecil. He was recommended as the bearer of despatches from Carew on 2nd May 1601, and as one who had served faithfully nearly twenty years.

^{page 94 note e} See note ^a, p. 80.

^{page 95 note a} Charles de Gontault de Biron, Duke, Peer, and Marshal of France, Knight of the Orders of the King, Governor of Burgundy, &c. was the son of Armand de Gontault, Seigneur and Baron de Biron, Marshal of France, killed by a cannon shot 1592.

^{page 95 note b} Charles of Valois, Count of Auvergne, natural son of Charles IX. by Mary Touchet, uterine brother of Henrietta d'Entragues, Marquise de Vernueil (see note ^f, p. 22).

^{page 95 note c} John d'Aumont, Count de Chateau Raoul, Baron d'Estrabone de Chappes, Marshal of France, born 1522, died 1595. He had three sons living at this time, Antoine, Jacques, ancestor of the Dukes d'Aumont, and Francois. It was, probably the second who is alluded to in the text.

They landed at the Tower Wharf on the day of the date of this letter. The Marshal took hia lodging at Crosby Place.

^{page 95 note d} A house belonging to William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, in co. Hants. For an account of the reception of the Embassy by the Queen, see Nichols's Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. iii. p. 566.

^{page 95 note e} Sir Humphry Forster did not long survive the Queen's visit. He died 27th February, 1601–2, leaving his eldest son, William, his heir, then aged 25 years (Inq. p. m.), whose only son, Humphry, was created a Baronet, 20th May 1620, which title became extinet in his grandson, 1711.

^{page 97 note a} Sir Edward Wingfield was the cousin of Sir Richard Wingfield, Marshal of the army in Ireland and gome time Lord Deputy, who was created Viscount Powerscourt, and who dying in 1634, s. p. the title became extinet, but Sir Edward succeeded to his estates. Like his cousin, Sir Edward was an eminent soldier in the Irish wars.

^{page 97 note b} Sir Henry Danvers, son of Sir John Danvers of Dauntsey, co. Wilts, by Elizabeth, sister and coheir of John Neville, Lord Latimer. He was created Baron Danvers of Dauntsey, 1603, and Earl of Danhy, 1626, and dying 1643, s. p. his titles became extinet. His sister and coheir married Sir Edward Osborne, father of the first Duke of Leeds.

^{page 99 note a} Sir Richard Percy had done good service in Ireland, and was knighted by the Lords Justices 1599. In 1600 he was Captain and Governor of Kinsale, in which appointment he was confirmed by letters patent, dated 29th May, 1605. He was tho brother of the Earl of Northumberland to whom allusion is here made.

^{page 99 note b} See the Correspondence of James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil, printed for the Camden Society 1861, for the part taken therein by the Earl of Northumberland.

^{page 101 note a} See note ^a, p. 97.

^{page 107 note a} We have seen that most of the principal gentlemen of Munster had from time to time made their submissions, and, although on the arrival of the Spaniards they did not at once again revolt, they continued not long faithful. Tyrone and O'Donnel made their appearance from the North with a large force, when they were immediately joined by the Lord of Lixnaw, John FitzThomas, the Knight of the Valley, Dermot Moyle M'Carthy, brother to Florence, O'Sulivan Beare, and many others. The latter gave up his Castle of Dunboy to the Spanish reinforcement—which was, after a terrible resistance, taken by Carew by storm.

^{page 107 note b} Dunboy Castle at Bearhaven.

^{page 108 note a} Probably these numbers refer to the Howards.

^{page 109 note a} Don John del Aquila, the Commander of the Spanish succours.

^{page 109 note b} Donnell Cavanagh, son of Donagh son of Cahir. He was called “Spaignagh,” from having resided four years in Spain. He made his submission in the autumn of 1600.

^{page 110 note a} Niall Garve O'Donnell, son of Con, son of Calvagh, was the representative of the elder branch of the O'Donnells, but the chieftaincy had been usurped by Hugh Roe, (see note a, p. 19) whose sister, Nuala, Niall Garve had married. This injury made him very discontented, and overtures were made to him, that if he would submit himself to the English Government, he should receive the whole country of Tireonnell. In 1600 he came in to Sir Henry Docwra, and on many occasions behaved with very great bravery against the Irish. Having assumed, however, as an Irish chieftain, a greater degree of power and authority than was acceptable to the English authorities, an opportunity was sought for setting him aside. Upon the death of Hugh Roe in Spain, he proceeded to inaugurate himself O'Donnell. This caused the English great annoyance, and the Lord Deputy brought forward Rory O'Donnell, the brother of Hugh, who was created Earl of Tireonnell, and given all the country except what Niall had held under Hugh Roe. Sir Henry Docwra, although an instrument in these proceedings, felt that Niall Garve had been very unjustly used. In 1608 he was arrested upon a charge of being implicated in O'Doherty's conspiracy, and he died in the Tower of London, after 17 years' confinement, in 1626.

^{page 111 note a} Sir Amias Preston, Viee-Admiral of the Queen's fleet, 1601. He was granted the Office of Storekeeper of the Ordnance in the Tower, 7 May, 1603, the reversion of which appointment was granted to Sir Roger Ayseough, 18 May, 1604.

^{page 111 note b} Sir Edward More of Odiam, co. Hants. He married to his second wife Frances, daughter of William Brooke, Lord Cobham, widow of John Lord Stourton, and sister of Lady Cecil, who is here alluded to as having held Carew so dear. The relationship between the Brookes and Carew we have not been able to discover (see notec, p. 78). Sir Edward More'a first wife was Mary, eldest daughter and coheir of Sir Adrian Poynings (brother of Thomas last Lord Poynings) by Mary, daughter and sole heir of Sir Owen West, next brother and heir male of Thomas last Lord de la Warr. By her he had several sons, all of whom appear to have pre-deceased him, for in his Will, dated 24th April, and proved 19th May, 1623, (Prerog. Court, 53 Swan) he mentions as his heir apparent Edward, son of his youngest son William deceased. He describes this Edward as being, very young, and, in conformity with a promise of the King, he gives the wardship of the body of his said grandchild, and of liia lands and marriage, to his Executors, Sir Thomas Drew, who had married his daughter, and Sir William Pitt. To his daughter-in-law (blank) More, late wife of his deceased son William, for her maintenance he gives an annuity of £30, upon condition, nevertheless, “ that neither she nor anye other for her doe endevor or attempt to get the Wardship of the bodie and landes of my grandchild Edward More her sonne, nor doe interrupte my Executors in theire obteyning the same.” From this it is concluded that William More was the young gentleman whose marriage is mentioned in the text, and that his wife, whose Christian name was not known to her father-in-law more than 20 years after her marriage, was the daughter of Arthur Mills. In the codicil to his Will, Sir Edward More makes one or two bequests which seem worthy of notice. To his daughter Lady Stourton he gave his late “ wife's cabinet, and all her bookes, and her Pawle coller velvet gowne, and a crimson velvet petticoat, both laced with gould, and a doublet of cloth of gould to it.” To his son Drew he gave his “ coach and four coach mares, with theire furniture;” and to Drew's eldest son his “ guilt bason and ewer, which was his first wife's, with the Poyninges armes on the bushell of the bason.”

^{page 112 note a} To Arthur Mills, Groom of the Privy Chamber, in 1611, was granted the benefit of the recusancy of Lady Isabel Thorold, widow, co. Lane; Merill Wickliff of Wickliff, co. York; Anthony Roper of Eltham, co. Kent; Cardwell Bradbury of Pickenham, co. Norfolk, and Mary Gerund, of St. Clement Danes, co. Middlesex. (State Papers, Dom. Corr.)

^{page 113 note b} Sir Richard Leveson of Trentham, co. Stafford, Admiral of the Queen's fleet in Ireland. He married Margaret, daughter of Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral.

^{page 113 note b} Lieutenant Thomas Wysoham, who was charged with having said that he had heard from twenty men's mouths, that the Queen had committed fornication with the Earl of Essex. He died in prison in September of this year. (State Paper Office, Irish Corr.)

^{page 114 note a} Carew writing to Cecil on the 14th January 1601–2 says: “ When the inhabitants of Kinsale quitted the town, they brought to the Lord Deputy their Charter, seal, standard, and mace, to manifest their duty to Her Majesty, and to have them safely kept”—Carew thought it expedient to make them pay a fine on the restitution of them, the fine to be applied towards raising a fortification there. Writing again on the 9th of September following he says: “ It seems unto me that the Q, the 11s, and your Honour is (sic) mistaken in the one thing, wherein Her Ma^tie giveth allowance to the L. Dep. to bestow the fine of Kinsale upon the fortifications. I humbly beseech you to peruse my letters sent unto you about that matter, and you shall find that I did but make a project, that I thought it meet for the Q's charge (when the townsmen should be suitors for the restitution of their liberties) that some fine might be imposed upon them, but never did I say that any fine was imposed. What my L. Dep, hath written I know not.” (State Papers, Irish Corr.)

^{page 115 note a} At this time Carew was engaged in the attack upon Dunboy Castle, which, after the most obstinate resistance, perhaps, known in modern times, surrendered to the English arms.

^{page 116 note a} Cobham and Ralegh.

^{page 116 note b} Thomas Howard, Lord Howard de Walden, mnrriod Catherine, one of the daughters and coheirs of Sir Henry Knyvptt; sec note^c p. 24.

^{page 117 note a} The Queen's letter is printed in Pacata Hibernia.

^{page 118 note a} La Fin was a gentleman of Burgundy, who had carried on the negotiations at Turin and Milan between Biron and the Duke of Savoy, and Fuentes. Having ruined his fortune and offended the King, Biron no longer placed the same confidence in him as formerly, and, being himself under the suspicion of the King, to secure his own safety he treacherously betrayed his principal, by revealing every circumstance connected with the conspiracy.

^{page 118 note b} The Cecil party.

^{page 119 note a} Stowe, speaking of Russell or Bedford House, says: “ It stretcheth from the hospital of Savoy west to Ivy Bridge, where Sir Robert Cecill, principal Secretary to her Majesty, hath lately raised a large and stately house of brick and timber, as also levelled and paved the highway near adjoining, to the great beautifying of that, and comodity of passage.

“ Ivie bridge, in the high street, which had a way under it leading down to the Thames, the like as sometime had the Strand bridge, is now taken down, but the land remaineth as afore, or better, and parteth the liberty of the duchy and the city of Westminster on that south side.” (Stowe's Survay.) The lane still remains at the back of Cecil Street in the Strand.

^{page 120 note a} Sir Charles Wilmot.

^{page 122 note a} See note^a, p. 113.

^{page 123 note a} Sir George Thornton was of long service in Ireland as a Naval Captain. We find him in readiness to set out as early as 1567, and frequent notices of him are found in the State Papers from that time down to the date of these letters. In June 1602 he proceeded to England, bearing a letter from Carew to Cecil in his favour, and mentioning that he had served thirty years in Ireland. On the 11th of August Carew represented to Cecil that the return of the Earl of Thomond and Sir George Thornton was much needed. Thornton arrived at Cork with eight ships, one having been forced by very foul weather into Waterford, on the 11th of October. (State Paper Office, Irish Corr.) He was Provost Marshal of Munster, and married a daughter of John Lacie of the co. Limerick, in which county he appears to have had a grant of lands. (Lamb. MS. 228, 73.)

^{page 124 note b} Sir George Carew was Lieutenant of the Ordnance in the Tower. He continued to hold that appointment until June 1608, when he was made Master, and the Office of Lieutenant was granted to Sir Roger Dalison.

^{page 125 note a} Sir Anthony Cooke of Romford, son of Richard, son and heir of the learned Sir Anthony Cooke of Giddys Hall, co. Essex. He was knighted by the Earl of Essex in 1596.Sir Thomas Norris on the 26th of March, 1599, reports Ms arrival in Ireland with a body of horse. He appears to have rendered valuable services. On the 30th August, 1600, Carew writes to Cecil in his behalf, as Cecil's “ near and dear kinsman (see note^d, p. 74), who has been a daily labourer in this hard service without intermission.” When James FitzThomas and Florence M'Carthy were sent to England in August 1601, Sir Anthony Cooke was entrusted with the charge of the distinguished prisoners. He returned again to Ireland at Carew's request in November of the same year, but he was the bearer of letters to the Privy Council and Cecil, dated 11 Aug. 1602, in which Carew states that “ he is grievously tormented with the most intolerable pains a man can endure.” This it is imagined is the letter of commendation alluded to in the text, and it shews that the date assigned to this letter, 9th of August, is somewhat too early, it being prior to Cooke's leaving Ireland. It being indorsed in Cecil's own hand, however, the Editor has not altered it. Sir Anthony Cooke, like his father and grandfather, was High Steward of the Liberty of Havering, co. Essex. He married Avice, daughter of Sir William Waldegrave of Smalbridge, and was buried at Romford, 28th December, 1604.

^{page 127 note a} In this letter Florence M'Carthy represents that the Spaniards will make another descent upon Ireland, and that, although the King of Spain knows that the people of Munster will hold by him, which is a great encouragement to him, he believes the Spaniards will not now land first in Munster. He points out the advantages they would have secured on the late invasion had they landed in Galway, and says he remembers a thing which he is sure will be a great encouragement for them to come, whereof he knows they have intelligence, and in which he is sure he may cause a great important piece of service to be done for her Majesty, if it may be accepted at his hands; and that if Cecil will be a mean for him to the Queen's favour, acquainting her with his offer of services, in which he solemnly pledges himself to deal faithfully, not only by revealing any thing which may be prejudicial to the Queen's service, but also, if he be granted that liberty in England which will put his friends in hope of future favour, and encourage them to do for him, he will endeavour (if there be occasion and opportunity for it) to cause the greatest piece of service that may be done in Munster to be performed, for which he reminds Cecil he has better means and knowledge how to compass it than any other, having studied it longer by reason of a private quarrel, and he assures him that for the quieting of the troubles of Munster no man living can do more good there, in person, than he can do in England, the strength there that keeps and maintains them being his country and the chiefest men that be in action there being of his country and command. (Lamb. MS. 604, 210.)

^{page 130 note b} In 1541 the Emperor Charles V. conducted in person an expedition against Algiers. He landed his army, both horse and foot, with provisions for three days. An engagement took place without the town, in which the Spaniards were victorious, but in the mean while arose a great tempest, by which the Spanish ships were driven on shore, and 150 ships laden with victuals, artillery, munitions, &c, were wholly lost, with all on board. The Spanish army was reduced to such distress that they were constrained to eat 2200 of their horses. Charles reached Spain after this disastrous expedition on 2nd December, 1541. (State Papers, vol. i. pp. 719, 720.)

^{page 131 note a} See note^c, p. 87.

^{page 132 note a} On 20th May, 1601, a Proclamation was issued for the establishment of a new coinage for Ireland of less value than the sterling money of England. This coinage consisted, in alloyed silver, of shillings, sixpences, and three-penny pieces, having on one side the Queen's Arms, crowned with an inscription of her usual style, and on the other a harp crowned, being the arms of the kingdom of Ireland, with the inscription “ Posui Deum adjutorera rneum.” There were also in copper, pennies, halfpennies, and farthings similarly stamped. The use of English money in Ireland was prohibited, and all coins were called in. Officers of Exchange were established in Ireland, at Dublin, Cork, Galway, and Carrickfergus; and in England at London, Bristol, and Chester. The value of the Irish money was 5 per cent, below the English standard, but great abuses took place with regard to the exchange. The Irish money was much disliked, and on 15th February, 1601–2, the Lord-Deputy and President Carew urged upon the Privy Council the restoration of the current coin of England. On 1st August 1602, Thomas Watson reported to Cecil that her Majesty had gained by the base coin £151,608. 9s. Sd., and entreated that the Exchange might be maintained; and on 10th October, 1602, Sir George Carey, Treasurer at War, in writing to Cecil by the bearer Thomas Watson, states that that person had full instructions to make known to Cecil all matters pertaining to the Exchange, and represented that the Exchange must be kept up. This Thomas Watson was the Exchange Master in London, and agent for the Treasurer at War. ( State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 132 note b} Sir George Carey was appointed Vice-Treasurer and Treasurer at War by patent dated 1st March, 1598, He was appointed to act as Lord-Deputy on the return to England of Lord Mountjoy. Patent dated 30th May, 1603.

^{page 133 note a} Captain Moyle was a naval captain serving in Ireland. The Lords Justices, writing to the Privy Council, 22nd July 1598, say, “The Sea Captains Moyle and Flemyng are arrived here this week; who, together with Thornton, the Captain of her Majesty's Pinnace here, are ready to be employed in that service in which your Lordships have directed them.” Carew, writing to the Privy Council, on 21st September 1602, says, “My last dispatch unto your Lordships was by Capt. Henry Moyle, bearing date the 10th of this present.” (State Papers, Irish Correspondence.)

^{page 134 note a} Cormack M'Dermot's eldest son, Cormack Oge M'Carty, who was created Baron of Blaney and Viscount Muskerry, 15th November, 1628; he died in London in 1640. His eldest son was created Earl of Clancarty by Charles II. in 1668; which title, having become extinct, was restored to the descendant of his sister Helena, who had married John Power, in the person of William French, Viscount Dunlo, in 1802.

^{page 135 note a} a This is an allusion to Carew's reply to the Queen's autograph letter mentioned p. 117. It is printed in Pacata Hibernia. He says: “If I could sufficiently expresse the Ioy which my heart conceived when I beheld a Letter written by your Royall hand and directed unto me, your Majestie would not, in your more then abounding Charity, mislike your paines, hauing thereby raysed the deiected spirit of a poore creature exiled from that blessing which others enioy in beholding your Royall person, whose beautie adornes the world, and whose wisdom is the myraole of our age.” Having entreated for permission to return to England, if only for two months, he concludes: “But as I am your Majesties creature, so I doe submit the consideration of my humble and just suit to your princely consideration, at whose Royal feete, and in whose service, I am howerly ready to sacrifice my life.” If grave statesmen like Carew and Cecil could write to the aged Queen in this strain, what might we not expect from gay courtiers like Essex or Ralegh ! The letter is dated 20th September, 1602.

^{page 135 note b} Thomas Edney. He was a servant of Sir Henry Bagenall as early as 1592. (State Papers, Irish Corr.)

^{page 135 note c} Captain Henry Skipwith was the third son of Sir Richard Skipwith of Skipwith and Ormsby, co. York, by Mary, daughter of Sir Ralph Chamberlain of Gedinge. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir Richard Fulwar, and his grandson Fulwar Skipwith was created a Baronet 25th October 1670. Captain Skipwith Is mentioned in 1598. In a letter to the Privy Council, dated 21st September 1602, Carew mentions that the keeping of Castle Park has been promised by the Lord Deputy to Captain Henry Skypwyth. (State Papers, Irish Corr.) This was the Port of Kinsale. He was appointed Constable by patent dated 20th June 1611, upon the recommendation of his sufficiency. He died 1629–30.

^{page 135 note d} Sir John Brockett was knighted by Essex in August 1599, and succeeded Sir John Dowdallas Constable of Duncannon Fort in 1601. In August 1602, he was accused by Richard Dole, a soldier in the fort, of making counterfeit coin, and upon searching his desk, tools and other instruments were found. Among the State Papers of this period are the depositions of various persons, including those of his two sons, John and Thomas Brockett, upon the subject. (Irish Corr.)

^{page 136 note a} See note^a, p. 114.

^{page 136 note b} Admiral Sir William Winter.

^{page 136 note c} Sir Arthur Chiehester.

^{page 136 note d} The Earl of Northumberland married Dorothy Devereux, daughter of Walter Earl of Essex, and widow of Sir Thomas Perrott. He had had two sons, successively, named Henry, both of whom died in infancy. One was buried at Petworth in 1597. He had also had two daughters, both of whom were living. The birth of a son and heir was therefore a matter of great rejoicing. This was Algernon, who succeeded his father, in 1632, as 10th Earl of Northumberland. He was baptized on the 13th of October of this year, but the Queen was not his godmother. The Earl of Northumberland had afterwards another son named Henry, who, in 1543, was created Baron Percy of Alnwick, and died 1652, s. p.

^{page 137 note h} See note ^d, p. 22.

^{page 139 note a} This refers to Mouutjoy's alleged connexion with Essex's conspiracy.

^{page 143 note a} This, probably, was the Earl of Thomond's brother, notwithstanding he is here called one Teige O'Brien. Carew, writing to Cecil, from Waterford, on 201h April, 1600, requests him to take some occasion to write to the Earl of Thomond, who had lately laid his brother Tegg O'Brien fast in prison in Limerick, on some doubt of his loyalty. (State Papers, Irish Corr.) He was confined, however, for more than a year, when he managed to effect his escape and made his submission to Carew. The complaint here spoken of is not, however, traced in the State Papers of this period. There were, however, two other Teige O‘Briens, viz. Teige, the 2nd son of Morrogh the fourth Baron Inehiquin; and Teige, the son and heir of Sir Tirlough O'Brien of Ennistymond, who, having joined with Redmond Burke and others in an incursion into Thomond, was slain on 29th March, 1601.

^{page 145 note a} Sir Oliver St. John, of Lydiard Tregoze, co. Wilts. It is probable that the arrangement with St. John was discussed and agreed upon when the parties met at Dublin, but in consequence of subsequent events it was never carried into effect, for Carew held the office until he resigned it on the appointment of Sir Henry Brunker. (Lamb. MSS. 619, fo. 181.) St. John was made Master of Ordnance in Ireland 1605, and Lord–Deputy 1616, and was created Lord Grandison 1622.

^{page 146 note a} This was Richard Boyle, afterwards the Great Earl of Cork. The Earl of Ormond, writing to Cecil from Kilkenny on the 2nd December 1601, incloses notes: “how one Crosby and Boyle have been the only means of overthrowing many of Her Majesty's good subjects, by finding false titles to their lands and turning them out;” —representing that “Boyle being Deputy Escheator to her Highness for finding the lands by false offices to entitle her Majesty to benefit themselves, and not for any service to her Highness, the said Crosbie being in the bosom of the State, to countenance the doings of the other, and by that means got much lands for themselves, which manner of dealing brought much discontentment and sedition amongst the subjects.” Observing also that “Crosbie informs Cecil that these lands are of little quantity and therefore of no value, and so procures Mr. Secretary's good will for them, and herein abuses the Secretary and deceives the Queen to benefit himself.” He says also: “The said Crosbie his surname is Mc y Crossane, one of the mere Irishry, whose chief ancestor hath been Chief Rymer to O'More and O'Connor, and to most of the rest of the mere Irish of Leinster, and the said Rymer called Mc y Crossan, and yet the said Crosbie denies to be descended of the said McCrossane, but only of English blood and surname, which is not so of my own knowledge, for the said Crosby's mother is of the Mores, and his father's mother is of the Kellys of Clone Malyrie.” (See note ^a, p. 28.)

^{page 146 note b} See note ^c, p. 87.

^{page 150 note a} Mr. Boyle, as appears by the reference to the letter given by Carew in the table of Contents. With respect to the charges against him, see note, ^a, p. 146.

^{page 152 note a} Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount Turenne, had by the favour and friendship of Henry IV. been raised to the independent Sovereignty of the Duchy of Bouillon. He was engaged in the Conspiracy of Biron, but, unlike the other accomplices, refused to submit himself to the King's clemency. He fled to Switzerland, but still continued his intrigues with the Huguenots in France. Henry therefore proceeded against him with an army, and proceeded to attack Sedan, the capital of the Duchy of Bouillon, situated on the frontiers of Flanders. He thereupon made his submission, and surrendered Sedan to the King. At the termination of a month, however, it was restored, and Bouillon received into high favour.

^{page 152 note b} Sir Edward Wotton was nephew of Dr. Nicholas Wotton, Ambassador to Scotland in 1585, and to France in 1586. According to Camden (Kennet's Collection) Sir Edward Wotton was appointed Comptroller of the Household December 1600, but from this letter it would appear that he was not admitted to the office until 1603. He was created Baron Wotton of Marley, co. Kent, 1603, and appointed Treasurer of the Household, 1616. Died 1629. The title became extinct on the death of his son, 1630.

^{page 153 note a} Gerald Lord Courcy, who was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney in 1566, by his last will disinherited his daughter Mary, and gave all his lands unto his next cousin and heir John FitzEdmond Courcy, and to his heirs male; and, in default of such issue, to Queen Elizabeth and her successors for ever. This will was dated 6th June, and was proved the 8th of August, 1599. Mary, the only daughter of Gerald Lord Courcy, married first, Donough O'Driscoll, and secondly, John Gall way of Kinsale, but died s. p. The Lord Courcy here mentioned was John the successor of Gerald; he was living in 1615, and had several sons. (Lamb. MS. 626, 93.) It is probable that the Office of Intrusion referred to in the text had reference to some complications arising out of the will above mentioned.

^{page 154 note a} Sir Robert Gardiner, appointed Chief Justice of the King's Bench 1785.

^{page 155 note a} See note ^a, p. 152.