page 1 note a Alonso Perez di Vivero, Count of Fuensaldagna, commanding the Spanish forces in the Netherlands.

page 1 note b See his letter of 25 June, in vol. ii. p. 351, the “great Leveller,” mentioned below being Col. Edward Sexby.

page 2 note a Patacon, a Spanish silver coin, value about half-a-crown.

page 3 note a Olympia Mancini (see vol. ii. p. 315).

page 4 note a He had escaped from England and landed at Hushing (see vol. ii. pp. 296, 328).

page 4 note b For a letter of Sir E. Hyde to Lady Stanhope on the Queen's feeling towards his daughter Anne, see Clar. St. Pap. vol. iii. p, 274.

page 4 note c Presumably Philippe and Alphonse Manciui, nephews of Cardinal Mazarin, but at this time they were boys of 14 and 11 years respectively.

page 5 note a The Council Warrant of 9 June was for the committal of Francis Newport, Lord Newport, and Andrew his brother, Jeffrey Palmer, Francis, Lord Willoughby of Parham, and Henry Seymour to the Tower, and of Sir Fred. Cornwallis, Edw. Progers, Tho. Panton, and Maj-Gen. Ayres, to the custody of the Serjeant-at-Arms (cal. St. Pap. pp. 204, 588). See Godwin, Hist. of Commonwealth, iv. p. 223.

page 6 note a Probably Catharine, Lady Stanhope, wife of John Poliander Tan Kirckhoven, Heer van Heenvliet, after whose death she married O'Neill.

page 6 note b “578” in the cipher, used for O'Neill just before, but there must be some mistake.

page 8 note a Unsigned; endorsed ly Sir E. Nicholas, Mr. Smith.

page 8 note a Simon Smith, Hatton's pseudonym (see vol. i. p. 201).

page 8 note b Henry Eolle, Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, who resigned hia office 7 June, 1655, rather than give judgment against Geo. Cony (see vol. ii. p 331).

page 8 note c He was allowed, 4 July, to go to his house at Banbury under bond not to remove, withont licence (Cal. St. Pap. p. 591).

page 8 note d A pass for Robert Brudenell to go to Holland was given on 12 June (Cal. St. Pap. p. 588).

page 8 note e Major Henry Norwood, arrested at the beginning of the year (see his examinations, 29 Jan. in Thurloe St. Pap. iii. pp. 65, 130). He was not sent to Barbados, but was confined in the Tower and (from Feb. 165⅞) in the Channel Islands until Jan. 165, when he was released on bond (Cal. St. Pap. 1656–7, p. 291, 1657–8, p. 523, 1658–9, p. 260).

Hannibal, Count of Seestedt (see vol. ii. p. 239).

page 9 note a Jan Wolfert van Brederode, Heer yan Cloetingen, commanding the Dutch forces. He died 3 Sept. following.

page 9 note b Probably Ann, d. and h. of Sir Charles Morgan, of Pencarn, and widow of Sir Lewis Morgan, of Rhiwperra; her mother was Elizabeth, d. of Phil, van Marnix, Heer van St. Aldegonde (see Clark, Limbus Patrum Morganiæ, pp. 319, 327).

page 9 note c Sir Thomas Bendish, Ambassador at Constantinople, 1647–1662 (see vol. i. p. 77).

page 9 note d William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire. His arrest seems to have excited surprise on both sides (see letters of Manning, the spy, and of Sir E. Nicholas, the latter to Jos. Jane, in Cal. St. Pap. p. 220).

page 10 note a Lieut. James Reade (see vol. ii. pp. 202, 351). He had made a bold attempt to escape from the Tower in Mar. 165⅘ (Thurloe St. Pap. iii. p. 192).

page 10 note b Col. Edward Sexby (see vol. ii. p. 298 sqq.)

page 10 note c For this letter see Cat. St. Pap. p. 221.

page 11 note a Richard Lovell, tutor to the Duke of Gloucester (vol. ii. p. 5).

page 11 note b Gen. Robert Venables, commanding the troops on the expedition to the W. Indies. He was of a Cheshire family and his ancestors had been barons of Kinderton (Some Account of Gen. R. Venables, Chetham Miscellanies, vol. iv. 1862), which was perhaps the origin of the canard.

page 12 note a Col. Jammott or Jamott (vol. ii. p. 205).

page 12 note b Guillaume Bette, Marquis de Lede, Spanish Governor of Dunkirk, who had been on a special mission to England.

page 16 note a The treaty, for a defensive alliance, was signed on 27 July (Dumout, Corps Dipl. vi, part ii. p. 108), the Elector's name not having the first place.

page 16 note b George Morley, afterwards Bishop of Winchester (vol. i. p. 208).

page 16 note c William Killigrew, colonel in the Dutch service (vol. ii. p. 85). “Nortwich” no doubt represents the Dutch Noordwijk.

page 18 note a Not deciphered, nor in the key (Eg. 2550), but used before for Cornelia ran Aerssen, Heer van Sommelsdijk (see vol. ii. p. 84, note, and below, p. 62).

page 19 note a James Bunce, Alderman of London, a leading Presbyterian (vol. ii. pp. 23, 346).

page 20 note a Alexander Fraser, M.D., for whose character as a Presbyterian see vol. ii. p. 33.

page 20 note b See the story of his death in vol. ii. p. 354.

page 21 note a “Sr M. L.,” meaning Sir Marmaduke Langdale, is written by Nicholas in the margin.

page 21 note b Nicholas has here written in the margin “my coniecture if Sp. and Crom. joyn.”

page 21 note c Not deciphered, but stands for “Lord Culpeper” in the key (Eg. 2550, p. 85). The allusion is to the story told above, pp. 14, 17.

page 23 note a By proclamation 12 July (Cat St. Pap. p. 240).

page 24 note a Taken by Tuienne from the Spanish on 14 July.

page 25 note a Col. John Penruddock, beheaded at Exeter 16 May for his share in the abortive rising in March, 1655 (vol. ii. p. 242), after vainly pleading that his offence was not legally high treason.

page 25 note b See vol. ii. p. 240.

page 25 note c Of 6 July, commanding all “who have been of the late kings party or his sons” to quit London and Westminster on or before 12 July (Cal. St. Pap. p. 232).

page 26 note a “Prince Rupert has sent to Italy the troops he had raised for the Duke of Modena; he himself is going to serve the King of Sweden. It is said he intended to be Lieut-General of Duke of Modena, but France desired it might be Count Broglio” (Intelligence, ; July, Thurloe St. Pap. iii. p. 683).

page 27 note a Certayne letters translated into English, … two by F. Junius … the other by the exiled English Church abiding for the present at Amsterdam, [Amsterdam?], 1602.

page 28 note a The proclamation revoking letters of marque was dated as early as 12 July (B. M. 669, f. 20/7).

page 28 note b John Denham, the poet (vol. i. p. 129). He was ordered, 9 June, to “be confined to a place chosen by himself, not within 20 miles of London” (Cal. St. Papers, p. 204).

page 31 note a The leader of the exploit at Salisbury, more fortunate than his comrade Penruddock in escaping (vol. ii. pp. 240, 242).

page 31 note b Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield 1656. His first wife, Lady Anne Percy, died in 1654 (vol. ii. p. 150).

page 31 note c See vol. ii. p. 208; and for “Dr Bayly and Mettam” named lower down, pp. 272, 292, and below, p. 52.

page 33 note a A letter from Nicholas to Jane of Aug. is in Cal. St. Pap. p. 281, but it is apparently in answer to this of Jane's, and is answered by Jane's of 24 Aug. (p. 34).

page 33 note b Not deciphered; Sir E. Hyde, according to the key (Eg. 2550, p. 85).

page 34 note a Henri de Taillefer, Sieur de Barrifère, Condé's Agent in England from Mar. 1652 to Aug. 1656 (Due d'Aumale, Hist. des Princes de Condé, vi. pp. 354, 697).

page 34 note a Nicholas had heen ill and had announced his recovery.

page 35 note a See Cromwell's Proclamation, 12 July, 1655 (B. M. 669, f. ), for a commission at Amsterdam to settle “the remaining differences betwixt the English and Dutch merchants.”

page 36 note a He seems to have acted as a spy for Thurloe (see vol. ii. p . 2, and Thurloe St. Pap. iii. pp. 137, 162).

page 37 note a Sent into England with Lord Rochester on a mission into the west early in the year (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 19). He was again in England in Dec. 1656 (Ib p. 222).

page 38 note a Endorsed, “Ea. Norwich.”

page 39 note a Col. Rob. Phelipps (vol. ii. p. 896).

page 39 note b Second son of Ch. Justice Sir Robert Heath; at the Restoration made Attorney-General for the Duchy of Lancaster, and knighted 27 May, 1664.

page 39 note c “Sir Gib.” is probably Sir Gilbert Talbot (vol. i. p. 155).

page 40 note a Richard Overton, the pamphleteer, described by Langdale in a letter to the king of 26 Aug. as “a Leveller, Overton, who goes by the name of Mr. Willoughby, companion of Saxbie. He is one who framed most of the Levellers' declarations, and fled out of England with Saxbie” (Cal. Cl. St. Pap. iii. p. 55).

page 41 note a No doubt his letter to the king of the same date and on the same subject printed in the Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 277.

page 41 note b Lieut-Gen. John Middleton. “Middleton is going to consult with his gang in Holland” (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 55, in a spy's letter of 24 Aug.).

page 42 note a Eikon Aklastos, 1651, an answer to Milton's Eikonoklastes. Hyde seems to have thought the book not “sharp enough and weighty enough” to be worth translation (Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 135).

b Enolosed in Sir M. Langdale's of 20 Sept. (below, p. 50).

page 43 note a Probably Col. John Cromwell, commanding the garrison at Utrecht (Cat. St. Pap., p. 598). He was a son of Sir Oliver, and cousin of the Protector.

page 44 note a For the history of Cromwell's reversal in 1656 of the outlawry of the Jews see Lucien Wolf, The Resettlement of the Jews in England, 1888.

page 45 note a The words in brackets are scored through.

page 47 note a For this letter of Sept. see Cal. St. Pap. p. 315.

page 48 note a See vol. ii. p. 68. He was going in command of a Dutch fleet to the Baltic (Cal. St. Pap., p. 315).

page 48 note b “Heenvliet and his lady take it unkindly that I declined to execute the commission for her levying a fine, but I take it ill that any offer me a commission by a power derived from the rebels” (Nicholas to Jane, as above).

page 50 note a Penn reached Spithead on 31 Aug., was examined by the Council on 12 Sept. and committed to the Tower, with Gen. R. Venables, on 20 Sept. He was released on 25 Oct. (Cal. St. Pap. and Thurloe St. Pap. iii. p. 753, iv. p. 28).

page 50 note b See above, p. 43.

page 52 note a See vol. ii. p. 292.

page 52 note b See the pedigree of Metham of Metham in Dugdale's Visitation of Yorkshire, 1665 (Surtees Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 139). Sir Jordan Metham (ob. 1643) married Margaret, dau. of Will. Langdale of Lanthrope, and had eight sons, Jordan, killed at Pontefract, John, who died young, George, who married Catharine, dau. of Thomas, Viscount Fairfax of Emley, Francis, Thomas, William, Henry, and John. Sir Thomas Metham, brother of Sir Jordan, was killed at Marston Moor, 1644.

page 53 note a He was Rector of the English College at Rome, and was employed by Charles on a mission there in 1650 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. pp. 45, 56).

page 53 note b Robert Meynell, sent to Rome in Aug. 1649 to negotiate for aid from the Pope on condition of favours to be shown to the Catholics (Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 488). The latter were, however, thrown over in the treaty with the Scots at Breda, signed 1 May, 1650.

page 55 note a This letter is in Cal. St. Pap. p. 325.

page 55 note b “I send well confirmed intelligence from England about Cromwell and the Swedes” (Nich. as above).

page 56 note a “305,” so deciphered, rightly according to the key, but probably a mistake tor 258 = I.

page 57 note a Formerly Spanish Resident at Stockholm, and appointed to attend upon Queen Christina during her stay in the Netherlands.

page 58 note a See Cal. St. Pap. p. 347.

page 60 note a The siege of Pavia was raised by the Marquis of Caracena and the French forced to retire.

page 60 note b See Nicholas to Jane, Sept. “Next week the King, Duke of Gloucester, Princess Royal and Lady Stanhope are going incognito to Frankfort Fair; a strange journey, all things considered, but young princes think of nothing but pleasure” (Cal. St. Pap. p. 325).

page 62 note a See Cal. St. Pap. p. 335. The cipher “613” is there wrongly supposed by the editor to refer to Prince Maurice ; it is here deciphered by Nicholas himself as “Somelsdick” (see above, p. 18).

page 63 note a Nicholas Oudart, secretary to the Princess of Orange (see vol. i. p. 73). The wife he was about to marry was Eva, dau. of “John Francis Tortarolis,” as described in her husband's will (Chester, Westm. Abbey Reg. p. 204). Nicholas speaks of her as a “handsome gentlewoman, who, with her sister, has kept up their father's Lombard [house] at Leyden since his death” (Cal. St. Pap. 1655, p. 375).

page 63 note b For his doings in England and a copy of his “Humble Address” to Cromwell, reported upon in Council on 13 Nov. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 15), see Wolf, as above (p. 44, note), p. 10. Cromwell gave him pension of £100.

page 64 note a K. B., of Hinchinbrooke, co. Hunts, the Protector's uncle. He died at. 93, and was buried at Ramsey, 28 Aug. (Clutterbuck, Hertford, ii. p. 96).

page 65 note a See Cal. St. Pap. p. 357.

page 66 note a Probably Thomas Skinner, representative of the Merchant Adventurers (see a letter from him to Thurloe from the Hague, 15 Oct., Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 68).

page 68 note a Perhaps Col. Rob. Brandling, of Leathby, co. York (Surtees, Durham, ii. p. 91), and the Col. Brandling whose examination was reported by Col. Lilbnrne to the Protector from York, 25 Jan. 165 (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 468).

page 68 note b Pierre de Caumont, Marquis de Cugnac, a grandson of Arnaud Nompar de Canmont, Due de la Force. He had been associated with Barrière in a mission to England, and m. the dau. and heir of Dr. Turquet de Mayerne. De la Bonr is mentioned above, p. 51, but his identity is doubtful.

page 71 note a The Grounds of Obedience and Government, 1655, by Thomas White, als. Blackloe, a Catholic priest and professor at Douay. See Evelyn's Diary, 25 June, 1651, “I went to visit [at Paris] Mr. Thomas White, a learned priest and famous philosopher, author of the book ‘De Mundo.’”

page 72 note a For an explanation, see below Church's letter of 29 Oct.

page 73 note a For this pseudonym see vol. i. p. 275.

page 73 note b The official anouncement of the appointment of the twelve, not six, major-generals was not made till 31 Oct. but they had been chosen as early as August (see Firth, Ludlow's Memoirs, i. p. 406, and for the names Masson, Life of Milton, v. p. 49).

^a For the answer to this letter, Oct., see Cal. St. Pap. p. 364.

page 74 note a Col. Anthony Butler, whose regiment was one of thoae employed in the expedition (Thurloe, iii. p. 12). His report was considered in Council on 2 Oct. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 364). Nicholas misread the name as Butler (ib. and below, p. 82),

page 74 note b Nieupoort, the Dutch Ambassador in England.

page 76 note b See above, p. 73.

page 77 note a He was committed to the Tower on 20 Sept. and an order given for his release on 30 Oct. (Cal. St. Pap. pp. 343, 402). He survived until 1687.

page 79 note a The Council for Scotland was finally settled at the end of July, 1655, consisting of Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill, as President, Gen. Monck and seven others (Cal. St, Pap. pp. 108, 125, 162, 255, 260).

page 82 note a See Cal. St. Pap. p. 364.

page 83 note a Nicholas had mentioned a rumour that a “great fleet of Turks” had come into the Channel, seized a Dutch ship, and. alleged that the treaty with Blake allowed them the use of English sea-ports.

page 83 note b Probably Sir Charles Cotterell, Governor to the Duke of Gloucester (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 65).

page 83 note c An arrêt of the Parliament of Paris that the archbishopric there was vacant, and the king free to make a new archbishop (Nicholas, as above). It was aimed at De Retz, the cardinal-archbishop, who, having fled out of the country, claimed to administer his diocese by vicars-general.

page 83 note d The dramatist and formerly Royalist Lieut.-Governor of Wallingford (Dict. Nat. Biogr.) His cousin mentioned below was probably Thomas, only son of Sir Will. Lower, of Treventy, who died in 1615.

page 84 note a Either for “Court” or “Count,” in the latter case meaning Adolphus John, Count-Palatine of Zweibrück, brother of Charles X. of Sweden. His first wife died in 1653, and there seems to have been a project for his marriage with Sophia, who was afterwards Electress of Hanover (see aboye, p. 62, and Arohceologia, xxxvii. p. 228). The Queen mentioned below was Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, her mother. She wrote to Nicholas concerning the match as early as 2 Oct., 1654 (Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1879, iv., p. 215).

page 85 note a See an account of him in a letter to Thurloe, 26 Nov. (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 206). He also went under the name of Proctor.

page 86 note a Van Ruyven and Van Messem (see above, p. 56, and Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 45). They were banished, the latter for life and the other for ten years (Letter of the Q. of Bohemia, 2 Nov., Archæologia, xxxvii. p. 236).

page 90 note a According to a letter of intelligence from Frankfort in the Turloe St. Pap. iv. p. 88, the neglect was rather the other way, Charles having refused to visit his nephew at Heidelberg, and avoided him when he came to pay his respects at Frankfort.

page 90 note b Richard Badiley, Blake's second in command, with his flag on the “Andrew.”

page 87 note a See an account of the meeting “four leagues from Frankfort” on 3 Oct. in Thurloe St. Pap, iv. p. 65.

page 91 note a Thomas Preston, late General of the Confederate forces in Ireland, created Viscount Tara in 1650. The date of his death has hitherto been uncertain (Dic. Nat. Biogr.).

page 91 note b He had a pass to go beyond seas on 7 Sept. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 597), where he was looked upon as an agent of Cromwell (see a letter of Nicholas, Mar. 1656, Cal. St. Pap. p. 209.)

page 91 note c See vol. ii. pp. 168, 188, 190.

page 92 note a “869,” deciphered “Scotland” above, and so here,but corrected to “Spayne.”

page 93 note a See Cal. St. Pap. p. 374.

page 94 note a At the top of the first page Langdale has written “Mr. Wildeman's man” (Cf, Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 55). Major John Wildman, like Overton, was a leading Leveller.

page 96 note a The endorsement by Nicholas runs: “Sir Mar. Langdale desires to know whether he shall presse a ioininge of the Levellers with his Majestie and his friends and to hasten some attempt before Cromwell shall have casheered the party.”

page 99 note a Patrick and Placidus, younger sons of Sir Henry Cary, first Viscount Falkland. The first was author of “Trivial Poems and Triolets,” 1651, edited by Sir W, Scott in 1820; and Evelyn (Diary, ed. 1879, i. p. 117) speaks of him as “a witty young priest, who afterwards came over to our church.” The account of him in the Dict. Nat. Biogr. leaves his end in obscurity.

page 99 note b A Dominican, who married and became in 1642 rector of Acrise, co. Kent. He died in the expedition, of which, according to Ludlow, he was said to have been “a principal adviser” (see Firth, Memoirs qf Edm, Ludlow, i, p. 417).

page 100 note a For this letter, Oct., see Cal. St. Pap. p. 384.

page 101 note a Issued by the Archduke Leopold, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, on 15 Oct. (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 61.)

page 101 note b See Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vi. pt. ii. p. 893. The reasons for its issue are explained in a letter from Lord Broghill to Thurloe of 27 Sept. (p. 891.)

page 104 note a For this letter, see Cal. St. Pap. p. 388.

page 106 note a Nicholas had mentioned in his letter that most of the English tin and lead mines had been drowned by the rain.

page 107 note a After defeating John Casimir of Poland at Czarnova on 6 Sept. Charles Gustavus proceeded to besiege Cracow, which capitulated on 8 Oct.

page 109 note a Defeated by Louis, Due de Vendôme, before Barcelona, 29 Sept.

page 111 note a Sir William Bellenden, of Bronghton, Royalist agent in Sweden (see vol, i. p, 150).

page 114 note a Probably the letter printed above, p. 102.

page 116 note a Jane, as well as Sir Edward Walker and George Lane, was a Clerk of the Council.

page 119 note a Elizabeth, Cromwell's second daughter, married to John Claypoole in 1646. She did not die until 6 Aug, 1658.

page 120 note a Jane, daughter of John Savage, Earl Rivers, and widow of George Brydges, Lord Chandos. Her second husband Sir William Sidley, Bart., of Aylesford, Kent, died in 1656 ; and in 1659 she married George Pitt, of Strathfieldsaye.

page 120 note b Nicholas Knollys, Earl of Banbury, married, as his second wife, 4 Oct., 1655, Anne, daughter of William Sherard, Lord Sherard.

page 120 note c Robert Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, married Martha, widow of Sir Gregory Norton, the Regicide, 20 Oct., 1655.

page 120 note d Col. Joseph Bampfield (see vol. ii., p. 6, where he is wrongly called John). His real “business,” as may plainly be seen in the Thurloe State Papers, was to act as a spy upon the Royalists.

a See vol. ii. p. 73. An explanation of his dealings with Montrose for the supply of arms, etc., from Denmark is given by Sir W. Bellenden in a letter to Nicholas of 6 May, 1654 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 349).

page 124 note a Signed by the Commissioners at Westminster, 3 Nov.. new style (Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, vi. pt. ii. p. 121).

page 125 note a The treaty was ratified by Louis XIV. on 16 Nov. (Cal. Cl. St. Pap., iii. p. 66). By a supplementary article the following twenty persons were to be kept out of France : Charles, the Dukes of York and Gloucester (the latter “after tenn yeares, if required”), Ormonde, Hyde, Lords Culpeper, Gerard, Wilmot (Rochester), Wentworth, and Balcarres, D. O'Neale, Sir M. Langdale, Sir E. Nicholas, Sir R. Grenville, Sir F. Dodington, Sir J. Berkeley, O'Sullivan Beare, Lieut-Gen. Middleton “Lord Muskerry, the father,” and Lieut-Gen. Massey.

page 126 note a The tax was to be 10 per cent, yearly on real estate, and the same, or £100 total, per £1,500 personalty (Cal. St. Pap., 21 Sept. 1655, p. 347).

page 126 note b The Duke of York, whose secretary Bennet was.

page 126 note c Francis, Duke of Lorraine, who succeeded on the abdication of his brother Charles in 1634. From jealousy of Condé he withdrew from the Spanish side and joined the French.

page 127 note a Probably the wives of George and John Shaw, Royalist merchants at Antwerp.

page 127 note b From a letter of the Queen of Bohemia of 15 Nov. (Arclæologia, xxxvii. p. 237) it appears that the marriage alluded to was that of “Mrs. Bamer and S^r Allexander” [Hame ?]

page 129 note a See above, p. 99.

page 130 note a John Earle, D.D., Chaplain and Clerk of the Closet to Charles II., Dean of Westminster, 1660, Bishop of Worcester, 1662, Bishop of Salisbury, 1663.

page 130 note b Charles, Duke of Lorraine, who had abdicated in 1634, and had been a prisoner in Spain since Feb., 1654. He was not released until 1659. See above, p. 126.

page 121 note a Charles de Monchy, Marquis d'Hocquincourt and Marshal of France. At the instigation of Elizabeth de Montmorency, widow of Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Chatillon, he offered to give up Ham and Péronne, of which he was Governor, to the Prince of Condé, but was bribed with 200,000 crowns to preserve them for the King. Soon after, he joined Condé, and was killed on 13 June, 1658, at Dunkirk.

page 131 note a “A Declaration of his Highness, by advice of his Council, setting forth on behalf of this Commonwealth the justice of their cause against Spain” (Proc. of Council, 26 Oct., Cal. St. Pap., p. 400). It was sent to the States by Nieupoort, the Dutch ambassador, on 3 Nov. (Thurloe St. Pap., iv. p. 117).

page 132 note a Jerome van Beverninck, formerly Dutch envoy to England. In March he was classed with Obdam as a friend of Cromwell (vol. ii. p. 216).

page 139 note a Timariot, a Turkish soldier possessing a timar or grant of land to be held on condition of military service. The allusion is to the “standing militia of horse in all counties,” established for the reasons put forward in Cromwell's Declaration in Council, 31 Oct., for securing the peace of the commonwealth (Cal. St. Pap. p. 405). See also Godwin, Hist, of the Commonwealth, iv, p. 236.

page 135 note a See vol. ii. p. 256. Hyde, on 14 Dec, mentions him as having lately come from England to the Prince de Condé, with whom he had long served (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 71). On 23 Jan., 1656, he sent to the King a plan for invading England with troops from Germany (Ib. 88).

page 136 note a Pierre Viole, Président aux Enquêtes, a leading partizan of Condé (Memoires de P. Lenet, in Michaud's Nowelle Collection, ii. p. 615).

page 140 note a For this letter see Cal. St. Pap. p. 31.

page 140 note b Described in a letter to Thurloe as “one of those who carried away the ships (1648), and who is now a great courtier” (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 243). In July, 1657, he was employed to kidnap Henry Crispe, of Quex, co. Kent, for the purpose of holding him to ransom (Ib pp. 328, 341, Cal. St. Pap. pp. 80, 98, 105).

page 141 note a Bashaws or Pashas, i.e. Cromwell's newly appointed Majors-General.

page 144 note a Probably Président Viole is meant (see p. 136.)

a From Dr. Birch's extracts, Add. MS. 4180, f. 132 (see vol. i. Preface).

page 146 note a Innisboffin, or Ennisboffin, off the south coast of Mayo. A castle was built upon it by Cromwell for the protection of the fishery against the Dutch. A smaller island of the same name lies further north, off the coast of Donegal.

page 147 note a For this letter, see Cal. St. Pap. p. 31.

page 147 note b Lieut, Col. Thomas Doleman (see vol. ii. p. 1).

a Henry Manning, the spy (see Preface and vol. ii, p. 229). He was arrested at Cologne on 5 Dec. (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 249).

page 151 note a George Downing was sent to France at the end of July on the Vaudois business, and thence, in September, to Turin, but was recalled when he had gone as far as Geneva (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 31).

page 154 note a A brother of the better-known Sir Thomas Lunsford. He had a pass for France on 6 Mar. 1656 (Cal. St. Pap. p. 579).

page 157 note a These interrogatories, except the last, which is by Nicholas, are in Hyde's hand. The answers are in the hand of Nicholas, with a fair copy by his son John.

page 158 note a This was the Thomas Ross, or Rowe, whose important cipher correspondence with Nicholas is calendared among the State Papers, 1655–1657.

page 162 note a The intercepted letters, interrogatories and answers are separated in the MS but for convenience they are here brought together in each case.

page 164 note a This list is not preserved among the Nicholas collection.

page 169 note a This sentence and the next are transposed in the MS.

page 171 note a In the original the words “but—prouinces” come at the end of the next sentence.

page 172 note a “Cromwell” written by Nicholas in the margin.

page 179 note a So in MS., probably a mistake of the copyist for “Boston.”

page 187 note a By this name, as well as by “Hemar,” on p. 182, Col. Richard Highmore is meant. He had lodged in the same house as Manning, and was examined in conseqnence (Eg. 2512, f. 177.)

page 14 note a Willem Nieupoort, Dutch Ambassador at London. “Borrell” is Willem Boreel (Sir William, Bart.), Dutch Ambassador at Paris.

page 14 note b This alludes to the assault upon Colepeper by Sir Rob. Walsh or Welch, 23 Oct. 1648, for opposing his appointment as prize-agent (Dict. Nat. Biog.)

page 14 note c Joachim Wicquefort, Resident at the Hague for the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (vol. ii. p. 2).

page 193 note a See a copy in Brit. Mus. 669, f. .

page 204 note a A “George Jay, minister,” married Martha Manning, at St. Bride's, London, 2 Apr. 1649. Col. Chester (Westm. Abbey Reg. p. 155) identifies him with Geo. Jay, Prebendary of Lichfield in 1632, who died Dean-designate of Peterborough in Nov. 1661.

page 204 note b Col. Talbot and Robert Dongan, with others, were arrested on 22 Nov., but, after examination by Cromwell in person, contrived to escape, and found their way back to the Netherlands early in 1656 (Cal. Clar, St. Pap. iii. pp. 68, 81, 82, etc.). They were suspected, perhaps with justice, of a design on Cromwell's life.

page 205 note a For this letter see Cal. St. Pap. 1655–56, p. 49.

page 206 note a This refers to a quarrel between Stone and one La Mere, of which the Queen of Bohemia gives an account in a letter to Nicholas of Nov. (Archæulogia, xxxvii. p. 237). To prevent mischief the Queen had Stone arrested, but he escaped to Cologne.

page 206 note b Capt. John Griffith, with “little Mr. Griffith, who served the Duke of Gloucester,” was forbidden the Court at Cologne on the ground of intimacy with Manning, the spy (Letter of Sir B. Nicholas, 25 Dec. Cal. St. Pap. p. 74).

page 214 note a For this letter, dated Dec, see Cal. St. Pap. p. 49.

page 215 note a The allusion is to a passage in Nicholas' letter of Dec. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 50), telling how “Sir John Monnson” had told Whalley, the Major Generall, at a meeting at Lincoln, “that he had compounded formerly at a dear rate, that the Act of Oblivion freed him, and that having ever since his commission submitted to the Government, he conceives it very unjust to demand anything from him, and that he would pay no more taxes,” This was Sir John Monson, 2nd Bart., of Carlton,, co. Line. He was imprisoned in his own house for his contumacy, but was discharged on 22 Jan. 1656–7.

page 217 note a The Archbishop of Bordeaux at this time was Henri de Béthune, but what he had to do with a fleet is a mystery. His predecessor, however, Henri d'Escoubleau de Sourdis was at the head of the French marine (see his Correspondance, 1636–1642, ed. E. Sue, 1839).

page 219 note a Capt. John Griffith (see above, p. 206).

page 220 note a For a letter from Norwich to Hyde of 24 Dec. see Cal. Clar. St. Pap, iii. p. 76, but this was written ou a Monday.

page 221 note a Philippe Julien Mancini, nephew and heir of Card. Mazarin. Two of Cromwell's daughters were still unmarried, Mary, who m. Lord Fauconberg, and Frances, who m. Robert Rich; they were both a few years older than Mancini.

page 221 note b Thorn, on the Vistula, on the eastern border of Prussia. It surrendered on 24 Nov.

page 221 note c So in MS., but there must be some mistake. The House of Austria is probably meant (see below, p. 224).

page 222 note a Ottavio Piccolomini, the Imperial general acting against the Swedes.

page 224 note a Probably Major Boswell (above, p. 211).

page 224 note b One of these letters of Col. John Steephens is in Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 78.

page 224 note c The marriage of Philippe Mancini with Cromwell's daughter (above, p. 221). Hungerford was, perhaps, Edward, son and heir of Anthony Hungerford, of Farleigh Castle. His brother Anthony became a Royalist agent about this time (Cal. St. Pap. 1655–56, p. 79).

page 232 note a He was appointed Governor of Milan in February, but remained in the Netherlands until May (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. pp. 96, 129). His successor was Laiz de Benavides, Marquis of Caracena. At the same time the Archduke Leopold was succeeded as Governor of the Netherlands by Don John of Austria.

page 233 note a The “Father Pathrik M'Ghinne” mentioned by Peter Talbot to Ormonde, on 7 Jan., as being “very useful to the King” at Antwerp (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 83).

page 225 note a So in the original, but the endorsement by Nicholas is 28 Dec. 1655, and Rolt returned from his embassy to Sweden in Mar. 1656 (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 645).

page 226 note a Major Edward Rolt, son of Edward Rolt, of Pertenhall, co. Bedford, who married Mary, dau. of Sir Oliver Cromwell, of Hinchinbrooke (Clutterbuck, Hertfordshire, ii. p. 427). He was thus a cousin of the Protector. He left England for Sweden 1 Aug. 1655 (Thurloe St. Pap. iii. p. 708), and followed the King into Poland.

a Enclosed in a short note to Hyde and Nicholas of the same date (f. 621).

a In Price's hand, but without signature or date. It was evidently written in the latter half of 1655, Sir Walter Vane having gone to Holland at the end of June.

page 230 note a See above, p. 43.

page 234 note a See an account of his escape in a letter of his brother, Father Peter Talbot, of 4 Jan. (Cal. Clar. St. Papp. iii. p. 82).

a Enclosed, with the next, in the letter of Norwich preceding.

page 236 note b Marginal note by Norwich : “The friend was the K[ing].”

page 238 note a No such, article appears in the treaty as printed by Dumont (Corps Diplom. vi. pt. ii. p. 121).

page 238 note b More properly Sir Francis Dodington or Doddington, of Dodington, co. Somerset (above, p. 125).

page 239 note a Probably Philippa, dau. of John, 1st Lord Mohnn (see vol. ii. p. 85). Her brother Warwick, 2nd Lord Mohun, submitted to Cromwell and renounced “Charles Stuart” on 1 Feb., 165⅝ (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 494).

page 239 note b By a treaty dated Jan. 1656, the Elector recognised Prussia to be a fee of the King of Sweden (Damont, vi. pt. ii. p. 127).

page 237 note a William Loving, Registrar of the Admiralty for Charles II. at Boulogne (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 29).

page 240 note a See above, pp. 84, 221.

page 241 note a The Queen of Bohemia gives an account of these festivities in a letter to Nicholas of the same date, printed at the end of Bray's ed. of Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1879, iv. p. 223, but dated a year too early.

page 243 note a Father Peter Talbot (see a letter from him to the King vindicating his conduct, 17 Jan., Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 27). The “Count” is Fuensaldagna.

page 247 note a William Howard, Viscount Stafford (vol. i. p. 34); he was a younger son of Thomas, Earl of Arundel, who died 4 Oct., 1646.

page 249 note a Nicholas in his answer, Jan. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 110), makes the same remark: “Though the Spaniards are generally great assisters of monarchy, yet they prefer England as a republic, because it is so contrary to the nature of the English that it would keep them embroiled in perpetual divisions.”

page 244 note a For this letter see Cal. St. Pap. p. .73.

page 244 note b George Benyon, Gent, of the Bedchamber (vol. ii. p. 157). Nicholas had been told by Lord Culpeper that his goods had been seized for a debt assigned by a creditor in London to a Dutchman. He adds pertinently : “If such a course were taken with all the King's party in France and Holland, it would be a great advantage to the Rebels and an insupportable misery to us all who are in debt.”

page 244 note c Dr. Fraser, who was to attend the Princess Royal into France.

page 250 note a The seizure of the Earl of Glencairn was reported by Monck on 25 Dec. 1655 (Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 342).

page 252 note a See petitions from him to the Protector against the demands of Major Gen. Butler, with resolutions of the Council thereon in his favour (25 Dec. 1655, 1 Feb. 1656) in Cal. St. Pap. pp. 70, 154; but the report of his committal seems to have been a mistake.

page 253 note a Vice-Admiral William Goodson, who remained there in command until 1657. Col. William Brayne was appointed to command the land forces in May, 1656.

page 254 note a By an order of Council, 20 Feb., the number of the Life-Guard was fixed at 1 captain, 9 other officers, and 160 men at 4s. a day (Cal. St. Pap. p. 192). Whitley originally wrote “960,” but the last figure is obliterated.

page 254 note b Orders of Council were issued for the discharge of Richard Sackrille, Marquis of Dorset, on 2 Jan, (Cal. St. Pap. p. 92), William Russell, Earl of Bedford, on 16 Jan. (ib. p. 117), and John Holies, Earl of Clare, on 19 Jan. (ib. p. 127).

page 257 note a For this letter see Cal. St. Pap. p. 110 ; the other is not preserved.

page 257 note b Not deciphered, but so in key (Eg. 2550, f. 85). The other decipherings below are from the same source.

page 257 note c It was by St. John's interest that John Thurloe was appointed Secretary to the Parliamentary Commissioners at the Treaty of Uxbridge, from which beginning he rose to be Secretary to the Council in 1652, and Secretary of State under the Protector in 1653 (see Birch's Life, prefixed to the Thurloe State Papers).

a Sir John Marley or Marlow, of co. Durham (Cal. of Comm. for Compounding, iv. p. 3005); he was Mayor and Governor of Newcastle when it was besieged and taken by the Scots in 1644 (Brand, Hist, of Newcastle, 1789, ii. p. 462). In June, 1658, he offered his services to Thurloe (Thurloe St. Pap., vii. pp. 149,313, etc.), but, according to Brand (ii. p. 489), this was really done in the King's interest. From 1661 till his death in 1673 he was M.P. for Newcastle.

page 259 note a Col. Charles Howard, Deputy Major-General for the Northern Counties, created Earl of Carlisle in 1661.

page 262 note a Col. William Butler, who was Major-General for cos. Bedford, Huntingdon, Rutland, and Northampton.

page 262 note b James Ussher, who died 21 Mar. following. The same writer, in a letter to Nicholas of Jan. (Cal. St. Pap. p. 109), speaks of Ussher's having been with Cromwell on the subject of the clergy, “but to little purpose.”

page 262 note c Count Christiern Bundt, who had been in England since July, 1655.

page 263 note a Presumably the well-known John Durie, advocate of the union of the Protestant Churches, who had been one of Cromwell's agents in Switzerland.

a From Dr. Birch's extracts, Add. MS, 4180, f. 133.

a This letter of Nicholas to T. Ross or Row, the Royalist agent, is one of the extracts from the former's lost letter-book, made by Dr. T. Birch (Add. MS. 4180, f. 132b). It clearly relates to a proposal to assassinate Cromwell, which Nicholas warmly approved, though he declined to submit it to the King. The decipherings of the names are obtained from letters of Ross in Cal. St. Pap. 1655–56. His letter of Jan., which conveyed the proposal, is not included, but his reply to Nicholas, Feb., will be found at p. 166. It begins : “Though I find you are unwilling to present this grand affair to the King, I could not but yield to Rich. Hopton's importunity. The business being of such weight to your service, I have turned every stone to press him to undertake it, but he says he has no power from those that instructed him to set the wheel going but on the King's approbation only.”

page 266 note a For the letter Of Feb. see Cal. St. Pap. p. 169 ; the other is not preserved.

page 267 note a Santa Marta, taken by Adm. Goodaon on 24 Aug. 1655 (see his letter of 7 Nov. in Thurloe St. Pap. iv. p. 159).

page 260 note a See Proceedings of Council, Jan. (Cal. St. Pap, p. 100) Crew and Pierrepont are also coupled together by Clarendon for animadversion on their conduct as Commiasioners for the Treaty of Uxbridge in 1645 (Hist. of Rebellion, viii. 248). The former was afterwards an active instrument in the Restoration, and in 1661 wan created Lord Crew.

^a From Dr. Birch's extracts, Add. MS. 4180, p. 133. See above, p. 264. The decipherings of the names, etc., are supplied from the key preserved at the Public Record Office.

page 271 note a Ormonde had gone secretly with the King to Brussels to negotiate a treaty with Spain, which was signed on 12 April (Cal. Clar, St. Pap. iii. p. 109).

page 273 note a So Nicholas to Jane, Mar.: “Enquire more about the Knight of Malta, whom you name to have been there with the Spanish ambassador, and now to be gone for England (Cal. St. Pap. p. 235).

page 273 note b French ambassador to England. He was on leave in France from Dec. 1655 to Apr. 1656.

page 273 note c The letter is torn at this point and elsewhere.

page 279 note a William Masten, or Marston, who was said to have betrayed James Halsall, or Halsey, his master (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. pp. 414, 415),

page 275 note a According to a letter from the King to the magistrates of Cologne, 1 May, Stephen Fox, his “Maitre d'Hotel,” was charged not to leave until the outstanding debts were paid (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 118).

page 276 note a Anthony Preston, 2nd Viscount Tara, or Taragh; he died at Bruges in 1659 (Topogr. and Genealogist, ii. p. 470). He had recently succeeded to the title (see above, p. 91).

page 277 note a Sir John Henderson, one of Thurloe's spies (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 13, etc.).

page 277 note b For Nicholas' answer, see Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 126.

page 280 note a The letter is addressed to Nicholas at Bruges.

page 280 note b George Digby, Earl of Bristol; he did not publicly receive the seals until 1 Jan., 1657 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 223).

page 281 note a He was born at Madrid in 1612, during his father's embassy there.

page 281 note b Dr. Alex. Ifrazer, the King's physician, now in disfavour. He came to Bruges on 11 May with some proposal for the King (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. pp. 129, 131).

page 282 note a William Howard, second son of Lord Howard of Escrick ; succeeded as third Lord in 1678. He was cashiered from the Life Guard as an Anabaptist early in 1656 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 415). For an Address from him and others to the King see ibid. p. 145.

page 283 note a He means himself under his pseudonym Simon Smith.

page 283 note b See Proc. of Council of State, 25 Sept.: “The question for a pass for Sir Chris. Hatton to come to England passed in the negative” (Cal. St. Pap. 1656–57, p. 116). It was granted, however, on 29 Sept. (ib. p. 583).

page 284 note a Col. John Barkstead, a regicide ; he was not dead, but lived to be executed in 1662.

page 284 note b Sir Spencer Compton (see vol. ii. p. 91, where a misprint gives the year of his death as 1659). His death is lamented by Hyde in a letter of 1 Oct. (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 178).

a Resident for the King at Paris (see vol. i. p. 63).

page 285 note b Sir William Lockhart, English ambassador in Paris since April, 1656.

page 285 note c Jacques Gaches, called to be minister at the Protestant church of Charenton, in 1654, where he remained till his death, in 1668 (Haag, La Framoe Protestante, vi. 1888, col. 780).

page 285 note d Willem Boreel, Dutch ambassador at Paris. In a letter to Browne, of 13 Oct. (Bray's ed. of J. Evelyn's Diary, 1879, iv. p. 322), Hyde had enquired whether “his old affections continue to us.”

page 286 note a Oliver Darcy, R. C. Bishop of Dromore. The letter ia printed in Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 306 (see also Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 172).

page 286 note b Elizabeth Boyle, Viscountess Boyle, of Kynalmeaky (see vol. i. p. 174).

page 286 note c Elizabeth, dau. of William Murray, first Earl of Dysart, and wife of Sir Lionel Tollemache (see vol. ii. p. 6).

page 286 note d Henri Charles de la Trémoille, eldest son of the Due de Thouars. He was a partisan of Condé, and had been confined at Amiens since the end of 1655.

page 287 note a Probably Sir Kenelm Digby, who was at Bordeaux in Feb. 1657 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 249).

page 287 note b See above, p. 286. She took the title on the death of her father, William Murray, created Earl of Dysart in 1643.

page 288 note a Henri do Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, Deputy-General of the Protestant churches in 1653. At the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to England, where he died in 1689.

page 289 note a Daniel or Dominic Daly, founder and rector of the Irish Dominican College at Lisbon (see an account of him in Dict. Nat. Biogr. xiii. p. 436).

page 289 note b Count Palatine of the Rhine, a son of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia ; he married Anne Gonzaga, dau. of Charles, Duke of Mantua and Neyers.

page 29 note a Maj.Gen. James Heane or Haynes. For an account of Penn's repulse from Hispaniola and taking of Jamaica see Thurloe St. Pap. iii. p. 504, etc.

page 30 note a The Plate fleet escaped Blake this year, but was captured by his lieutenant Stayner on 8 Sept. 1656.

page 291 note a Olympia Mancini (above, p. 3). She married, in 1657, Eugene, Count of Soissons, second son of Thomas of Sayoy, Prince de Carignan, by whom she was mother of the famous Prince Eugene. Her husband's elder brother was a deaf muto.

page 291 note b Cromwell's second Parliament met 17 Sept. 1656.

page 292 note a John Cosin, Bishop of Durham in 1660. His daughter Elizabeth married Thomas Burton, M.P. for Westmoreland, the reputed author of the Parliamentary Diary, 1656–1659, printed under his name, 1828. On 16 Oct. 1656, Burton was called upon to defend himself in the House on a charge of disaffection, which he did successfully (Parl. Hist. p. 439).