^{page 22 note 1} Parliament had sat from 3 to 12 Dec. 1857, following the government's suspension of the Bank charter act, and reconvened on 4 Feb. 1858. The first surviving volume of Trelawny's diary begins on 15 Feb. 1858.

^{page 22 note 2} Calling for papers relating to the annexation of Oude in 1856, with the implication that this was a major cause of the Indian mutiny; H cxlviii. 1477–95; agreed to.

^{page 22 note 3} Who, as governor general of India, had been responsible for the annexation of Oude.

^{page 22 note 4} Troops had been sent to Herat, against the Persians, in 1856.

^{page 23 note 5} 2nd reading of Trelawny's abolition bill; P.P. 1857–8, i. 341.

^{page 23 note 6} Both Conservatives; Stanley being Lord Derby's son.

^{page 23 note 7} I.e. in the Braintree case (1853), that the Church rate was illegal unless voted by a majority of attendants at the Vestry meeting.

^{page 23 note 8} The home secretary repeated his proposal made at the time of Sir William Clay's bill (5 Mar. 1856), that abolition should only apply to parishes where rates had not been collected for a specified period of time, while dissenters in other parishes might claim exemption; H cxlviii. 1575–9.

^{page 24 note 9} Returns from Streatham, Surrey, and Sydenham, Kent, showed that these expenses had been paid for out of church rates; H cxlviii. 1582.

^{page 24 note 10} John Evelyn Denison.

^{page 24 note 11} Continued debate on the Government of India bill, introduced by Palmerston on 12 Feb. The bill ended the system of dual control from London by the East India Company and the Board of Control, replacing it with a council of India consisting of eight nominated members, presided over by a Cabinet minister. P.P., 1857–8, ii. 267.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 12} Thomas Baring's amendment that it was not expedient at present to legislate for the government of India, defeated 318:145; 1st reading of bill passed.

^{page 25 note 13} 2nd reading of the conspiracy to murder bill, making conspiracy a felony rather than a misdemeanour. This was a response to demands for action by France after the assassination attempt on the Emperor Napoleon III by a group of Italian nationalists, led by Felice Orsini, who had operated from Britain.

^{page 25 note 14} Trelawny had evidently modified his assessment of the utility of Gibson's amendment, which did not attack the conspiracy bill as such, but condemned the government's failure to give a formal answer to the despatch from Count Walewski, the French foreign minister (which was conveyed to his British counterpart and laid on the table of the House of Commons), calling for Britain's help in suppressing revolutionary movements and guaranteeing France's security. By giving no formal answer to this despatch. Gibson contended, the government had implicitly admitted that Britain was harbouring assassins; H cxlviii. 1745–58.

^{page 25 note 15} Lord John Russell.

^{page 26 note 16} Sir Robert Peel, son of the former prime minister.

^{page 26 note 17} James Moncrieff.

^{page 26 note 18} Sir Richard Bethell.

^{page 26 note 19} Gibson's amendment enabled the Conservatives to oppose the government without opposing the Conspiracy bill itself. Lord Derby had earlier given ministers the impression that he would help them to pass the bill; Angus Hawkins, Paliament, Party and the Art of Politics in Britain, 1855–59, (1987), pp. 97–8, 104–6.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 20} Government chief whip.

^{page 27 note 21} A petition from Edward Lees Coffey, of Sheffield, alleging that in 1856 Issac Butt, M.P. for Youghal, had entered into a corrupt agreement with the Ameer Ali Moorad Khan, by which he received money in return for advocating the recovery of the Ameer's territory (Sind), which had been annexed by the East India Company.

^{page 28 note 22} He always sat on the ministerial side, regardless of party; cf. Illustrated Times, 9 07 1859.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 23} Under the place act of 6 Anne c. 7 members had to gain re-election on accepting a place of profit under the Crown.

^{page 28 note 24} Appointed Lord Chancellor (Lord Chelmsford).

^{page 28 note 25} On the India loan bill.

^{page 28 note 26} Arising from the Orsini affair; see the despatches in B.F.S.P., xlix. 1249–52.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 27} In June 1857 the Cagliari, a Sardinian mailboat, had been taken over by carbonarists who proceeded to release a number of prisoners from the island of Ponza and then made their escape on the Italian mainland. Soon afterwards, the Cagliari, whose crew included two English engineers, Park and Watt, was arrested by a Neopolitan ship. Park and Watt were imprisoned and maltreated, the latter losing his sanity.

^{page 29 note 28} The foreign office at Turin had taken the lead in condemning the action of the Neapolitan government; The Times, 1 02 1858, p. 9Google Scholar, 19 Feb 1858, p. 12

^{page 29 note 29} It had emerged that the Cagliari had been arrested on the high seas and not, as originally thought, in Neapolitan waters.

^{page 29 note 30} Ralph Bernal Osborne had been parliamentary secretary to the admiralty under both Aberdeen and Palmerston.

^{page 29 note 31} Lord Derby.

^{page 30 note 32} Palmerston.

^{page 30 note 33} Lord Derby, as E.G. Stanley, had been Irish chief secretary in Lord Grey's government at the time of the great reform act.

^{page 30 note 34} See The Times, 8 03 1858, p. 4Google Scholar, for Sir Fitzroy Kelly's speech at Ipswich.

^{page 31 note 35} Whig whip.

^{page 32 note 36} For the culture of electoral corruption in county Galway, where Lord Dunkellin and the Marquess of Clanricarde exercised great influence, see Hoppen, K. Theodore, Elections, Politics and Society in Ireland 1832–1885, (Oxford, 1984), pp. 76, 146, 155.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 37} House in committee, discussing Russell's oaths bill. Newdegate's amendment to omit the 5th clause, allowing jews to sit in parliament, rejected by 297:144.

^{page 32 note 38} Roebuck's resolution for the abolition of the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland and its replacement with a secretary of state; H cxlix. 766–9.

^{page 32 note 39} Irish chief secretary.

^{page 32 note 40} Baxter had described Disraeli as an ‘excellent Liberal’, and urged him to begin his work of reducing the estimates by ending the ‘unnecessary outlay’ on the Lord Lieutenancy; H cxlix. 749–51.

^{page 33 note 41} Russell affected to believe that the government was not disinclined to consider the question, and he therefore urged them to devise a measure more acceptable to the Irish than Roebuck's bill; H cxlix. 766–9.

^{page 33 note 42} Home secretary.

^{page 33 note 43} In May 1850 Russell, then Prime Minister, had introduced his own abolition bill, and Naas had spoken in favour of it.

^{page 33 note 44} 243:116 against the resolution.

^{page 33 note 45} The Derby ministry's alternative to Palmerston's bill, also provided for the abolition of the system of dual control. A Council of India, presided over by a minister of the rank of secretary of state, was to consist of eighteen members nominated by the Crown, five members elected by the cities of London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Belfast, and four members elected by a constituency consisting of certain British subjects resident in India; P.P. 1857–8, ii. 287.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 46} The House had resumed after the Easter recess.

^{page 33 note 47} I.e. that the government should drop its India bill and allow a committee to draw up resolutions providing the basis for a new measure. Russell's action had been prearranged with ministers. Originally, he had intended to oppose the bill outright, but, along with the Peelites and many Radicals, had feared that this would lead to the restoration of Palmerston to power; Hawkins, Art of Politics, pp. 124–30.

^{page 34 note 48} Defeated by 161:24; H cxlix. 878–82.

^{page 34 note 49} A toll levied on goods en route to Hamburg by the Hanoverian town of Stade, on the river Elbe.

^{page 34 note 50} See above, 22 Feb., for the allegation of corruption brought against Isaac Butt, M.P., by Edward Lees Coffey. On 12 Mar., Sir James Graham's select committee had reported that the allegation was untrue, but that Butt had received money from the Ameer of Sind; H cxlix. 75–6. Dissatisfied with this outcome, Trelawny now moved that rewards to members should be condemned as a high breach of parliamentary privilege; H cxlix. 1019–21.

^{page 35 note 51} Trelawny mistakenly wrote 41/2 millions.

^{page 35 note 52} The other main provision of the budget was the reduction of the income tax from 7d. to 5d. in the £.

^{page 35 note 53} To delay the bill for six months.

^{page 35 note 54} Stating that no church rates should be levied in any parish of England and Wales once the bill had been passed.

^{page 35 note 55} 346:104 against reporting progress.

^{page 35 note 56} H clxix. 1496–1508.

^{page 36 note 57} Concerning Bagwell's motion for a select committee to inquire into the problem of destitution in county Donegal; H cxlix. 1525–7.

^{page 36 note 58} In Gosport.

^{page 36 note 59} 224:26; Bentinck and Elphinstone having declined to support Briscoe's motion to omit the vote of £5,000 for Haslar.

^{page 36 note 60} Substituted for the Government of India (no. 2) bill.

^{page 37 note 61} 1st reading of his annual bill to extend the £10 borough household franchise to the counties.

^{page 37 note 62} 317:54.

^{page 37 note 63} To exempt dissenters from payment of church rates; H cxlix. 1869–71.

^{page 38 note 64} His aim was to obtain voluntary returns of the acreage of land under cultivation, H cxlix. 1871–9; defeated by 241:135.

^{page 38 note 65} Opposing Caird; H cxlix.1182–8.

^{page 38 note 66} For an inquiry into the annual grant from the consolidated fund to the Catholic seminary of Maynooth, in Ireland.

^{page 38 note 67} Home secretary.

^{page 38 note 68} 210:155.

^{page 38 note 69} The fourteen resolutions drawn up in lieu of the government of India bill; H cxlix. appendix.

^{page 38 note 70} Directors of the East India Company.

^{page 38 note 71} That it was expedient to transfer the government of India to the Crown.

^{page 38 note 72} I.e. the future of Moldavia and Wallachia, formerly part of the Ottoman empire, whose position had been left unsettled at the end of the Crimean war. Gladstone's motion called for the desire for unification as Rumania, expressed by a representative assembly (divan) of the principalities, to be given due weight at the conference; H cl. 44–66.

^{page 39 note 73} 292:114.

^{page 39 note 74} 232:143 against Greer's motion for a select committee.

^{page 39 note 75} 103:84 against the 1st reading. In Scotland, contrary to England and Wales, there was only a £10 freehold franchise for the counties.

^{page 39 note 76} To abolish the requirement, laid down by the Act 9 Anne c. 5, that borough M.P.s must own landed property worth at least £300 per annum and county M.P.s property worth at least £600 per annum; Royal assent, 26 June.

^{page 40 note 77} The motion, drawn up by Palmerston and Lord Granville, censured Ellenborough, the president of the board of control, for publishing his despatch severely rebuking the governor general of India, Lord Canning, for his Oude proclamation, and thus undermining the governor general's authority at a time of crisis; H cl. 674–86. Canning's proclamation had announced the confiscation of the people of Oude's proprietory rights to the land.

^{page 40 note 78} Lord Chelmsford's amendment, inserted into the bill on 27 Apr., was rejected by the Commons, and Russell moved for a committee to draw up the reasons for disagreeing with the peers: H cl. 336–54.

^{page 40 note 79} In his evidence to the New Zealand loan guarantees committee in 1857, Henry Sewell, the colonial treasurer, stated that the New Zealand House of Assembly had decided that it would not accept a loan of £200,000 if parliament was not prepared to offer the desired loan of £500,000. Trelawny showed that this was not the case; H cl. 354–7.

^{page 40 note 80} Colonial secretary in the Palmerston ministry.

^{page 40 note 81} Colonial secretary.

^{page 41 note 82} Baron L.N. de Rothschild had been returned for the city of London since 1847, but was unable to take his seat; there was an eighteenth century precedent for someone sitting on a parliamentary committee before he had taken the oath.

^{page 41 note 83} H cl. 529–30 for the 9 resolutions establishing the reasons for disagreeing with the House of Lords.

^{page 41 note 84} The motion of censure on Lord Ellenborough, who had already announced his resignation, on 11 May.

^{page 41 note 85} Solicitor general.

^{page 41 note 86} Expressing confidence in Lord Canning, the governor general of India. Dillwyn made it clear that he had no wish to see Palmerston restored to power by means of the censure motion against Ellenborough; H cl. 727–8.

^{page 42 note 87} On the censure motion against Ellenborough, continued.

^{page 42 note 88} Irish attorney general.

^{page 43 note 89} Williams' motion, to equalise the duties on real (including corporate) and personal property, defeated by 172:68; H cl. 867–9.

^{page 43 note 90} See above, 19 Feb.

^{page 44 note 91} Bright, following Russell in the debate, considered Cardwell's motion to be unwise and expressed his resentment at the failure of the Liberal leaders to consult the party first before adopting a course of action; H cl. 1055–8.

^{page 44 note 92} Thought to have been a nervous breakdown resulting from the hostile reaction to his opposition to the Crimean war; Trevelyan, G.M., The Life of John Bright, (1913), pp. 254–8.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 93} Sir James Outram, the military commander in India.

^{page 44 note 94} It was William Coningham.

^{page 44 note 95} Cardwell had earlier tried to secure Disraeli's agreement to the withdrawal of the motion; Hawkins, Art of Politics, pp. 142–3.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 96} The Times, 27 05 1858, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 97} 29 May 1858, pp. 554–5. Lord Shaftesbury had moved the censure motion against Ellenborough in the House of Lords, on 14 May. In his speech at Slough, Disraeli had likened Shaftesbury to ‘a Pharisee of old, with broad phylactery on his brow, calling god to witness, in the voice and accents of majestic adoration, that he was not as other men’.

^{page 45 note 98} He moved that the department of the Horse Guards and the war office should be under the control of one responsible minister; H cl. 1328–37.

^{page 45 note 99} Secretary for war.

^{page 45 note 100} The commander in chief was the Duke of Cambridge, the Queen's cousin.

^{page 46 note 101} I.e. that Britain should not pressurise the Sultan to withhold consent for the canal project; H cl. 1360–7.

^{page 46 note 102} 290:62.

^{page 46 note 103} James Wilson, financial secretary to the treasury under both Aberdeen and Pal-merston.

^{page 46 note 104} Charles Baillie.

^{page 46 note 105} The 1st Marquess of Dalhousie was governor general of India, 1848–56; it is not clear what ‘jobbery’ Trelawny thought had occurred.

^{page 47 note 106} See above, 1 June, for Vivian's motion on divided responsibility in the administration of the army.

^{page 47 note 107} 265:116. H cl. 1613, 1615–33, for Gladstone's resolution.

^{page 47 note 108} 3rd reading of Trelawny's abolition bill.

^{page 48 note 109} 294:197 against Henry Berkeley's bill.

^{page 48 note 110} 226:168 for the 2nd reading.

^{page 49 note 111} Trelawny is obviously mistaken, as the Conservatives had helped to defeat Palmerston's ministry on the China war question, in Mar. 1857. Miles may have been referring to the Conservatives' support for Palmerston against Roebuck's resolution (16 July 1857) condemning the Persian war; H cxlvi. 1577–1655.

^{page 49 note 112} See above, 12 Mar., for the Cagliari affair.

^{page 49 note 113} Palmerston and Russell's attempt to limit the membership of the Council to a maximum of twelve was defeated by 243:176. Lord Stanley then carried his resolution that there should be a minimum of twelve and a maximum of fifteen members. Trelawny was absent from these divisions.

^{page 49 note 114} See above, 31 May.

^{page 49 note 115} For Bulwer's empty speech at Hertford, see The Times, 11 06 1858, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 116} Rejected by 174:47.

^{page 50 note 117} Adam Black's motion to abolish the compulsory levy of 6 percent on the occupants of houses, shops and warehouses, used to pay the stipends of Church of Scotland ministers in Edinburgh.

^{page 50 note 118} Trelawny mistakenly wrote 128.

^{page 50 note 119} A similar impost on the inhabitants of certain towns in Ireland for the benefit of Church of Ireland ministers; abolished in 1857.

^{page 50 note 120} The Insurance and Assurance Institutions bill was an attempt, by a private member, to consolidate the statutes in this area. Sheridan refused to withdraw the bill, as he wanted a force a discussion. It was subsequently postponed.

^{page 50 note 121} That it should consist of 8 members nominated by the Crown and 7 chosen by the existing directors of the East India Company, with vacancies filled alternately by Crown nomination and election by the Indian Council; H cl. 2221–5.

^{page 51 note 122} The government of India (1103) bill; P.P. 1857–8, ii 313.

^{page 51 note 123} Sir John Thwaites was chairman of the metropolitan board of works, set up in 1855, which had still not produced its plan for the drainage of London.

^{page 51 note 124} To dissolve the partnership between the government and the commissioners for the great exhibition of 1851; Royal assent, 12 July. The debate concerned the repayment of a parliamentary grant of £200,000, after which the land purchased by the commissioners in South Kensington was to be released so that the plan to establish a permanent exhibition site could be fulfilled.

^{page 51 note 125} Blackburn's amendment was rejected, 208:99.

^{page 51 note 126} Prince Albert had served on the commission for the great exhibition of 1851 and favoured the concentration of the national museums on the South Kensington site; SirMartin, Theodore, Life of the Prince Consort, (1875–1980), ii. 233–7, 445–6, 569–73.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 127} Lord Claud Hamilton, treasurer of the household.

^{page 52 note 128} See above, 13 Apr., for Trelawny's motion that rewards to members be regarded as a high breach of parliamentary privilege. On 22 June, Lord Hotham had carried, by 210:27, the resolution that ‘it is contrary to the usage and derogatory to the dignity of this House, that any of its members should bring forward, promote, or advocate, in this House, any proceeding or measure in which he may have acted or been concerned, for or in consideration of any pecuniary fee or reward’; H cli. 176–209.

^{page 52 note 129} Monsell's amendment was passed, 140: 98.

^{page 53 note 130} 2nd reading passed, 129:75; but Ward Hunt's bill made no further progress.

^{page 53 note 131} To reform the government of the Scottish Universities; Royal assent, 2 Aug. P.P. 1857–8, iv. 713.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 132} 102:94.

^{page 53 note 133} Clause nineteen, relating to retirement pensions, carried by 125:76.

^{page 53 note 134} On 5 July, Gladstone succeeded in inserting a permissive clause to the effect of his proposal; H cli. 961–2.

^{page 54 note 135} Gregson's amendment, limiting the tenure to five years, with the possibility of reelection, rejected by 154:118.

^{page 54 note 136} Sir Erskine Perry's amendment was defeated, 245:121.

^{page 54 note 137} 224:57 against Collins' amendment.

^{page 54 note 138} Rich's amendment restricting pensions to those who had served for at least 15 years, defeated by 199:101.

^{page 54 note 139} By 151:36.

^{page 55 note 140} The Government of India (no. 3) bill, at the report stage.

^{page 55 note 141} The ill-fated Afghan war of 1838–42, and the annexation of Sind in 1843, were both undertaken for the purpose of countering Russian expansion in Central Asia.

^{page 55 note 142} Palmerston's motion was defeated by 149:115. Russell's motion, to omit a clause allowing the secretary of state to send orders without reference to the Indian Council, was rejected by 176:149.

^{page 55 note 143} On Palmerston's motion.

^{page 55 note 144} He opposed Russell's motion.

^{page 55 note 145} In support of Palmerston's motion.

^{page 56 note 146} W. H. Russell, the famous Crimean war correspondent.

^{page 56 note 147} That the grant of £39,400 be reduced to £366 (the item for widows and orphans of ministers of the synod of Ulster); H cli. 1277–8.

^{page 56 note 148} Sir Hugh Cairns.

^{page 57 note 149} The grant was passed by 165:55. Gilpin's amendment, rejecting the increase in the grant of £346. 3s. 4d, was defeated by 147:69.

^{page 57 note 150} Hutt's resolution againsl the use of military force to suppress the slave trade; H cli. 1286–94.

^{page 57 note 151} By 223:24.

^{page 58 note 152} Trelawny had noticed, in his speech to the Commons, Lord Stanley's despatch of 5 May to Governor Grey, regarding the scale of the financial assistance given to the Cape Colony since it was granted self-government in 1853; H cli. 1420–1. Trelawny had moved to reject the vote altogether, but was defeated by 177:30.

^{page 58 note 153} Indicated by Labouchere and Vernon Smith, members of the late Palmerston ministry; H cli. 1401. However, the government carried the vote of £3,568 by 67:61.

^{page 58 note 154} Lord Lucan's bill (originating in the House of Lords), which enabled either House to modify, by resolution, the form of its parliamentary oath; P.P. 1857–8, iii. 635. The peers had passed this bill in spite of having previously (1 July) rejected Russell's oaths bill.

^{page 58 note 155} Russell was alluding to the attitude of Derby's son, Lord Stanley.

^{page 58 note 156} For the 2nd reading.

^{page 58 note 157} The metropolis local management act amendment bill, granting borrowing powers to the metropolitan board of words; Royal assent, 2 Aug.

^{page 59 note 158} Roebuck, who had been brought up in Canada, moved that the privileges of the company, soon to expire, should not be renewed as they posed an obstacle to the further colonisation of Canada; H cli. 1788–94.

^{page 59 note 159} Newly-appointed Colonial secretary.

^{page 59 note 160} An act was subsequently passed creating the colony of British Columbia out of part of the company's territory previously known as New Caledonia; P.P. 1857–8, ii. 397.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 161} See above, 16 July.

^{page 59 note 162} H cli. 1902. Rothschild was finally able to take his seat on 26 July.

^{page 59 note 163} Chancellor of the Exchequer in Palmerston's ministry.

^{page 59 note 164} Financial secretary to the treasury in Palmerston's ministry.

^{page 60 note 165} Who was defeated by 89:41; H cli.1922, for his resolution.

^{page 60 note 166} Headlam's amendment, giving the metropolitan board of works power to undertake ‘such works as may be necessary’ for the purification of the Thames and the drainage of London, defeated by 81:38, H cli.1929.

^{page 60 note 167} The corrupt practices act (1854) continuance bill; Royal assent, 2 Aug.

^{page 61 note 168} The clause was carried by 94:66.

^{page 61 note 169} I.e. clause 3, that the principals of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen should not be deemed to be professors of divinity.

^{page 62 note 170} On the following day a Lords amendment, modifying the regulation of the system of competitive examination for officers in the artillery and engineers in India, was upheld; H cli. 2324–47.

^{page 63 note 1} In Italy, where Britain was negotiating to prevent Franco-Austrian hostilities; Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859–60, (1961), pp. 36–7Google Scholar. In reality, France and Sardinia were colluding to provoke a war with Austria; ibid, pp. 3–8.

^{page 64 note 2} 237:28 against Ewart's motion.

^{page 64 note 3} T.E. Taylor, a junior government whip.

^{page 64 note 4} Trelawny is obviously relating the dialogue here.

^{page 64 note 5} Spencer Walpole, the home secretary.

^{page 64 note 6} In Dec. 1857 a Mr. Manini, of the city of London poor law union, had fled the country after embezzling £26,000. Although Manini had only been responsible for collecting poor rates from nine of the ninety-eight parishes in the union, the board of guardians had proposed that all the parishes should share the burden of the loss. One parish had objected to this plan, and a series of court cases had followed.

^{page 64 note 7} Crawford was defeated by 89:57.

^{page 64 note 8} Baron Mayer de Rothschild, the brother of Baron L.N. de Rothschild, had been elected for Hythe.

^{page 65 note 9} 35:77. Lord Bury's bill was rejected by the Lords on 22 Mar.

^{page 65 note 10} Neither bill was passed before the dissolution of parliament in May.

^{page 65 note 11} Foreign secretary.

^{page 65 note 12} The titles to landed estates bill; killed by the dissolution of parliament.

^{page 65 note 13} Walpole's bill enabled owners of land to charge their property with a church rate, and to constitute the incumbent and churchwardens as a corporation. Dissenters were to be allowed to claim exemption from payment, but would then lose the right to attend vestry meetings; H clii. 610–29.

^{page 67 note 14} That Walpole's bill be read this day six months.

^{page 67 note 15} Trelawny's letters were published on 18 Jan. 1859, p.10, 24 Jan. 1859, p. 12, 2 Feb. 1859, p. 6, and 10 Feb. 1859, p. 10. See below, 17 Mar. 1859, for the debate on Trelawny's motion.

^{page 67 note 16} 26 Feb. 1859, pp. 234–5.

^{page 68 note 17} T.H. Sotheron-Estcourt had replaced Walpole as home secretary.

^{page 69 note 18} Providing for a £10 household franchise in the counties, and an increase in the borough electorate of around 200,000 through a number of ‘fancy franchises’. Fifteen small two-member boroughs were to lose one of their seats, and these were to be redistributed to urban and industrial areas; P.P. 1859 (1), ii. 649.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 19} Explaining their resignations.

^{page 69 note 20} Cf. Gathorne Hardy's diary, 2 Mar. 1858, in Hardy, A.E. Gathorne, Gathorne Hardy, istEarlofCranbrook: A Memoir, (1910), i. 127–8.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 21} Cf. Henry Reeve (ed.), The Cremile Memoirs, (1888 ed.), viii. 233–4Google Scholar (9 Mar. 1859).

^{page 69 note 22} The two independent liberals referred to were Horsman and Roebuck, but this was a false rumour, as their subsequent behaviour shows; see below, 18 and 23 Mar. 1859.

^{page 70 note 23} At this point in the diary, Trelawny rehearsed the speech he was about to make in the Commons, for which see H clii. 1567–74; see above, 21 and 25 Feb. 1859, for his arguments.

^{page 71 note 24} Under the existing law, freeholders of property worth between £2 and £10 per annum, living in boroughs, were entitled to vote in the adjoining county as 405. freeholders. The government now agreed to reserve this right for existing borough freeholders. Trelawny was wrong to write that such freeholders were originally going to be ‘disfranchised’: they were to be given borough instead of county votes.

^{page 71 note 25} The Colonial secretary, in answer to Ridley on the corruption amongst government officers in Hong Kong.

^{page 71 note 26} H cliii. 39–48.

^{page 72 note 27} First Lord of the admiralty.

^{page 72 note 28} Chief constructor for the navy.

^{page 72 note 29} Which had to finish by 2 p.m.

^{page 72 note 30} The bill made no further progress before the dissolution.

^{page 73 note 31} Conservative member for Honiton.

^{page 73 note 32} Judge-advocate-general.

^{page 73 note 33} Trelawny's motion for a select committee, defeated by 135:31.

^{page 73 note 34} Secretary for war.

^{page 73 note 35} Trelawny had again used the diary to rehearse his speech. He argued that the efficiency of the army suffered as a result of the privileges enjoyed by the Guards regiments, notably in the way that Guards officers held higher ranks, and therefore received higher pay, than their equivalents in regiments of the Line. Staffing levels and allowances, in Trelawny's view, were extravagant. Guards captains were given excessive leave and they did little company duty. The Guards were generally exempted from foreign service, but when they did go abroad, their privileges excited feelings of jealousy amongst the other regiments; see H cliii. 276–9, 292.

^{page 74 note 36} Condemning the government's plan to interfere with the borough freeholder's right to a county vote, and calling for a greater extension of the suffrage in the boroughs; H cliii. 389–405.

^{page 74 note 37} John Stuart Mill and George Jacob Holyoake were prominent radical reformers and secularists.

^{page 75 note 38} Debate on the reform bill, continued.

^{page 76 note 39} Bulwer Lytton.

^{page 76 note 40} He had resigned as home secretary because of his opposition to the bill.

^{page 76 note 41} The prime minister, not his son.

^{page 76 note 42} In the reform bill debate, continued.

^{page 77 note 43} While playing a prominent part in the assault on the Derby ministry, and acting as an advisor to Russell, Graham had already decided not to take office again because of his poor health; Parker, O.S., Life and Letters of Sir James Graham, 1792–1861, (1907), ii. 379–91.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 44} For the proposed postal votes, which would have benefited plural voters.

^{page 77 note 45} Taking his stand neither for Russell nor the government, and pleading for the retention of the small boroughs as ‘nurseries of Statesmen’; H cliii. 1045–67.

^{page 78 note 46} He wanted to see a £6 borough franchise, a £10 county franchise and no transfer of voters from counties to boroughs; H cliii. 1223–30.

^{page 78 note 47} An amendment to Russell's resolution; H cliii. 1261–2.

^{page 78 note 48} 328:98; Trelawny in the minority.

^{page 79 note 49} The Cabinet had already decided, on 1 Apr., to dissolve parliament; Hawkins, Art of Politics, p. 225.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 50} Published in The Times, 5 04 1859, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 51} Trelawny returned for Tavistock without a contest.

^{page 80 note 52} Speaker in the previous parliament.

^{page 81 note 53} The famous meeting marking the reunion of the Liberal party.

^{page 81 note 54} It was agreed to support Lord Hartington's amendment to the Address expressing a want of confidence in the Queen's ministers.

^{page 81 note 55} Another of the ‘independent’ Liberals.

^{page 82 note 56} He did not return until 29 June; Gladstone was another absentee from the meeting.

^{page 83 note 57} The Reform club.

^{page 83 note 58} In spite of these tactics, A. Peel and his Conservative colleague were defeated by two Liberals.

^{page 84 note 59} Owing to the fear of a European war, the government had recruited additional seamen by offering bounties of £10 to able seamen, £5 to ordinary seamen and £3 to landsmen.

^{page 84 note 60} On the Address, continued.

^{page 84 note 61} Liberal chief whip.

^{page 84 note 62} Probably Sir John Pakington, the first Lord of the admiralty; see above, 11 Mar.1859.

^{page 85 note 63} Bright was excluded owing to the vehemence of his attacks on the aristocracy; Trevelyan, John Bright, pp. 282–3.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 64} The presidency of the board of trade.

^{page 85 note 65} I.e. in accepting the chief commissionership of the poor law board; but see below, 30 June 1859.

^{page 85 note 66} Austria had declared war on Sardinia, on 29 Apr., after the latter had refused to disarm. On 3 May, France intervened on Sardinia's side.

^{page 86 note 67} C.P. Villiers had accepted the chief commissionership of the poor law board vice Milner Gibson, who now became president of the board of trade.

^{page 86 note 68} He was the brother of the 4th Earl of Clarendon.

^{page 86 note 69} For supplying arms and ammunition to the volunteers; H cliv. 678–82. Withdrawn.

^{page 86 note 70} General Peel and Sidney Herbert respectively; the former was hostile to Palk's motion, the latter sympathetic.

^{page 87 note 71} To amend the Act 6 Anne c. 7 so that it did not apply in cases where existing members of the government were appointed to new offices; H cliv. 704–5.

^{page 87 note 72} 53:51.

^{page 87 note 73} 210:192 for the 2nd reading; the bill was later referred to a select committee.

^{page 87 note 74} The government had guaranteed the company a 42 percent return on its capital for the next fifty years, and nominated two ex-officio directors.

^{page 87 note 75} Sir James Graham's motion was defeated by 177:130.

^{page 87 note 76} On 11 July France and Austria had agreed to the peace preliminaries of Villafranca whereby Austria was to retain Venetia but cede Lombardy to France, who would then hand this over to Sardinia. A confederation of the Italian states, under the honorary presidency of the Pope, was also envisaged, although this idea was dropped at the subsequent peace conference at Zurich. B.F.S.P. xlix. 87–8.Google Scholar

^{page 88 note 77} The Vale of Llangollen railway bill.

^{page 88 note 78} See above, 10 May 1858.

^{page 88 note 79} Chichester Fortescue.

^{page 89 note 80} Expressing their desire for the independence of Italy, and doubting the feasibility of a federation including the Pope and the Austrian Emperor; H clv. 543–55, 572–80.

^{page 89 note 81} Trelawny had brought his bill on again, at 2 a.m., but agreed not to press it; H clv. 630.

^{page 89 note 82} He urged that Britain must take immediate steps to prepare for the possibility of a war with France; H civ 676–92.

^{page 89 note 83} Secretary for war.

^{page 89 note 84} By 167:70.

^{page 89 note 85} Presumably Trelawny would have opposed Horsman.

^{page 90 note 86} On this day the House had passed through committee the reserve volunteer force of seamen bill, allowing for the enlistment of up to 30,000 men.

^{page 90 note 87} I.e. to settle the Italian question; H clv. 120–34.

^{page 92 note 1} The address to the throne.

^{page 92 note 2} Possibly J.W. Henley, not the seconder.

^{page 93 note 3} He was defeated by 166:48.

^{page 93 note 4} Empowering magistrates at Quarter sessions to divide counties into districts of parishes for the purpose of repairing highways. The bill was not passed until 1862; see below, 14 Feb. and 26 May 1862 for Trelawny's views.

^{page 94 note 5} Cardwell's Tenure and Improvement of Land (Ireland) bill, introduced on 29 Mar., established a procedure by which outgoing tenants without leases could obtain compensation for improvements made to the holding. The bill was of a permissive nature, as the landlord had the right to object to the procedure; Royal assent, 28 Aug.

^{page 94 note 6} The ritualistic practices adopted by the Rev. Bryan King, the incumbent of St. George's in the East, in the dockland area of London, had led to regular disruptions of his Sunday services; Chadwick, Owen, The Victorian Church, vol I, (1966), pp. 497–501.Google Scholar

^{page 94 note 7} James Moncrieff.

^{page 94 note 8} The tax was to be replaced by a levy of 8d. in the £ on householders for 15 years, so as to accumulate a fund for the support of a reduced number of Church of Scotland ministers; P.P. 1860, i. 139.Google Scholar

^{page 95 note 9} On Gladstone's motion for another select committee on packet and telegraphic contracts; agreed to.

^{page 95 note 10} Financial secretary to the treasury.

^{page 95 note 11} Trelawny accidently wrote increasing,

^{page 95 note 12} 121:93 for Wise's motion.

^{page 95 note 13} The former prime minister, not his son.

^{page 96 note 14} I.e. the Anglo-French commercial treaty negotiated by Cobden and Chevalier. 15 On the 2nd reading of the church rates abolition bill.

^{page 96 note 15} The opponents of Church rates abolition had numbered 160 in Feb. 1858, 168 in Mar. 1859 and 193 in July 1859.

^{page 97 note 17} The Liberation society.

^{page 97 note 18} Dr. C.J. Foster, chairman of the Liberation society's parliamentary committee.

^{page 97 note 19} To the select committee on Church rates, in July 1859; P.P. 1859(2) v.15 Questions 753–73 (Morley), and 1605, 1679, 1691 (Foster).

^{page 98 note 20} For the opening of museums on Sundays; see below 16 Feb. 1860.

^{page 98 note 21} The Times, 10 02 1860, p. 10Google Scholar, listed the deputation headed by Lord Shaftesbury.

^{page 98 note 22} £9,400,000.

^{page 98 note 23} Making it 10d. in the £.

^{page 98 note 24} A penny stamp was imposed on all cheques.

^{page 98 note 25} I.e. the commercial treaty negotiated by Cobden and Chevalier.

^{page 99 note 26} Sotheron-Estcourt's plan would have allowed the Church of England to tax its own members.

^{page 99 note 27} For the opening of museums on Sundays.

^{page 100 note 28} For the subsequent report of Trelawny's select committee, see P.P. 1860, xvi. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 29} The amendment to omit the names of officers being carried by 124:46.

^{page 101 note 30} Secretary for war.

^{page 102 note 31} Against allowing eating houses to be licensed to sell beer and wine.

^{page 102 note 32} With his amendment against going into committee on the Customs acts until the House had had an opportunity to consider the commercial treaty between Britain and France; H clvi. 1355–75.

^{page 102 note 33} When the House of Commons had passed a series of resolutions embodying the gist of the Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1786.

^{page 103 note 34} Ayrton was a Liberal.

^{page 103 note 35} 293:230 against Disraeli's amendment.

^{page 103 note 36} Disraeli subsequently described the debates of February as ‘sham battles’; W.F. Monypenny and G.E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, (1929 ed.), ii. 12Google Scholar. Cf. the Greville Memoirs, viii, 298 (22 02 1860)Google Scholar, for Conservative indifference to their leader's defeat.

^{page 104 note 37} On Ducane's amendment to the motion to enter into committee of supply on the customs acts, opposing Gladstone's method of adding to the budget deficit by diminishing the ordinary revenue and then raising the income tax; H clvi. 1475–96.

^{page 104 note 38} On the Sunday opening of museums.

^{page 104 note 39} R. Hanbury.

^{page 104 note 40} When the committee was nominated on 23 Feb., it included Roupell of Lambeth; Commons Journals, 1860, p. 86.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 41} On Ducane's amendment to the motion on the customs acts.

^{page 105 note 42} F.T. Baring had been chancellor of the exchequer from 1839 to 1841, when there was a succession of budget deficits.

^{page 105 note 43} 339;223 against Ducane's amendment.

^{page 105 note 44} The Crimean war had wrecked Gladstone's plan of 1853 to phase out the income tax over a seven year period.

^{page 105 note 45} Who had both resigned from Derby's ministry in Mar. 1859 because of their opposition to that government's parliamentary reform bill.

^{page 106 note 46} Providing for a reduction in the English borough franchise from £10 to £6 and the redistribution of twenty-five seats taken from small boroughs; P.P. 1860, v. 597.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 47} I.e. Sardinia's cession of Nice and Savoy to France.

^{page 106 note 48} H clvii. 17–20. Captain Leicester Vernon moved an amendment against any extension of the seniority system; ibid, cols 24–31.

^{page 106 note 49} Secretary of state for war.

^{page 107 note 50} 213:59.

^{page 107 note 51} Commissioner of works and buildings.

^{page 108 note 52} With regard to his temporal power in the papal states.

^{page 108 note 53} In Ireland.

^{page 108 note 54} Thomson Hankey.

^{page 108 note 55} Byng's motion for an address to the Queen expressing the House's thanks for concluding the commercial treaty with France; H clvii. 121–31.

^{page 108 note 56} The American ambassador suspected that Derby had no wish to form a government on the basis of an anti-French policy; Dallas, G.M., Letters from London, (1870), ii. 328–30Google Scholar (6 Mar. 1860). Cf. Derby to Disraeli, 4 Mar. 1860, Hughenden MSS (microfilm copy, Cambridge University Library), B/XX/S/266, observing that hostile action against the treaty would result in a poor division in the Commons, and offend the French.

^{page 109 note 57} T.C. Haliburton, a celebrated novelist who had earlier been judge of the Canadian supreme court.

^{page 109 note 58} Not found in the Gladstone MSS.

^{page 109 note 59} The separate paper duties repeal bill.

^{page 109 note 60} Miles' amendment against the repeal of the paper duties, defeated by 245:192.

^{page 110 note 61} Notably the Vienna settlement of 1815, which guaranteed the neutrality of Chablais and Faucigny, part of the territory now ceded by Sardinia to France.

^{page 110 note 62} Russell was referring to the despatch from Thouvenal to Persigny, stating the French case for annexing Nice and Savoy, which he had received the previous day; H clvii. 761. Cf. Beales, England and Italy, p. 137.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 63} Henry Berkeley, making his annual motion in favour of the secret ballot.

^{page 111 note 64} 245:147.

^{page 111 note 65} Sir James Graham.

^{page 111 note 66} 190:120. Dillwyn's bill sought to secure for dissenters the right to act as trustees for schools founded before the Reformation.

^{page 111 note 67} Sir Hugh Cairns' bill, allowing dissenters to continue to act as trustees where there was an established usage going back at least 25 years; it did not proceed beyond the 1st reading.

^{page 111 note 68} Vice president of the education board of the privy council.

^{page 111 note 69} H clvii. 1219, for Willoughby's amendment against the increase; defeated by 187:132.

^{page 112 note 70} See 20 Mar. 1848, H clvii. 774–5, for the unpopularity of Trelawny's support for the Russell ministry's proposal to raise the income tax from 70!. to is. in the £ (later withdrawn) and to extend the life of the tax for a further three years. Trelawny had also opposed Hume's amendment (13 Mar. 1848) limiting the extension to one year.

^{page 112 note 71} Secretary of state for war in Palmerston's first ministry.

^{page 112 note 72} Denouncing ministers for allowing themselves to be deceived by Napoleon III as to his territorial ambitions; H clvii. 1244–52.

^{page 112 note 73} Probably Bright.

^{page 113 note 74} On the commercial treaty (i i Mar.), H clvii. 247–68.

^{page 113 note 75} Cf. 3 June 1858, H cl.1450–7.

^{page 113 note 76} A meeting of Conservatives the previous day had decided to work to defeat Trelawny's bill rather than to amend it; diary of T.H. Sotheron-Estcourt, 27 Apr. 1860, Sotheron-Estcourt MSS (Gloucestershire Record Office), D1571/F410.

^{page 114 note 77} The Easter recess lasted from 4 to 16 Apr.

^{page 114 note 78} The Refreshment houses and wine licenses bill, allowing eating houses to be granted licenses to sell wine.

^{page 114 note 79} Ker Seymer supported the bill, Hardy opposed it; both were Conservatives.

^{page 114 note 80} On 2 Apr., while Trelawny was absent from Westminster, the House had agreed that government orders should take precedence over private members bills on Thursdays until whitsun: H clvii. 1720–40.

^{page 116 note 81} Motion for a select committee to investigate the rights of the Crown with respect to foreshores, tidal rivers, estuaries and the bed of the sea around the coast, and to examine the manner in which the department of woods and forests had asserted these rights; H clviii. 25–31.

^{page 116 note 82} Sir Richard Bethell.

^{page 116 note 83} Smith was defeated by 134:117

^{page 116 note 84} The Liberal chief whip, Brand, later warned Russell that there was no chance of carrying a bill containing the provision for a £6 borough franchise; 30 May 1860 (copy), Broadlands MSS (Southampton University Library), GC/BR/6.

^{page 117 note 85} Confirmed by the account in The Times, 27 04 1860, p. 7.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 86} Black, the mover of abolition bills in previous years, had supported the government's compromise measure, which did not satisfy the abolitionists; see above, 30 Jan. 1860.

^{page 117 note 87} The Times, 20 02 1860, p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 88} Debate on the 3rd reading of the Church rates abolition bill.

^{page 118 note 89} See above, 8–9 Feb. 1860.

^{page 118 note 90} 235:226. The bill was rejected by the Lords, 128:31, on 19 June.

^{page 118 note 91} Samuel Morley, wealthy hosiery manufacturer and prominent dissenters' leader.

^{page 119 note 92} By which any adult male assessed for poor rate and church rate was eligible to vote.

^{page 119 note 93} Cousin of Lord Macaulay, but a Conservative.

^{page 120 note9 4} Speaker, 1839–57.

^{page 121 note 95} John Walter II, M.P. for Berkshire and proprietor of The Times.

^{page 121 note 96} In a leading article of 30 Apr. 1860, p. 8.

^{page 121 note 97} Robert Lowe was a leader writer for the paper; John Thaddeus Delane was the editor.

^{page 121 note 98} On the 3rd reading of the paper duties repeal bill.

^{page 122 note 99} 219:210.

^{page 122 note 100} According to the Saxon ambassador, 30 Conservative M.P.s had come up to town too late for the division; Henry Reeve (ed), St. Petersburg and London in the Tears 1852–1864: Reminiscences of Count Charles Frederick Vitzthum von Eckstaedt, (1887), ii. 69–72Google Scholar (11 May 1860).

^{page 123 note 101} By 184:147.

^{page 123 note 102} J.A. Turner, a cotton manufacturer and merchant in Manchester.

^{page 123 note 103} Crook's bill did receive the Royal assent, on 6 Aug.

^{page 123 note 104} Defeated by 147:32.

^{page 124 note 105} The bill passed through committee.

^{page 124 note 106} I.e. rejected the paper duties repeal bill, by 193:104, the previous evening.

^{page 124 note 107} Additional taxes on tea and sugar imposed during the Crimean war.

^{page 125 note 108} John Bright was one of the largest shareholders in the paper; Stephen Koss, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, vol I, the nineteenth century, (1981), pp. 109–11.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 109} Parliamentary secretary to the admiralty.

^{page 125 note 110} Laid-up at Haslar; see The Times, 12 03 1860, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 111} The motion was withdrawn.

^{page 126 note 112} No evidence of this, but Trelawny's remarks reflect the widespread suspicion that there were serious differences between the two Conservative leaders; cf. Blake, Robert, Disraeli, (1966), pp. 425–8.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 113} Criticising the centralising tendency of the bill, which vested in the ecclesiastical commissioners the real estate of bishops, deans and chapters, who were to become stipendiaries of the centrally administered fund thus created; Royal assent, 28 Aug. P.P. 1860, iii. 119.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 114} Cf. the leading articles in The Times, 23 05 1860, p. 9Google Scholar, 28 May 1860, p. 8, and 29 Aug. 1860, p. 8.

^{page 128 note 115} public bills which affected private rights.

^{page 128 note 116} He was not.

^{page 128 note 117} Reform bill debate, continued.

^{page 128 note 118} The Budget and the Reform Bill', in the Apr. 1860 edition of the Quarterly Review, was written by Cecil.

^{page 128 note 119} 269:248 for the 2nd reading.

^{page 128 note 120} Baillie Cochrane's motion to adjourn the House was defeated by 267:222.

^{page 128 note 121} For Herbert's modest plans to reform the guards, and his (unsuccessful) plan to abolish the purchase of commissions for the higher ranks of the army, see Lord Stanmore, Sidney Herbert: A Memoir, (1906), ii. 373–5.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 122} I.e. withdrew his reform bill.

^{page 130 note 123} I.e. Napoleon III.

^{page 130 note 124} Horsman did not specify the case, but he was presumably referring to the French annexation of Nice and Savoy.

^{page 130 note 125} On the inadequate provision of Church places in Manchester.

^{page 130 note 126} Trelawny wished to add a proviso to clause 29 of the bill to ensure that one-third of Church seats were reserved for public use at no cost; H clix. 511.

^{page 130 note 127} For the consequent agitation, see Miall, Arthur, Life of Edward Midi, (1884), pp. 226–8.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 128} The selling and hawking goods on Sunday bill was deferred until 29 June, and made no further progress.

^{page 131 note 129} The government's amendment to its tenure and improvement of land in Ireland bill was carried by 127:51.

^{page 131 note 130} Irish chief secretary.

^{page 131 note 131} During the debate on the bleaching and dyeing bill, in committee.

^{page 132 note 132} Cairns's amendment was carried by 190:48; A.F. Egerton's amendment, setting a maximum twelve hour day, was defeated by 256:42.

^{page 132 note 133} The Morning Star, organ of the Manchester radicals.

^{page 132 note 134} Requiring a statement of each person's religious opinions; see above, 15 June 1860.

^{page 133 note 135} At Sheffield.

^{page 133 note 136} The first resolution affirmed the exclusive right of the Commons to grant aid and supplies to the Crown; the others stressed the infrequent exercise by the Lords of its powers, and asserted the right of the Commons, in drafting bills of supply, to guard against an undue exercise by the Lords of its powers in future. H clix.1384.

^{page 133 note 137} Counsel to the admiralty.

^{page 134 note 138} The former Thomas Spring Rice, a Whig Chancellor of the Exchequer; he had moved the rejection of the paper duties repeal bill in the upper House.

^{page 134 note 139} Agreed to without a division.

^{page 134 note 140} Lord Fermoy's adjournment motions.

^{page 134 note 141} On 1 July Gladstone had sent a memorandum to the prime minister urging legislative action against the Lords; H.C.G. Matthew (ed), The Gladstone Diaries, v. 501Google Scholar. At the Cabinet meeting on the following day, Gibson and the Duke of Argyll were the only ministers to support Gladstone; Palmerston to the Queen, 2 July 1860, in A.C. Benson and Lord Esher (eds), The Letters of Queen Victoria, (1st series, 1907), iii. 402–4.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 142} Home secretary.

^{page 135 note 143} Sir Robert Peel, moving for papers regarding the threatened annexation of Sicily by Sardinia.

^{page 136 note 144} Trelawny and Dillwyn were the tellers; the majority numbered 198.

^{page 136 note 145} The bill was given its ist reading by 53:15; Royal assent 28 Aug.

^{page 136 note 146} In Sept. 1859 Britain and France had decided to send another military expedition in order to force the Chinese to abide by the provisions of the treaty of Tientsin (June 1858) which had ended the first war; Gostin, W.C., Great Britain and China 1833–1860, (Oxford, 1937), pp. 287–315.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 147} I.e. Russia.

^{page 136 note 148} One of the provisions of the treaty of Tientsin.

^{page 137 note 149} I.e. the first China war, on which issue they had helped to defeat Palmerston's ministry in Mar. 1857.

^{page 137 note 150} Agreed to without a division.

^{page 137 note 151} Governor general of India.

^{page 137 note 152} The former Sir Colin Campbell; he had just retired as commander-in-chief in India.

^{page 137 note 153} Palmerston.

^{page 138 note 154} William White wrote a weekly article on events in parliament for the Illustrated Times.

^{page 138 note 155} The leading radical opponent of the regime of Napoleon III in France.

^{page 138 note 156} Henry Pease, M.P. for Durham, South; a manufacturer and coal-owner.

^{page 138 note 157} Pease's delaying amendment being carried by 122:51.

^{page 138 note 158} His resolutions regarding the paper duties repeal bill, criticising the policy of inaction implied by Palmerston's resolutions, urging the government to assert the rights of the people by dissolving parliament if necessary, praising Gladstone, and calling on the Commons to obstruct supply until the Lords had rescinded its vote; H clix. 2079–80.

^{page 139 note 159} By 177:138.

^{page 139 note 160} 19 July 1860, p. 8, criticising the continued efforts by Trelawny and other radicals to obstruct parliamentary business.

^{page 139 note 161} George Wingrove Cooke, a leader writer for The Times.

^{page 139 note 162} Erskine May, chief clerk of the House of Commons.

^{page 140 note 163} Of the dockyards and arsenals at Portsmouth, Plymouth, Chatham and Cork.

^{page 140 note 164} Joseph Hume (d.1855), a prominent radical who campaigned for retrenchment in government expenditure.

^{page 141 note 165} Gladstone spent the whole day at Cliveden, conveniently missing the debate; Gladstone Diaries, v. 506–7.Google Scholar

^{page 141 note 166} Bazley withdrew his amendment in favour of Deedes's.

^{page 141 note 167} Chief commissioner of the poor law board.

^{page 142 note 168} Deedes' amendment carried, 147:92.

^{page 142 note 169} First Lord of the admiralty.

^{page 142 note 170} For a Royal commission to investigate the system of promotion and retirement in the navy; H clx. 103–12. Defeated by 89–56.

^{page 142 note 171} Trelawny was evidently writing-up his diary the following day; he is referring to the debate on the European forces India bill, on 26 July.

^{page 143 note 172} Trelawny helped to defeat (71:25) Sullivan's amendment adding a clause to the bill enabling tenants to remove buildings they had erected; H clx. 271.

^{page 143 note 173} Against Gladstone's resolution to equalise the customs and excise duties on paper; H clx. 723–42. Defeated by 273:266.

^{page 144 note 174} On 21 Apr. 1859 the Derby ministry had signed a contract with the Atlantic Royal Mail company, worth £78,000 per annum, to operate a mail service between Galway and north America.

^{page 144 note 175} 19 Apr. 1859.

^{page 144 note 176} It was carried by 145:39.

^{page 144 note 177} Financial secretary to the treasury.

^{page 144 note 178} The Morning Star, the organ of the Manchester radicals.

^{page 145 note 179} See above, 12 July 1860.

^{page 145 note 180} Bright seems to have been concerned that hostile action might make Gladstone's position within the government more difficult; Bright to Cobden, 15 July 1860, in Trevelyan, John Bright, pp. 290–1.Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 181} Irish attorney general.

^{page 146 note 182} The Divorce court bill was the latest in a series of bills since 1854 which had been amended by the Lords to enable various classes of officiais to claim particular expenses out of ‘funds provided by parliament’. The Speaker stated that he had intimated to the Lords that in future he would object to such clauses on behalf of the House of Commons; H clx. 1629–30. The bill received the Royal assent on 28 Aug.

^{page 147 note 1} Sir Augustus Clifford.

^{page 147 note 2} Trelawny mistakenly wrote 47.

^{page 148 note 3} Showing that Britain had taken a consistent stance of non-interference, allowing the Italians to settle their own destiny, but defending the king of Sardinia's intervention to prevent anarchy in Naples and Sicily; H clxi. 127–39.

^{page 148 note 4} Palmerston's motion was then agreed to. The recommendations of the committee were partially implemented, notably the substitition of Thursday for Friday as a government night, and the adoption of Tuesday as a supply night; P.P. 1861, xi. 431.Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 5} Which failed to pass through lack of time.

^{page 149 note 6} Royal assent, 6 Aug.; P.P. 1861, i. 257.Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 7} Starkie, Thomas, A practical treatise of the law of evidence, and digest of proofs, in civil and criminal proceedings, (2 vols, 1833)Google Scholar; a standard work on the subject.

^{page 151 note 8} The second China war had been ended by the convention of Peking, Oct. 1860; Costin, Britain and China, pp. 302–42.Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 9} The punitive burning of the Chinese emperor's summer palace in Peking, where a number of captive British officers had been held.

^{page 151 note 10} An evangelical paper.

^{page 151 note 11} Extending the vote to £10 householders.

^{page 152 note 12} 131:127 for an inquiry to find a more equitable means of levying the income tax so as to reduce the burden on those with ‘precarious’ (i.e. earned) incomes. The committee's report proved unfavourable to Hubbard's idea; P.P. 1861, vii. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 13} To reduce the householder franchise to £6.

^{page 152 note 14} Edward Miall, editor of the Nonconformist newspaper.

^{page 153 note 15} Sir Richard Bethell.

^{page 153 note 16} James Moncrieff.

^{page 153 note 17} Henry Montagu.

^{page 153 note 18} See the leader in The Times, 26 02 1861, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 153 note 19} See above, 17 Aug. 1860.

^{page 153 note 20} A Conservative paper.

^{page 153 note 21} See below, 20 Mar. 1861.

^{page 153 note 22} Church rates abolition bill, 2nd reading.

^{page 154 note 23} Ed. by Henry Wilson; an attempt to bring anglican thinking up to date by taking account of the critical and historical study of the bible going on in Germany; Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, vol. 2, (1970), pp. 75–97.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 24} As M.P. for the University.

^{page 154 note 25} Both had been levied in Ireland.

^{page 154 note 26} Nor in H clxi. 1053, which noted that ‘the House was now crowded with members impatient for the division, and the hon. baronet's remarks were inaudible.’

^{page 154 note 27} Seconding Trelawny.

^{page 154 note 28} Former Whig chief whip.

^{page 155 note 29} Not traced in the Palmerston or Brand papers.

^{page 155 note 30} P.P. 1861, i. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 31} The bishop of Oxford had presented a petition to convocation condemning the dangerous doctrines' contained in the Essays and Reviews; The Times, 1 03 1861, p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 32} See below, 20 Mar. 1861.

^{page 156 note 33} In Mar. 1859 the governor of New Zealand, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, had purchased from chief Teira land in the Waitara valley, on north island, which was claimed by Wiremu Kingi. War broke out in Mar. 1860; Rutherford, James, Sir George Grey, 1812–1898: a study in colonial government, (1961), pp. 443–52.Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 34} It was; through the then colonial secretary's (Labouchere's) ruling of io Dec. 1856.

^{page 156 note 35} Unidentified.

^{page 156 note 36} Probably R.A. Cross; see below 13 Mar. 1861.

^{page 156 note 37} In Jan. 1861 the French squadron had withdrawn from the harbour of Gaeta, leaving the King of Naples defenceless.

^{page 157 note 38} Colonial under secretary.

^{page 157 note 39} The Duke of Somerset, Lord Herbert and the Duke of Newcastle respectively.

^{page 157 note 40} 2O2:110 against J.G. Dodson's motion for the repeal of the duty.

^{page 158 note 41} The Conservative amendments were dropped.

^{page 158 note 42} Continued from 4 Mar.; no division.

^{page 160 note 43} Government chief whip.

^{page 160 note 44} Elphinstone's motion for an inquiry into promotions, retirement, and officers' pay, carried by 102:97 on 5 Mar.; H clxi. 1458–65.

^{page 160 note 45} Who had resigned from Derby's ministry, in Mar. 1859, over the question of parliamentary reform.

^{page 160 note 46} According to Lord Malmesbury, a deal was struck by which the Conservatives supported Palmerston in omitting officers' pay from the remit of the committee of inquiry, in return for the premier's assistance in defeating Locke King's forthcoming county franchise bill; Memoirs of an Ex-Minister, (1884), ii. 249.Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 47} Motion for a select committee withdrawn.

^{page 160 note 48} The appointment of members of a select committee to inquire into the constitution of the board of admiralty.

^{page 161 note 49} See above, 11 Mar. 1859.

^{page 161 note 50} See above, 11 Mar. 1861.

^{page 161 note 51} H clxi. 1798–1803; withdrawn.

^{page 161 note 52} Duncombe's constituency.

^{page 161 note 53} He died in Nov. 1861.

^{page 161 note 54} I.e. the previous question.

^{page 162 note 55} 248:220.

^{page 162 note 56} By 183:50.

^{page 163 note 57} The Queen's mother.

^{page 163 note 58} By comparing the edited versions of the despatches from Sir Alexander Burnes, laid before parliament in 1839, with the full versions printed in 1859, Dunlop alleged that the Whig government of 1839, in which Palmerston was foreign secretary, had mutilated the despatches in order to give a misleading impression of the hostile intentions of Dost Mohommed Khan, the emir of Afghanistan, so as to justify the Afghan war; H clxii. 37–58.

^{page 163 note 59} Dunlop's motion for a select committee defeated by 159:49. Disraeli had deprecated the re-opening of an old question, and opposed any inquiry into the way documents were prepared for presentation to parliament; H clxii. 77–85.

^{page 164 note 60} When home secretary in Peel's ministry, he had ordered the opening of letters addressed to Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary nationalist exiled in England.

^{page 164 note 61} Confirmed by the account in Sotheron-Estcourt's diary, 19 Mar. 1861, Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D1571/F411: ‘Brand fetched Whitmore & Disraeli - who pulled the Government through a most awkward scrape of Ld. Palmerston mutilating despatches’.

^{page 164 note 62} 2nd reading of the county rates and expenditure bill; P.P. 1861, i. 607Google Scholar. Trelawny sought an affirmation of the principle that ratepayers should have more effective control over the management of county rates; H clxii. 98–104.

^{page 164 note 63} See above, 13 Mar. 1861.

^{page 164 note 64} The Police act of 1856 had made the creation of county police forces compulsory.

^{page 164 note 65} Trelawny was putting forward the same bill promoted by Cobden and Milner Gibson in Feb. 1853.

^{page 165 note 66} Against Trelawny's motion.

^{page 165 note 67} See above, 12 Feb. 1861.

^{page 165 note 68} To reduce the household franchise to £6.

^{page 165 note 69} He asserted that the Liberal opposition to the Conservatives' reform bill of Mar. 1859 had been a purely party move; H clxii. 401–5.

^{page 166 note 70} 245:193.

^{page 166 note 71} The House had resumed after the Easter recess on 8 Apr.

^{page 166 note 72} For a special tribunal to be set-up to inquire into the title to the land at Waitara, once the Queen's authority had been re-asserted in New Zealand; H clxii. 479–81.

^{page 166 note 73} Colonial under-secretary.

^{page 166 note 74} 24 Apr. 1861, p. 8.

^{page 166 note 75} Henry Berkeley's bill defeated, 279:154.

^{page 166 note 76} Trelawny thus missed much of the parliamentary proceedings, from mid-April to mid-May.

^{page 167 note 77} 236:155 against Sir Morton Peto's bill to allow nonconformist services in anglican burial grounds.

^{page 167 note 78} Introduced on 15 Apr., reducing the income tax by id. and repealing the paper duties; H clxii. 544–96.

^{page 167 note 79} The repeal of the paper duties was tacked on to the budget.

^{page 167 note 80} 1911145 against Locke King's bill.

^{page 167 note 81} The Times, 2 May 1861, p. 9, and 3 May 1861, p. 9.

^{page 168 note 82} To the budget, proposing to reduce the duty on tea from is. 5d. to is. per Ib instead of repealing the paper duties; H clxii. 1413–20.

^{page 168 note 83} 299:281.

^{page 168 note 84} The duties were increased during the Crimean war.

^{page 168 note 85} To the Grand Duke of Hesse.

^{page 168 note 86} On her marriage to the Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, in 1858.

^{page 168 note 87} Cf. Sotheron-Estcourt's diary for 8 May: ‘meeting in Tea rooms about Church Rates. [G.F.] Heneage & 5 or 6 Liberals. If they will enable us to beat Trelawny on 3rd reading, we will engage to bring in a Bill.’ Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D 1571/F411.

^{page 169 note 88} On the army estimates: 131:100 for a vote of £1,000 for the precis writer and librarian; 165:75 against reducing by £3,000 the vote for clerks in the war department; and 124:103 for a vote of £196,244 to “cover the costs of the departments of the secretary of state and the general commanding in chief”.

^{page 169 note 89} An anchor designed by John Trotman which, in spite of the recommendations of a committee in 1852, the admiralty had been slow to adopt; see Trotman's letter to The Times, 6 04 1861, p. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 90} Horsfall's amendment to the budget, on 2 May.

^{page 170 note 91} Respectively against and in favour of the government's method of tacking paper duty repeal onto the budget.

^{page 170 note 92} 247:164 and 233:145 against adjournment; Palmerston then gave way.

^{page 170 note 93} I.e. the customs and inland revenue bill; agreed to.

^{page 171 note 94} On Horsfall's amendment, 2 May.

^{page 171 note 95} Lord Richard Grosvenor retained the seat for the Liberals by a majority of 300, on 30 May.

^{page 172 note 96} A French force was occupying Syria in accordance with an agreement by the Powers; The Suez Canal project also testified to French interest in the Middle East.

^{page 172 note 97} Awarded in Apr. 1859 to operate a mail service between Galway and North America.

^{page 172 note 98} The Queen had shown excessive grief after the death of her mother in Mar., Cecil Woodham Smith, Queen Victoria, her life and times, vol I, 1819–1861, (1972), pp. 411–12.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 99} Ayrton became parliamentary secretary to the treasury in Gladstone's first ministry.

^{page 172 note 100} Under-secretary for war, May 1857 to Mar. 1858.

^{page 173 note 101} Ramsden never held office again.

^{page 173 note 102} Sir James Graham.

^{page 173 note 103} Peel was appointed Irish chief secretary in July 1861, but he was not a success and held no office after 1865.

^{page 174 note 104} See above, 9 Aug. 1860.

^{page 174 note 105} Governor of New Zealand, 1845–53; no relation to Earl Grey or to Sir George Grey the Whig minister.

^{page 174 note 106} I.e. the 4th clause of the customs and revenue bill, repealing the paper duties.

^{page 174 note 107} Reporting (p. 8) the rumour that the subsidy to the Galway company might becontinued for 6 months.

^{page 175 note 108} See above, 27 May 1861.

^{page 175 note 109} 296:281. A number of Conservatives had absented themselves because of ‘the unwished-for help of the Irish’, Hardy's diary, i June 1861, in Gathorne Hardy, Cranbrook. 149.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 110} Daly, a roman catholic priest, had tried to persuade Palmerston to receive a deputation of Irish members; H clxiii. 343–4.

^{page 175 note 111} Sotheron-Estcourt.

^{page 176 note 112} They were originally levied in peacetime, but increased during the Crimean war.

^{page 176 note 113} Unidentified, but possibly Sir James Graham.

^{page 176 note 114} Sotheron-Estcourt.

^{page 176 note 115} Dr. CJ. Foster.

^{page 176 note 116} Sotheron-Estcourt's diary for 2–3 June indicates that Disraeli was anxious to delay the division on Trelawny's bill for fear of another poor Conservative showing so soon after that of 30 May; Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D1571/F411.

^{page 177 note 117} H.B.Brand.

^{page 177 note 118} See above, 17 Feb. 1858; Trelawny's majority was 53.

^{page 177 note 119} For compensation for the loss of his father's estates in France; although the revolutionary government had paid compensation to the British government in 1793 to cover such cases of confiscation, de Bode had never received any money; H clxiii. 571–84.

^{page 177 note 120} Sir Richard Bethell.

^{page 177 note 121} Select committee agreed to by 134:112.

^{page 177 note 122} Rumours stemming from Disraeli's undoubted anger at the way his planned attack on the government over the paper duties, on 30 May, had been thwarted by the deliberate absence of a number of Conservative M.P.s; John Vincent (ed.), Disraeli, Derby and the Conservative Party: The Political Journals of Lord Stanley, 1849–69, (Brighton, 1978), p. 172Google Scholar (5 June 1861).

^{page 178 note 123} In a speech at Prestwood, The Times, 8 Dec. 1860, p. 10.

^{page 178 note 124} Nem con.

^{page 178 note 125} Published in The Times, 12 June 1861, p. 5; it allowed for the exemption of dissenters from paying church rates, which were still to be levied on members of the congregation subscribing in the past year, and it added a new rate of id. in the £ on owners for the upkeep of church fabrics. No rates were to be levied where none had been collected for 5 years.

^{page 178 note 126} Unidentified.

^{page 179 note 127} Not recorded in the minute books of the Liberation Society.

^{page 179 note 128} Trelawny expressed his regret at the failure to produce ‘a measure giving Dissenters in substance the relief which they seek, without humiliation or sense of inferior citizenship, in some form of words agreeable to Conservative Statesmen’, but noted that ‘even were the case otherwise […] you do not speak with any confidence as to the chances of the Conservative party following you upon a division in favour of it.’ Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D1571/X86.

^{page 180 note 129} Allowing dissenters to claim exemption from payment of church rates, which were not to be levied at all in parishes where they had not been voted during the past seven years; P.P. 1861, i. 443.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 130} Condemning Governor Browne for using force to deprive the natives of their land; H clxiii. 952–3.

^{page 180 note 131} See above, 13 Mar. 1861.

^{page 180 note 132} Not recorded in the minute books of the Liberation Society.

^{page 181 note 133} Cf. Sotheron-Estcourt's diary for 17 June: ‘Meeting at 12 at Ld. Derby's. Spoke of the general Policy of our Party, complained of secession of some members on late occasion – Referred to Church Rates – I spoke – well – some account of my negotiation with Trelawny, which settled all doubts.’ Sotheron-Escourt MSS, D1572/411.

^{page 181 note 134} Disfranchised for corruption in 1844 and 1852 respectively.

^{page 181 note 135} One seat for Birkenhead, two for the West Riding; the other seat was eventually given to East Lancashire.

^{page 181 note 136} 3rd reading.

^{page 182 note 137} 274:274.

^{page 183 note 138} Some having been induced to stay away by a promise, made by certain Conservatives at a meeting in the tea room, that R.A. Cross's compromise bill would be introduced once the abolition bill was defeated; J. Banks Stanhope to Sotheron-Estcourt, 21 June 1861, Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D1571/X86.

^{page 183 note 139} Trelawny's colleague in the representation of Tavistock; Lord John Russell's nephew.

^{page 183 note 140} The motion would have been ‘that this bill do pass’.

^{page 183 note 141} Apr. 1851.

^{page 183 note 142} Then prime minister.

^{page 183 note 143} Question on the Suez Canal; H clxiii. 1458–60.

^{page 183 note 144} See above, 11 June 1861.

^{page 184 note 145} Tractarian archdeacon of Taunton, a prominent upholder of church rates.

^{page 184 note 146} Under-secretary for war.

^{page 184 note 147} As parliamentary secretary to the admiralty, Dec. 1852 to Mar. 1858.

^{page 184 note 148} The vacancy arising from Bethell's succession to the woolsack. Palmer, who did not have a seat in the Commons, became solicitor general after being returned for Richmond in July.

^{page 184 note 149} To which he was, nevertheless, appointed.

^{page 185 note 150} In both cases the election of June 1859 had been declared void on petition. When the by elections finally occurred, in Feb. 1862, the Liberals held Gloucester but the Conservatives captured Wakefield.

^{page 185 note 151} Government chief whip.

^{page 185 note 152} Cross finally withdrew his bill on 24 July.

^{page 185 note 153} The East India (high courts of judicature) bill.

^{page 185 note 154} For a royal commission to inquire into the effects of legislation banning burials in the city of London, which had resulted in a substantial loss of fees for certain clergymen; H clxiv. 199–201. Defeated by 59:48.

^{page 186 note 155} H clxiv. 306–11; withdrawn.

^{page 187 note 156} By 188:95.

^{page 187 note 157} Who was defeated by 122:78.

^{page 187 note 158} Frederick Peel, joint secretary to the treasury.

^{page 187 note 159} 176 supported the vote of £18,708 to complete the costs of the office of woods, forests and land revenues.

^{page 188 note 160} Who won by 76:44.

^{page 188 note 161} A majority of 102:26 supported the vote of £15,776 to defray expenses relating to the transportation of convicts.

^{page 188 note 162} Secretary of state for war.

^{page 188 note 163} Speech on the 3rd reading of the naval officers of reserve bill; H clxiv. 1830–2.

^{page 188 note 164} Restricting the opportunity for debates on motions for going into committee of supply, enhancing the role of select committees and ending parliamentary sittings at 1 a.m. when opposed business was being debated; H clxiv. 1870. Withdrawn.

^{page 188 note 165} The Times, 3 Aug. 1861, p. 9, on the death of Herbert.

^{page 189 note 166} Governor general of India; he retired in Mar. 1862 and died in June.

^{page 190 note 1} To abolish the compulsory part of church rate law; see below, 23 Mar. 1863.

^{page 190 note 2} No further motion was made.

^{page 191 note 3} Speaker, 1839–57.

^{page 191 note 4} Replacing the existing system of State grants to elementary schools with a capitation grant subject to each pupil passing examinations in reading, writing and arithmetic; also making school managers responsible for paying masters and pupil teachers, with no guarantee for their payment by the State; H clxv. 191–242.

^{page 191 note 5} Irish chief secretary.

^{page 191 note 6} Palmerston informed Cox, on 18 Feb., that there were no plans for a bill.

^{page 191 note 7} Against the 2nd reading, which passed by 141:30. The bill empowered magistrates at quarter sessions to divide counties into districts of parishes for the purpose of repairing highways; Royal assent, 29 July. P.P. 1862, ii. 315.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 8} 144:133 for the 2nd reading.

^{page 192 note 9} Palmerston explained the circumstances surrounding the challenge made to Peel, the Irish chief secretary, following remarks he had made on 21 Feb. The O'Donoghue was obliged to apologise to the House; H clxv. 617–26.

^{page 192 note 10} See above, 30 May 1861.

^{page 192 note 11} 160:130 against the 2nd reading.

^{page 192 note 12} 27 Feb. 1862, p. 8.

^{page 193 note 13} The Liberation Society had decided to give the Conservatives time to put forward an alternative measure; minute book, A/LIB/2, 20 Dec. 1861.

^{page 193 note 14} I.e. the revised education code.

^{page 193 note 15} By Buxton, so as to recognise the colonies' right to protection against dangers arising from imperial policy; H clxv. 1038–44.

^{page 193 note 16} To Lefroy, regarding the rioting at the county Longford by election.

^{page 194 note 17} Recognising the rights of belligerant states, and therefore the impossibility of breaking the blockade of the confederate ports in the United States; H clxv. 1209–25.

^{page 194 note 18} On 6 Mar., the increase of £10,787 in the vote for Sandhurst had been rejected, 81:53.

^{page 194 note 19} The voted was agreed to, on 13 Mar.

^{page 194 note 20} For an annual committee to revise all estimates or accounts laid before parliament; H clxv. 1306–28. Defeated, 96:31.

^{page 195 note 21} 148:116 against motion to go into committee.

^{page 195 note 22} Monckton Milnes.

^{page 195 note 23} I.e. the civil war.

^{page 195 note 24} Motion against such ‘useless expenditure’, H clxv. 1894–1901; withdrawn.

^{page 196 note 25} Moving for a select committee to consider 11 resolutions criticising details of the revised code; H clxvi. 21–54.

^{page 196 note 26} I.e. the former Conservative prime minister.

^{page 196 note 27} 17 Mar. 1862, H clxv. 1669–83.

^{page 196 note 28} Cambridge.

^{page 197 note 29} Robert Lowe announced to the House the concessions made by the government to its revised education code, notably the provision of attendance grants as well as grants based on examinations, and a guarantee to make up any deficiency in the stipends of masters and pupil teachers from the State grant; H clxvi. 240–2.

^{page 197 note 30} Government chief whip.

^{page 197 note 31} Vicar of Tavistock.

^{page 197 note 32} Gladstone's motion for a standing committee of public accounts, passed 63:11.

^{page 197 note 33} From gout.

^{page 198 note 34} H clxvi. 336–9.

^{page 198 note 35} 87:66.

^{page 198 note 36} 127:116 for leave to bring in a bill to reduce the duty levied on fire insurances; not proceeded with.

^{page 198 note 37} Accusing Gladstone of extravagance and of adding to the national debt, while having sacrificed the revenue from the paper duties; H clxvi. 639–57.

^{page 198 note 38} 83:81 against the 2nd reading of the bill to concentrate the courts of law and equity on one site.

^{page 199 note 39} Criticising the French occupation of Rome, which was upholding the temporal power of the Pope, and predicting that Rome would become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy; H clxvi. 964–70.

^{page 199 note 40} 116:49.

^{page 199 note 41} Withdrawing his resolution against State aid to elementary schools being based solely on examination of each pupil; H clxvi. 1204–13.

^{page 200 note 42} See above, 28 Mar. 1862.

^{page 200 note 43} Sir William Clay had introduced annual bills for the abolition of church rates in 1854–6.

^{page 200 note 44} 2nd reading of customs and inland revenue bill.

^{page 201 note 45} Opposing an ‘omnibus’ bill which prevented separate consideration of the income tax, customs, excise and stamp duties; H clxvi. 1561–4.

^{page 202 note 46} Against the abolition of church rates until parliament had agreed on an alternative provision for the Church; H clxvi. 1684–93.

^{page 202 note 47} Charles Gilpin, secretary to the poor law commissioners.

^{page 202 note 48} Reference not found.

^{page 203 note 49} Woods of Wigan.

^{page 203 note 50} Government chief whip.

^{page 203 note 51} On Estcourt's resolution.

^{page 203 note 52} Commissioner of works and buildings.

^{page 203 note 53} His son-in-law.

^{page 203 note 54} 139:128 against appointing a select committee.

^{page 204 note 55} 138:130 against Baxter's motion to omit the vote of £90,000 for Alderney.

^{page 204 note 56} On the customs and inland revenue bill, 3rd reading.

^{page 204 note 57} The Irish attorney general, Thomas O'Hagan, was found a seat in May 1863.

^{page 205 note 58} Not to the Commons, presumably to Trelawny himself; see below, 24 June 1862.

^{page 205 note 59} See above, 14 Feb. 1862.

^{page 205 note 60} Sclater Booth's amendment defeated, 138:66; H clxvi. 2206–7.

^{page 206 note 61} Home secretary.

^{page 206 note 62} 8a:48 for leave to bring in the bill, which lost its and reading on 18 June.

^{page 206 note 63} Sir Edward Grogan's amendment to the poor relief (Ireland) bill, that orphans should be brought up in the religion of the State, defeated 97:69.

^{page 207 note 64} On 27 May.

^{page 207 note 65} Against further delay; H clxvii. 196–9.

^{page 207 note 66} See above, 7 June 1860.

^{page 207 note 67} Secretary of state for war, Mar. 1858 to Jun. 1859, defending the system of purchase.

^{page 207 note 68} He was not.

^{page 207 note 69} Motion defeated, 247:62.

^{page 207 note 70} For a reduction in national expenditure; H clxvii. 315.

^{page 208 note 71} Palmerston's amendment stressed the need to ensure national security, expressed satisfaction at recent reductions achieved in expenditure and looked forward to further reductions when possible; H clxvii. 333.

^{page 208 note 72} An opposition meeting at the Duke of Marlborough's had agreed that Walpole should move an amendment to the effect of Stansfeld's motion, so as to avoid voting for a radical motion; Stanley Journals, p. 186Google Scholar (2 June 1862).

^{page 209 note 73} Notwithstanding his call for retrenchment, Stansfeld favoured British intervention apport of Liberal movements abroad.

^{page 209 note 74} Richard Lalor Sheil (d. 1851), Irish Liberal M.P., playwright and journalist.

^{page 209 note 75} Finsbury.

^{page 209 note 76} Sir William Hayter, ex Liberal whip.

^{page 210 note 77} Cf. Malmesbury, Memoirs, ii. 273–4.Google Scholar

^{page 210 note 78} Speaker, 1839–57.

^{page 211 note 79} Not the case, but Gladstone had wanted to move resolutions of his own; Philip Guedalla (ed), Gladstone and Palmers ton: Being the correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr Gladstone, 1851–1865, (1928), pp. 221–8Google Scholar (27–29 May 1862).

^{page 211 note 80} See The Times, 25 04 1862, p. 7Google Scholar, for Gladstone's speech criticising the nation for forcing heavy expenditure upon the government.

^{page 211 note 81} The House had adjourned for whitsun on 5 June, and resumed on the 12th; Trelawny was absent until the 17th.

^{page 211 note 82} Bouverie's, to relieve seceding churchmen from penalties; P.P. 1862, i. 249.Google Scholar

^{page 211 note 83} Trelawny voted for Lord Henley's amendment to prevent bishops passing the penalty of excommunication on seceding clergymen; H clxvii. 710. Defeated, 173:75.

^{page 211 note 84} 203:24 against Dillwyn's amendment to allow seceders to remain e.g. trustees of schools; H clxvii. 712.

^{page 211 note 85} 166:67 against Dillwyn's amendment; H clxvii. 713–4.

^{page 212 note 86} J.A. Turner, M.P. for Manchester, called for the abolition of the ‘odious’ duties imposed to protect Indian manufactures, arguing that increased exports of British manufactures to India would stimulate the supply of Indian cotton. He had led a deputation to the government the previous day; H clxvii. 774–6.

^{page 212 note 87} I.e. helping to defeat Laird's proposed clause (H clxvii. 740) by 188:101. Royal assent, 29 July.

^{page 212 note 88} A further £10 millions for the defence of royal dockyards and arsenals, and of the ports of Dover and Portland.

^{page 213 note 89} Maguire's amendment for the production of correspondence relating to the ‘British Star’, withdrawn; H clxvii. 810–23.

^{page 213 note 90} Foreign under-secretary.

^{page 213 note 91} Amendment to Lewis's motion for the fortifications vote, urging that the navy should be the mainstay of Britain's defences; H clxvii. 882–907.

^{page 213 note 92} Palmerston had earlier been warned, by the chief whip, Brand, that the Conservatives and Radicals would probably unite in opposition to an extensive fortifications bill, so strong was the feeling in the Commons in favour of retrenchment, and that the Spithead proposal had therefore better be suspended; 7 June 1862, Broadlands MSS, GC/BR/13.

^{page 214 note 93} Motion for a measure to enable vestries to transfer from occupiers to owners their liability for the repair of the parish church and churchyard, to repeal the existing legal process for enforcing the compulsory rate, and to provide facilities for the collection of voluntary rates; H clxvii. 989–97. Withdrawn.

^{page 214 note 94} An amendment in favour of pew rents, but with no further appropriation of seats for that purpose than at present; H clxvii. 997–1000. Withdrawn.

^{page 214 note 95} 88:59 for the ist reading.

^{page 214 note 96} Commissioner of works and buildings.

^{page 214 note 97} Matthew Higgins, who wrote for The Times under the pseudonym ‘Jacob Omnium’.

^{page 215 note 98} Alleging a breach of confidence on Cowper's part by sending marked extracts from the Thames Embankment committee's report in order to encourage The Times to take a hostile view of the committee's recommendation that the length of the proposed embankment be shortened so as not to interfere with the property leased from the Crown by the Duke of Buccleuch and others; H clxvii. 1138–50.

^{page 215 note 99} Urging the government to act.

^{page 215 note 100} Carried by 158:56.

^{page 216 note 101} 211:126

^{page 216 note 102} The leading advocate of secret ballot in the 18305 (d. 1871). A friend of Trelawny.

^{page 216 note 103} In committee; a House of Lords bill providing for increased police powers to search and apprehend suspects. Royal assent, 7 Aug.

^{page 217 note 104} The union relief aid bill, through committee; it enabled poor law unions in Lancashire, Cheshire and Derbyshire to borrow from the public works loan commissioners once their rates exceeded 38. in the £. Royal assent, 7 Aug; P.P. 1862, v.491.

^{page 217 note 105} 84:29.

^{page 217 note 106} Card well had been Irish chief secretary, 1859–61; Sir Robert Peel had held the same office, 1812–18.

^{page 218 note 107} On 10 July Wood, the secretary of state for India, had made a statement regarding his criticisms of the details of the accounts produced by Samuel Laing, the finance minister in India. Laing's errors cancelled one another out, and the Indian accounts were nearly in balance after several years of large deficits; H .clxviii. 27–59.

^{page 218 note 108} 1846–52.

^{page 218 note 109} See above, 31 July 1862.

^{page 218 note 110} The 3rd baron (d. 1840), leading exponent of the Foxite tradition of whiggery.

^{page 220 note 111} Lear had been given a canonry, worth £600 p.a., in addition to a living worth £1,000 p.a., by his brother-in-law, the bishop of Salisbury; The Times, 12 08 1862, p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 220 note 112} he total value of the patronage disposed of by J. G. Beresford, archbishop of Armagh 1822–62.

^{page 220 note 113} Trollope, Anthony, North America (2 vols, 1862).Google Scholar

^{page 220 note 114} Ibid, i. 380–93, for the superior condition of the calico workers in the town of Lowell.

^{page 221 note 115} .e. George III.

^{page 221 note 116} The clergy relief bill, defeated on its 3rd reading, 9 July; see above 18 June 1862.

^{page 222 note 1} J.E. Walcott of Christchurch and R.T. Gilpin of Bedfordshire, both Conservatives.

^{page 222 note 2} Government chief whip.

^{page 222 note 3} I.e. the confederate government of Jefferson Davis.

^{page 223 note 4} May 1862; H clxvi. 1704–15.

^{page 223 note 5} See above, 11 June 1861.

^{page 223 note 6} Captured from the Liberals by W.B. Fcrrand with a majority of 30.

^{page 223 note 7} Conservative under-secretary at the home office, Mar. 1858 to June 1859.

^{page 223 note 8} The Irish chief secretary's bill (Royal assent, 8 June) enabled boards of guardians to recover the cost of maintenance from the putative father through proceedings at quarter sessions. Lewis, the war secretary, preferred the extension of the system established in England in 1844 whereby the mother was allowed to take proceedings against the father; H clxxix. 346–7.

^{page 224 note 9} To Greece, agreed with the European Powers on 14 Nov. 1863; B.F.S.P., liii 19–23.Google Scholar

^{page 224 note 10} 13 Feb. 1863, p. 8, arguing that the bill had no chance of success and was not worth the disturbance and annoyance it caused.

^{page 225 note 11} On his forthcoming marriage to Princess Alexandre of Denmark.

^{page 225 note 12} Trelawny's interpretation of the Duchy charter was subsequently challenged by Gladstone; 23 Feb., H clxix. 648–9.

^{page 225 note 13} In 1778.

^{page 225 note 14} Of Cornwall.

^{page 225 note 15} Transferring the liability for the rate from occupiers to owners; see below, 6 May.

^{page 226 note 16} E.J. Reed, chief constructor for the navy, ordered to appear before the House for a breach of privilege, having sent a menacing letter to Sir Fredrick Smith, M.P. for Chatham, who had criticised Reed's appointment.

^{page 226 note 17} The ex-Speaker, Shaw Lefevre.

^{page 226 note 18} Condemning the Russian authorities, whose rounding-up of suspected revolutionaries under the guise of conscripting them into the army had sparked off the Polish insurrection, and trusting that the Prussian Landtag would not ratify the convention by which Prussia had agreed to lend assistance to Russia; H clxix. 932–9.

^{page 226 note 19} His motion called for intervention by Britain in fulfilment of her obligations under the treaty of Vienna; H clxix. 879–92.

^{page 227 note 20} Cave's amendment, to omit clause 2 relating to the disqualification from voting of election agents, carried by 110:103.

^{page 227 note 21} In the form in which it passed on 8 June, the bill provided for the punishment of electors who accepted bribes and enabled parliament to temporarily suspend the writs of corrupt constituencies; P.P. 1863, i. 649.Google Scholar

^{page 227 note 22} Agreeing to the Prince of Wales's annuity bill.

^{page 228 note 23} Abolishing the declaration retained in 1828 by which members of municipal corporations were required to declare that they would not use their power to assail, weaken or spoilate the Church of England. Rejected by the House of Lords, 24 April.

^{page 228 note 24} I.e. Gladstone rejected the claim that the repeal of the test and corporations acts represented an unalterable settlement of the relations between anglicans and nonconformists; H clxix. 1047–50.

^{page 229 note 25} Paget was parliamentary secretary to the admiralty, Pakington had been the first lord in Derby's ministry.

^{page 229 note 26} Able-bodied seamen.

^{page 229 note 27} Regretting the interruption of friendly relations between Britain and Brazil and hoping for an honourable settlement, H clxix. 1130–9. Collier, the counsel to the admiralty, defended the reprisals taken by Britain against Brazil after natives had plundered the shipwreck and murdered the crew of the ‘Prince of Wales’, in June 1861.

^{page 229 note 28} Cecil's speech in support of Moore's motion was marred by its bitter tone; H clxix. 1151–8.

^{page 230 note 29} P.P. 1863, i. 49.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 30} The criminal proceedings oath relief act permitted Christians to make affirmations in lieu of oaths in criminal cases in England and Wales; P.P. 1861, i. 771.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 31} Against Williams's amendment.

^{page 231 note 32} The sum to defray the cost of the general staff, regimental pay, and allowances and charges of land forces excluding India.

^{page 231 note 33} Peto defeated 96:22.

^{page 232 note 34} 80:25.

^{page 232 note 35} Sir William Atherton.

^{page 232 note 36} A dictum cited in Truth or Justice: or law as it is, contrasted with what it is said to be. Written in Dec. 1992 by Jeremy Bentham, (1823).Google Scholar

^{page 232 note 37} Richard Whately, archbishop of Dublin, A view of the scripture revelations concerning a future state, (1829).Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 38} 154;81 against the motion opposing the construction of wooden ships if they were to be iron-cased; H clxix. 1333–45.

^{page 233 note 39} First lord of the admiralty, Jan. 1849 to Mar. 1852.

^{page 233 note 40} He was a railway contractor.

^{page 233 note 41} Chairman of committees.

^{page 233 note 42} Mills's motion to reduce the vote by £80,000, defeated 71:66.

^{page 234 note 43} Bartellot's motion against stoppages from the pay of cavalry and artillery officers for forage, defeated 107:75.

^{page 234 note 44} 176:157.

^{page 234 note 45} Home secretary.

^{page 234 note 46} Ayrton represented the interests of British cigar makers, concerned by the revised duties on tobacco and snuff; H clxix. 1611–16.

^{page 235 note 47} 170:87 against referring the bill to a select committee; Royal assent, 27 Mar.

^{page 235 note 48} 109:46.

^{page 235 note 49} See above, 9 Aug. 1860.

^{page 236 note 50} 86:31 for corporal punishment, and 97:22 for marking deserters.

^{page 237 note 51} Ebury never introduced his own bill in the Lords.

^{page 237 note 52} Home secretary.

^{page 237 note 53} 118:70.

^{page 237 note 54} Somes's bill to close public houses on Sundays; ist reading carried by 141:52 on 17 Mar.

^{page 238 note 55} The complaint was that the House was being asked to agree to vote the balance of the money when the former vote on account had not been reported, so that there was nothing to show what the second vote related to; H clxix. 1967–70.

^{page 238 note 56} That all expenses of the diplomatic service should be voted annually, and that estimates should be submitted to parliament so as to permit of effective supervision; H clxix. 1936–8. Defeated 136:65.

^{page 238 note 57} A British trading vessel, suspected by the federals of trying to beat the blockade of the confederate ports.

^{page 238 note 58} A warship built at Birkenhead and supplied to the confederates before an order by the British government for its seizure had been carried out.

^{page 238 note 59} Sir Roundell Palmer.

^{page 238 note 60} Not recorded in the minute books of the Liberation Society.

^{page 239 note 61} Trelawny did not raise the matter again.

^{page 239 note 62} 15 Apr. 1863, p. 8.

^{page 239 note 63} E.g. An essay on the influence of authority in matters of opinion, (1849)Google Scholar, and A treatise on the methods of observation and reasoning in politics, (1852)Google Scholar.

^{page 239 note 64} He did not. Earl de Grey and Ripon became the new secretary for war.

^{page 240 note 65} 221:96 against the 2nd reading.

^{page 240 note 66} Gladstone reduced the income tax by 2d., with additional relief for those earning between £100 and £200 per annum, and reduced the duty on tea to is. per lb. He also proposed to reform the system of licences for the sale of wine and spirits, and to withdraw the exemption from income tax of corporate trust property and charitable endowments; H clxx. 200–51. These latter proposals were subsequently dropped.

^{page 241 note 67} The Chelmsford shoemaker imprisoned in Jan. 1839 for refusing to pay the rate.

^{page 241 note 68} 2nd reading of the Prison ministers bill, passed by 152:122 on 20 Apr. The Times, 22 04 1863, p. 7Google Scholar, noted that the bill had been supported by such dissenters as Edward Baines and George Hadfield, but opposed by J.R. Mills and Sir Morton Peto, as well as by most of the Scottish members.

^{page 242 note 69} 20 Apr. 1863, H clxx. 436–43. Disraeli had spoken in favour of the bill, denying that it posed any danger to the position of the Established church: ibid, cols 429–34.

^{page 242 note 70} For the significance of Disraeli's visit, see Monypenny, and Buckle, , Disraeli, ii. 119–27.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 71} Sir Roundell Palmer.

^{page 243 note 72} Edward Miall, editor of the Nonconformist and a prominent member of the Liberation society.

^{page 243 note 73} See above, 4 Mar. 1863.

^{page 243 note 74} Cf. Monypenny and Buckle, Disraeli, ii, 83–114.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 75} Abolishing the compulsory power to levy church rates.

^{page 243 note 76} Conservative chief whip.

^{page 243 note 77} Of Wales.

^{page 244 note 78} Recently appointed under-secretary for war.

^{page 244 note 79} Church rates abolition, and reading.

^{page 244 note 80} 285:275 against the bill.

^{page 244 note 81} The Conservative whip claimed that ‘We got Eleven from the other side’: T.E. Taylor to Sotheron-Estcourt, 30 Apr. [1863], Sotheron-Estcourt MSS, D1571/F367. Disraeli was informed that ten Catholic M.P.s, formerly supporters of the bill, had deliberately abstained; Monypenny and Buckle, Disraeli, ii, 100Google Scholar and n.

^{page 245 note 82} The great reform act allowed freemen to vote provided they lived within seven miles of the borough, but various methods were used of measuring this distance, so that certain freemen were disfranchised.

^{page 245 note 83} 182:139 against entering into committee.

^{page 245 note 84} Presented on 29 Apr; The Times, 30 04 1863, p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 246 note 85} Ibid, 1 May 1863, p. 6.

^{page 246 note 86} Earlier that day Gladstone had received a deputation led by the Duke of Cambridge and the archbishops of Canterbury and York, and including many other clergymen, M.P.s and private individuals. The Times, 5 05 1863, p. 10Google Scholar, observed that it was ‘one of the most influential deputations, and certainly one of the most numerous’, that had ever attended upon a minister.

^{page 246 note 87} H clxx. 1227; defeated, 152:117.

^{page 247 note 88} 172:141 in favour of going into committee.

^{page 247 note 89} The Times, 8 05 1863, p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 90} British ambassador in Rome.

^{page 248 note 91} Commander of the French garrison in Rome.

^{page 249 note 92} Arguing that the judges were being punished for their opposition to the proposed cession of the Ionian islands to Greece; H clxx. 1586–90, 1609–10.

^{page 249 note 93} Lord high commissioner in the Ionian islands.

^{page 249 note 94} Colonial secretary.

^{page 249 note 95} He had been Lord High Commissioner Extraordinary for the Ionian islands, Nov. 1858 to Mar. 1859, but his plans for constitutional reform had been rejected by the Ionian assembly; Gladstone Diaries, V, lxix–lxx.

^{page 249 note 96} Colonial under-secretary.

^{page 249 note 97} Trelawny is reverting to the debate on Italy.

^{page 250 note 98} Foreign under-secretary.

^{page 250 note 99} I.e. 3rd reading of the Prison Ministers bill passed, 196:167. Royal assent, 28 July. P.P. 1863, iii. 535.Google Scholar

^{page 250 note 100} For a select committee to inquire into the present distribution of religious endowments in Ireland; H clxx. 1988.

^{page 250 note 101} He brought forward his own motion on 26 June.

^{page 251 note 102} In Apr. 1835.

^{page 251 note 103} Joseph George Churchward, contracted to convey mail from Dover to Calais and Ostend.

^{page 251 note 104} 162:117, on 27 Mar. 1860; H clvii. 1131–1419.

^{page 252 note 105} Possibly Sir John Acton and W.H.F. Cogan.

^{page 252 note 106} Daniel O'Connell II had been appointed to a special commissionership of income tax. His vacant seat was filled by the Irish attorney general.

^{page 253 note 107} Against the 2nd reading.

^{page 253 note 108} 1 June 1863; H clxxi. 241–3.

^{page 253 note 109} The Duke of Cambridge, the Queen's cousin.

^{page 253 note 110} Lillee, who was due to give evidence at the court martial of paymaster Smales, had been arrested by Crawley and confined for forty days in a small space during the height of the Indian summer. His wife, confined with him, was dying from tuberculosis. At a court martial held in England in Nov–Dec, Crawley was acquitted of charges of unbecoming conduct. See the Annual Register for 1863, part 2, pp. 312–28, for an account.

^{page 254 note 111} James Moncrieff.

^{page 254 note 112} Arguing against a ‘prescribed code of doctrine’, H clxxi. 574–87.

^{page 255 note 113} The election petitions bill was referred to a select committee, but defeated on the motion to enter into committee of the whole house on 2 July.

^{page 255 note 114} I.e. he favoured disestablishment; 2 Aug. 1843, H clxxi. 175–81.

^{page 256 note 115} The plan to purchase from the commissioners for the exhibition of 1851 the building and adjoining land at Kensington used for the International exhibition of 1862, in order to establish a permanent exhibition site.

^{page 257 note 116} Palmerston estimated the total cost of the land, the building and the alterations to it, at £484,000.

^{page 257 note 117} Edward Ellice junior; his father had been a fur trader in Canada, acquiring the nickname ‘bear Ellice’.

^{page 257 note 118} For ministers.

^{page 257 note 119} The object was to assimilate the Irish law on Salmon fisheries to that in England. Royal assent, 28 July.

^{page 257 note 120} His annual bill to allow dissenters in certain cases to act as trustees of Church schools.

^{page 257 note 121} Vice president of the education board of the privy council.

^{page 258 note 122} Restoring to naval officers the right to appoint their own agents to represent their interests with regard to prize money, rather than having to rely, as they had since 1845, on the accountant general. Royal assent, 28 July.

^{page 258 note 123} Parliamentary secretary to the admiralty.

^{page 258 note 124} Urging liberal concessions to the Poles; B.F.S.P. liii. 897–901.Google Scholar

^{page 259 note 125} He had been appointed a lord of the admiralty in Apr. 1863.

^{page 259 note 126} The Saturday Review, 13 04 1861, p. 365Google Scholar, had compared Stansfeld to Pierre Vergniaud, the girondin leader.

^{page 259 note 127} The early buildings on the exhibition site, made of corrugated iron.

^{page 259 note 128} Under-secretary for India.

^{page 259 note 129} Under-secretary for war.

^{page 259 note 130} Over the court martial of paymaster Smales and the impending court martial, in England, of Lt. Col. Crawley; H clxxi. 1437–43.

^{page 260 note 131} Osborne's motion for a select committee to enquire into the present ecclesiastical settlement in Ireland; H clxxi. 1560–82.

^{page 260 note 132} See above, 5 and 25 June 1863.

^{page 260 note 133} Opposing Roebuck, and calling for strict neutrality; H clxxi. 1780–97.

^{page 260 note 134} Roebuck recounted his and W.S. Lindsay's recent audience with Napoleon III, who had expressed his willingness to act with Britain in recognising the confederate government in America. The Emperor had claimed that his earlier direct approach to Britain had been leaked to the Americans, H clxxi. 1771–80.

^{page 260 note 135} President of the board of trade.

^{page 261 note 136} 110:75 for the 2nd reading; no further progress made.

^{page 261 note 137} Foreign under-secretary.

^{page 261 note 138} American secretary of state.

^{page 261 note 139} French ambassador in Washington.

^{page 261 note 140} See above, 15 June 1863.

^{page 262 note 141} Brand's report to Palmerston shows that IDI Liberals supported the motion and 129 opposed. As for the Conservatives, they ‘jumped at the opportunity of giving Gladstone a slap in the face’; 4 July 1863, Broadlands MSS, GC/BR/19.

^{page 262 note 142} 4 July 1863, p. 7.

^{page 262 note 143} See above, 5 June 1863.

^{page 262 note 144} Ayrton's motion defeated, 165:42.

^{page 263 note 145} The poisoned grain etc. prohibition bill received the Royal assent on 28 July.

^{page 263 note 146} Permitting affirmations in lieu of taking oaths in criminal cases; Royal assent 28 July.

^{page 263 note 147} Opposing further expenditure on that part of the scheme based on the assumption that the enemy would besiege Portsmouth and Plymouth; H clxxii. 442–9.

^{page 263 note 148} 2nd reading passed, 132:61.

^{page 266 note 149} Lord Westbury's augmentation of benefices bill, selling the Crown's patronage in the case of 320 small livings and applying the money to increase the value of other small benefices. Royal assent, 28 July.

^{page 264 note 150} I.e. the question of the recognition of the confederate government in America.

^{page 264 note 151} See Leader, R.E., Life of John Arthur Roebuck, (1897), pp. 285–93Google Scholar, for his increasingly pro-Austrian leanings.

^{page 265 note 152} He had been thus engaged for the past three and a half years, H clxxii. 663–8.

^{page 265 note 153} The vote of £25,000 carried, 135:52.

^{page 266 note 154} French's motion to carry out recommendations to enlarge the dining rooms, withdrawn. Trelawny remarked that members should be satisfied with a ‘plain dinner’, that they would next want to have their washing done for them, and that the proposal ‘would be a step towards giving wages to members’; H clxxii. 825–6.

^{page 266 note 155} The Great Eastern and North British railways (steamboats) bills had to be recommitted as the companies' plans to acquire steamboats were not permissible unless recommended by the committee; H clxxii. 864.

^{page 266 note 156} Chairman of committees, who pointed out that the bill violated another standing order in that the acquisition of steamboats was not part of the original bill, but had been added in committee. His amendment to exclude steamboats from the bill was carried, 85:56; H clxxii. 866–8.

^{page 266 note 157} Fitzgerald's motion for a copy of the manifest of the barque the ‘Prince of Wales’ to be laid before the House; H clxxii. 879–95. Withdrawn. Brazil had withdrawn her ambassador as a result of the dispute with Britain; see above, 6 Mar. 1863.

^{page 266 note 158} Abolishing the compulsory collection of church rates, ist reading given on 10 july, but no further progress made.page 266 note 159 13 July 1863, H clxxi. 619–20, for the bishop of Exeter; 1 June 1863, H clxxi. 161–3 for the bishop of London.

^{page 268 note 1} Following revelations that his London home had been used as a forwarding address for letters to the exiled Italian revolutionary nationalist, Mazzini.

^{page 268 note 2} To the debate on the Lisburn election committee.

^{page 268 note 3} I.e. its export duty on rags supplied for British papermaking.

^{page 268 note 4} Gladstone had taken id. off the income tax and reduced the duties on sugar; H clxxiv. 536–93.

^{page 268 note 5} The Italian nationalist leader was in England from 3–28 Apr.

^{page 268 note 6} Allowing smaller sums to be accepted by post office savings banks for deferred government annuities, and abolishing the restriction that only those buying deferred annuities could obtain life insurance; Royal assent, 14 July.

^{page 269 note 7} Sheridan had carried a resolution for the reduction of the fire insurance duties late in the previous session; 14 July 1863, H clxxii. 798–815.

^{page 269 note 8} See above, 5 June 1863.

^{page 269 note 9} Under-secretary for war.

^{page 269 note 10} H clxxiv. 897–902.

^{page 270 note 11} Trelawny mistakenly gave the figure for the minority as 92. Lowe's defeat occurred on a snap division while many members were absent unpaired at dinner; William White, The Inner Life of the House of Commons, (ed. Justin McCarthy, 1897), ii. 19–21Google Scholar (23 Apr. 1864).

^{page 270 note 12} To assimilate the county and borough franchises.

^{page 270 note 13} Who, according to Bentinck, were constantly making ‘piratical’ attacks on the public purse; H clxxiv. 943–6.

^{page 271 note 14} Moving to give priority to the reduction of the malt tax; H clxxiv. 972–9.

^{page 271 note 15} Sympathising with Bartellot's cause but arguing against mixing up the two issues; H clxxiv. 1021–8.

^{page 271 note 16} No more than four could sit in the Commons, but for a time there had been five which raised doubts about the position of the newest, Lord Hartington.

^{page 272 note 17} To replace Lowe at the education board of the privy council; his transfer from the home office reduced the number of under-secretaries in the Commons to the legal limit of four.

^{page 272 note 18} Sir Roundell Palmer.

^{page 272 note 19} The select committee reported on 27 Apr. that Harrington had not vacated his seat; P.P. 1864, x. 577. An act was later passed indemnifying him against his ‘illegal’ votes.