^{page 17 note 50} George John Warren (1803–66), the son of Baron Vernon, was married to Isabella Caroline, the eldest sister of Sarah Caroline. They were the daughters of Cuthbert Ellison (1783–1860) and Isabella Grace of Hebburn, Durham. Cuthbert Ellison had served as the high sheriff of Hebburn. Sarah Caroline was his fifth daughter.

^{page 17 note 51} Sarah (Sarina), daughter of Walter and Sarah James, was then apparently one or two years old. She grew up to marry the 1st Baron Kilbracken in 1871 and died in 1921.

^{page 17 note 52} Augustus Henry Vernon (1829–83), eldest son of Lord Vernon, became the 6th Baron Vernon in 1866.

^{page 18 note 53} Sir Frederick Smith was Arthur's tutor in England.

^{page 18 note 54} Capt. Carpenter of H.M.S. Geyser.

^{page 18 note 55} Also known as Pasha Mehmet Ali or Muhammad Ali.

^{page 19 note 56} Hardinge's escort at Alexandria.

^{page 19 note 57} One of Cleopatra's two obelisks. Muhammad Ali presented one to England in 1819 which now stands on the Victoria Embankment. The other, apparently viewed by Charles, was sent to New York and erected in Central Park in 1881.

^{page 20 note 58} Sir Edmund Lyons (1790–1858), later 1st Baron Lyons, a veteran of the Napoleonic wars.

^{page 20 note 59} i.e. Hardinge.

^{page 21 note 60} Palmerston, as the foreign secretary in Melbourne's government, helped to organize joint action with several European powers, including Russia and France, to stave off the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after Muhammad Ali's declaration of independence from Istanbul between 1839 and 1841. Although by the subsequent settlement the Ottomans recognized Muhammad Ali's hereditary position as viceroy in Egypt, he lost control over Syria and Arabia.

^{page 21 note 61} Ibrahim Pasha, the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, fought in many military campaigns on behalf of the Ottoman Empire and his father. He served as the viceroy of Syria in the 1830s and was later assigned political and diplomatic responsibilities by Muhammad Ali, including a mission to France and England in 1845. Ibrahim took over the administration of Egypt in 1847, when Muhammad Ali was incapacitated by old age, but died in 1848, a year before his father.

^{page 22 note 62} The Al-Mahmudiyah Canal was built under Muhammad All in the late 1810s.

^{page 22 note 63} Emily Hardinge's reaction was contained in a marginal note: ‘How many Christians would do well to get over their anger in similar brief manner.’

^{page 22 note 64} Emily's inserted comment explains: ‘A sheet of this letter is lost which described the Pacha's garden & palace.’

^{page 23 note 65} Muhammad Ali, though born at Kavala on the Macedonian coast, was probably of Albanian ancestry.

^{page 23 note 66} An Egyptian official in attendance on Hardinge.

^{page 23 note 67} The Citadel, located atop the Mokattam Hills, was built by Salah Al-Din Ayyub (Saladin) in 1183. Several significant monuments were later added to it, including the Soleiman Pasha Mosque, the Alabaster Mosque, and Joseph's Well.

^{page 24 note 68} The tomb of Khufu (Cheops).

^{page 26 note 69} The strategically located Aden was occupied by a British force sent from Bombay in 1839, and it passed under the administrative control of the East India Company. The British strengthened Aden militarily because of local insurgency and the fear of French intrusion into the region.

^{page 27 note 70} The word ‘Razzias’ is an English and French corruption of the Arabic term ghazawat (war). Here it refers to the large-scale and bloody French punitive military expeditions against the militant Arab tribesmen, who in the first half of the nineteenth century often raided French settlements in Algeria. See no. 89.

^{page 29 note 71} This alludes to a letter from Hardinge to the nawab of Oudh, Amjad Ali Shah, on 10 Aug. 1844, reproaching him for widespread corruption and favoritism in his administration.

^{page 29 note 72} Hira Singh, the minister since Sept. 1843, was one of the Jammu Rajas. Believed to be then in his mid-twenties, he was made the minister more out of sympathy for the bloody death of Dhian Singh, his father and predecessor, than for his own merits. An inexperienced and vacillating minister, Hira Singh found it impossible to cope with his office. He was murdered in Dec. 1844.

^{page 29 note 73} Gulab Singh (1792–1857) was the eldest, and eventually the most successful, of the Jammu Rajas. He joined the Sikhs' service in 1809, and for his contributions in various military expeditions was made the raja of Jammu in 1822 by Ranjit Singh. After that Gulab Singh was seldom at Lahore, devoting himself to the acquisition of territories surrounding Jammu through a policy of intrigue and brutality. See Singh, Bawa Satinder, The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir (Carbondale and London, 1974).Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 74} Raja Suchet Singh (ob. 1844), a dignitary at the Sikh court, was killed in a power struggle with his nephew. At first Hardinge seemed inclined to return the Raja's treasure at Ferozepur, the British cantonment on the Sutlej, but failed to do so because more than one claimant appeared.

^{page 30 note 75} The numerical strength of the Sikh army rose from 65,835 in 1843 to 98,821 in 1845. These statistics include the infantry, artillery, and the cavalry but not the levies supplied by the jagirdars. (Kohli, S. R., ‘The Organization of the Khalsa Army’ in Singh, Teja and Singh, Ganda [eds.], Maharaja Ranjit Singh [Amritsar, 1939], pp. 70–87.)Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 76} The Jammu Rajas were not Brahmans. They were Dogra Rajputs, all of whom belong to the Kshatriya caste. Hardinge makes a similar error in no. 118.

^{page 31 note 77} They ruled from June 1939 to Nov. 1840 and Jan. 1841 to Sept. 1843, respectively.

^{page 31 note 78} Attar Singh was a leader of the anti-Dogra Sandhawalia faction which murdered Sher Singh and Dhian Singh in mid-Sept. 1843. When Hira Singh avenged his father's death by killing most of the prominent Sandhawalias, Attar Singh escaped to Ludhiana in British India. In May 1844 he re-entered Panjab and, after an unsuccessful attempt to oust Hira Singh, took refuge with Bhai Bir Singh, a venerated Sikh saint. Hira Singh's troops, however, encircled the Bhai's camp. In the melee that followed, both Bir Singh and Attar Singh were killed, and the ‘head of Sirdar Attar Singh was cut off and sent to Lahore’ (‘Abstract of Intelligence from the Punjab,’ May 8, 1844, in H. R. Gupta [ed.], Punjab on the Eve of First Sikh War [Hoshiarpur, 1956], p. 181).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 79} A Pandit Charan Das who lived at Jammu.

^{page 31 note 80} Dalip Singh (1837–93) became the Maharaja in Sept. 1843.

^{page 32 note 81} A member of the Majithia family, he had received the title of Hashm-ud-Daulah (Lord of the State).

^{page 33 note 82} Kamchatka is a peninsula in northeastern Siberia.

^{page 33 note 83} Frederick John Robinson (1792–1859), the 1st Earl of Ripon, held various positions in the Tory Cabinet including the presidency of the Board of Control for India, 1843–6.

^{page 34 note 84} Emily's maternal response to this was written in the margin: ‘Just like Charles.’

^{page 37 note 85} Hardinge replaced Lt. Col. Richmond with Maj. George Broadfoot in Oct.

^{page 37 note 86} Blower's Hill lies southwest of South Park. (Hasted, , iii. 158–9Google Scholar [map].)

^{page 39 note 87} A nephew of the King of Prussia, Frederick William IV.

^{page 41 note 88} Late in the summer of 1844 a group of agitators called Ghadkaris led an anti-British uprising in the small Maratha kingdom of Kolapur. They rose in reaction to reforms being introduced by the G. G.'s agent in Kolapur through the young raja and his regent. After negotiations proved futile, the British troops, with Hardinge's approval, moved into the principality; the British prevailed and occupied the insurgents' strongholds of Samangarh and Punala, but with considerable loss of life on both sides.

^{page 41 note 89} This proved to be merely a passing phase in the turbulent politics of Nepal. King Rajendra Bikram Shah did not really abdicate at this time nor did the crown prince Surendra Bikram Shah take his place.

^{page 41 note 90} Lt. Gen. Sir Charles James Napier (1782–1853), governor of Sind, 1843–7.

^{page 41 note 91} Mansur Ali Khan, the young nawab of Bengal, ‘paid a state visit to the governor general’ on that day. (Hurkaru, 28 12 1844, p. 727.)Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 92} A succession problem was raised in Indore when Robert Hamilton (1802–87), the Resident, permitted Tookaji Rao Holkar to become the ruler in June 1844 after the death of Maharaja Kundee Rao Holkar. Hardinge rebuked Hamilton for overstepping his power, reminding him that approval for such a succession could only be given by Calcutta. Nonetheless, Hardinge formally sanctioned Kundee Rao's accession on Dec. 28. (Hamilton to Frederick Currie, foreign secretary to the Indian govt., no. 7, 13 Jan. 1845, letter no. 37, enc. no. 7, E.S.L.I., clxxxi.)

^{page 42 note 93} Peel told Hardinge in a private letter dated 6 Nov. 1844, that Ellenborough had turned down his invitation to take over the post office or the privy seal, adding: ‘His return here has not caused the slightest sensation. There is no curiosity, among this most curious people, to see so great a performer on the Indian theatre’ (Peel Papers, Add. MS 40474).

^{page 43 note 94} This legendary diamond was then in the Lahore treasury.

^{page 44 note 95} Lady Florentia, wife of Sir Robert Henry Sale (1782–1845), the veteran Indian army officer.

^{page 44 note 96} Mrs Alexandrina Sturt was the Sales' daughter, who, along with her husband, Lt. John L. D. Sturt, was also taken prisoner in Afghanistan. (Patrick Macrory [ed.], Lady Sale [Hamden, Conn., 1969], p. 159.)

^{page 44 note 97} This firm took care of Hardinge's financial matters in England.

^{page 45 note 98} See no. 20 and note 103.

^{page 46 note 99} The Sales had travelled with Arthur from Europe to Calcutta and had occupied the cabins vacated by Emily.

^{page 47 note 100} After Peel's budget of 1845 containing tariff laws and income taxes was approved, despite protectionist animosity, he buoyantly wrote to Hardinge: ‘I have repeated the coup d'etat of 1842, renewed the income tax for three years, simplified and improved the tariff, and made a great reduction on indirect taxation.’ Saying that he refused to accept any amendments to his bills, Peel added: ‘This was thought very obstinate and very presumptuous; but the fact is, people like a certain degree of obstinacy and presumption in a minister. They abuse him for dictation and arrogance, but they like being governed’ (24 Mar. 1845, Peel Papers, Add. MS 40474).

^{page 47 note 101} George Nicholas Hardinge was almost seventeen when he arrived in India. He was the son of Hardinge's younger brother, Maj. Gen. Richard Hardinge, by his second wife, Caroline Johnson.

^{page 47 note 102} Mrs Frances Allnutt (1772–1868) then lived at South Park Villa on the northern edge of South Park. She was the former Frances Woodgate of Somerhill, Tonbridge, who married Richard Allnutt II in 1793. (Doble, , pp. 1–3Google Scholar; Hasted, , iii, 228, 246, 261Google Scholar; Newman, , p. 460.)Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 103} Several portions of this historic road were then in a state of disrepair, and Hardinge took various measures to improve its condition. (Lawrence, , p. 334.)Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 104} Rani Jindan (1817–63) was in fact then 28. She had been married in the 1830s to Ranjit Singh, who was nearly 40 years her senior. She became regent for Dalip Singh when he succeeded to the throne.

^{page 49 note 105} This so-called slave was a maidservant named Mangla, a confidante of Rani Jindan. She was also said to be a mistress of Jowahir Singh, the Rani's brother. (Singh, , ii. 35n.)Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 106} Jean Baptiste Ventura was born in Modena, Italy, around 1792 and, after the French occupation of Italy, was recruited into Napoleon's army. He rose to the rank of colonel and fought in various campaigns. He arrived at Lahore in 1822. After some initial hesitation, Ranjit Singh took him into his employ, and he consequently rose to occupy high military and civilian positions in the Sikh state. C. Grey (p. 93) calls Ventura ‘the most able of all Ranjit Singh's European soldiers.’ The chronic political anarchy of the early 1840s forced him to quit Lahore, and he returned to France in 1845, revisiting Panjab briefly in 1848; he was given the title of Count de Mandi by the French government and died in 1858.

^{page 49 note 107} François Guizot, the French foreign minister.

^{page 50 note 108} In 1825 Ventura married at Lahore ‘an Armenian lady of mixed descent, whose father was a Frenchman.’ She bore him a daughter, but they were separated after about two years of marriage as a result of his continuing maintenance, like most other contemporary Sikh chiefs, of a zanana, ‘and there are certain anecdotes extant regarding his infidelities, which show that she had ample cause for leaving him.’ (Grey, , pp. 104–5.)Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 109} A gardener at South Park.

^{page 51 note 110} Jasrota, about forty-nine miles from Jammu, was plundered by a Sikh force sent early in 1845 by Lahore to invade Gulab Singh's territories.

^{page 51 note 111} Hardinge's ire was particularly directed at J.D. Cunningham (1812–51), an assistant agent, and Richmond, who had by then left India. They allegedly had, in confidential negotiations, led the governors of the Sikh provinces of Kashmir, Rajauri, and Jullundur to believe that the British government was prepared to establish direct relations with them. (Broadfoot to Currie, no. 34, 8 Feb. 1845, letter no. 25, enc. 6; Currie to Broadfoot, no. 136, 4 Mar. 1845, letter no. 25, enc. 7, E.S.L.I., lxxx.) Cunningham, however, was not removed from the frontier and he went on to write his impressive A History of the Sikhs.

^{page 52 note 112} Sir Alexander Cray Grant, a Tory politician, was so called on occasion by both Hardinge and Peel. The term could refer to a prominent chin to distinguish him from the other Grants of the period or simply be a nickname. He was an M.P. from 1812 to 1843 with only one interruption.

^{page 53 note 113} With a touch of disappointment, Emily noted in the margin: ‘What do my young men say to this? Truly that their promises have been pie crust.’

^{page 54 note 114} No sooner had the trouble in Kolapur ended than a new rebellion broke out in the neighbouring state of Sawantwari (then referred to as a part of the South Maratha country), and the Company's troops suffered early reverses. Large reinforcements were sent from Bombay into Sawantwari and peace was not fully restored until May. The rebel chiefs escaped to Portuguese Goa. (See note 160.)

^{page 55 note 115} Daniel Wilson (1778–1858) was the Bishop of Calcutta from 1832 until his death.

^{page 55 note 116} Maj. Gen. (afterwards Field Marshal) Hugh Gough (1779–1869) became C. in C. in India in 1843.

^{page 56 note 117} Since the middle of 1841 the Sikh army's contumacy had reached such a level that they no longer considered themselves responsible to the government but regarded themselves as the true agents of the people. Thereupon each Sikh battalion elected an executive body of its own known as the panchayats, or panches. They administered their own affairs and, through their delegates, negotiated demands with the generals and the government. The panchayats became a most powerful body in the Sikh kingdom, but they often displayed a deplorable lack of judgment and, as Cunningham writes: ‘Their resolutions were often unstable or unwise, and the representatives of different divisions might take opposite sides from sober conviction or self-willed prejudice, or they might be bribed or cajoled’ (p. 254).

^{page 56 note 118} Rani Jindan was not the mother of Peshora Singh. He was thus considered a half-brother of Dalip Singh.

^{page 57 note 119} In his letter of 1 Mar. 1845, not yet received by Hardinge, Peel had partly answered his request: ‘Lord John Russell and Lord Auckland wish to prevent discussion relating to his [Ellenborough's] recall. Macaulay is bursting with an oration against him. The Court of Directors remain on the defensive, and are decidedly for peace. [Joseph] Hume moves for papers relating to Ellenborough's recall. We shall strenuously resist the motion’ (Peel Papers, Add. MS 40474). Peel was determined to prevent a full-scale debate as he feared it would further embarrass the Tory government.

^{page 58 note 120} Probably Dwarkanath Tagore. (See note 128.)

^{page 58 note 121} Not identified.

^{page 60 note 122} Maj. Gen. (afterwards Field Marshal) George Hay, 8th Marquis of Tweeddale (1787–1876), governed Madras 1842–8.

^{page 60 note 123} Sir George Arthur (1784–1854) governed Bombay, June 1842–Aug. 1846. He acted as the provisional Governor General on Ellenborough's recall.

^{page 60 note 124} Sir William F. P. Napier's partisan book The Conquest of Scinde, with some introductory passages in the life of Major-General Sir Charles James Napier etc. (1845)Google Scholar. (See no. 96 and note 277.)

^{page 62 note 125} John Edwardes Lyall, educated at Eton and Oxford and versed in various Eastern languages, came to India in 1842. His death at the age of 34 was deeply mourned at Calcutta. He believed in advancing Indian education and delivered voluntary lectures on law at the Hindu College.

^{page 62 note 126} George Lyall, then M.P. for London, had also been a member of the Court of Directors since 1830.

^{page 62 note 127} Julia Davis Lyall. For more on her family, see no. 88.

^{page 63 note 128} Dwarkanath Tagore (1794–1846), a wealthy Bengali, had various ties with the Company. An intellectual and business entrepreneur, he was a strong supporter of western education and became perhaps the closest Indian friend of Hardinge. He had visited England in 1842, where he was honoured by various organizations and received by the Queen. Tagore went to England again in 1845 and died there during his visit.

^{page 63 note 129} Goodeve, a young surgeon, had become something of a celebrity because of his pioneer work with Indian students of Western medicine at the Medical College in Calcutta. At the end of 1844 he resigned his position to take three or four Indian students to the Royal College of Surgeons in London.

^{page 63 note 130} Believing that railways would not only revolutionize travel in India but also serve the political and military interests of the Company, Hardinge advocated the idea of a grand railway line which was to connect Calcutta to the large towns in the Northwest. At his orders engineers extensively surveyed the ground for such a route. The Court of Directors, which had previously been lukewarm to such proposals, was impressed by Hardinge's arguments and began to study how loans were to be made to railway builders. (Viscount Hardinge, pp. 66–7.)Google Scholar

^{page 64 note 131} Jowahir Singh (ob. 1845) was then about 30.

^{page 64 note 132} In 327 B.C. Cleitus the Black was killed by Alexander in a fit of anger. (Arrian, Anabasis IV.8. 1 ff.)

^{page 64 note 133} He was then 6.

^{page 65 note 134} William Henry Lambton (1793–1866) and his wife Henrietta (1808–83) lived in Biddick Hall, Durham. He was the younger brother of the 1st Earl of Durham; she was the second daughter of the, Ellisons (see note 50) and an elder sister of Sarah James.

^{page 65 note 135} Francis Robert Bonham, the Conservatives' factotum, helped establish the Carlton Club in 1832; ‘Bonham's essential work was done at the Carlton rather than on the floor of the House or in the voting lobbies’ (Politics, pp. 398, 414).Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 136} Elizabeth Susan, sister of Ellenborough, was married to the 2nd Baron Colchester (1798–1867).

^{page 68 note 137} Hardinge's comments on the political situation in England were prompted in part by various communications reaching him from London, including one dated Mar. 1, 1845, from Peel: ‘The loss of Stanley and Gladstone in the House of Commons is severely felt. Sidney Herbert promises well as a debater. Lincoln and he, as probably you know, are in the cabinet’ (Peel Papers, Add. MS 40474). The Cabinet reshuffle resulted from the resignation of Gladstone as president of the Board of Trade over Irish Catholic issues. Knatchbull was not made a peer.

^{page 69 note 138} Emily commented in the margin: ‘Good man, he kept his word! Better than the smokers.’

^{page 69 note 139} Henry Goulburn was then the chancellor of the exchequer.

^{page 71 note 140} Hardinge complained when Tweeddale informed him in a private rather than in an official letter about the mutiny in the 6th Cavalry, feeling that by doing so Tweeddale was raising doubts as to the extent of Calcutta's power over the presidencies in military matters. He also objected to the Madras governor's suggestion that Hardinge and his Council were favouring Bishop Wilson in his dispute with Tweeddale over the working of the Anglican church in Madras. (Hardinge to Ripon, 20 and 22 Nov. 1844; Hardinge to Tweeddale, 20 Nov. 1844, Ripon Papers, Add. MS 40870.)

^{page 72 note 141} Maj. Gen. (afterwards Field Marshal) Sir George Pollock (1786–1872) came to India in 1803 and participated in various campaigns, including those against Burma, Nepal, and Afghanistan. He was the acting resident at Lucknow, 1843–4, and then served as the military member of the G.G.'s Council, 1844–7. He was made Baronet of the Khyber Pass in 1872.

^{page 72 note 142} Frederick Millett (ob. 1856) was the civilian member of the G.G.'s Council, 1845–8.

^{page 74 note 143} This reaction was prompted by a letter dated 7 Mar. 1845, from Ellenborough suggesting that Hardinge must be prepared to move in a hurry to the Sikh frontier. While Ellenborough urged that, if ‘any thing is to be done, you must go yourself,’ he nonetheless told Hardinge that ‘as yet you have no case for intervention according to European modes of viewing these matters’ (Ellenborough Papers, PRO 30/12/14/5 [part 3]).

^{page 74 note 143} After William Lowther became the 2nd Earl of Lonsdale in 1844, he asked to be relieved from his position as postmaster general. However, he continued to serve until Oct. 1845 when Peel appointed the Earl of St Germans as his successor.

^{page 74 note 145} Hogg, who held various judicial posts in Calcutta from 1814 to 1833 including the office of registrar of the Bengal Supreme Court, became a director of the East India Company in 1839. He served as its deputy chairman 1845–6, 1850–1, and as its chairman 1846–7, 1852–3.

^{page 74 note 146} John Shepherd (1791–1859) retired as the chairman of the Court of Directors.

^{page 74 note 147} James Stuart Wortley, Baron Wharncliffe (1776–1845), the lord president of the council in the Lords, died in Dec. 1845.

^{page 74 note 148} In a letter to Hardinge on 6 Mar. 1845, Ellenborough repeated the current ban mot: ‘[The] Duke has got a new office, that of the Governor of the Invalids’ (Ellenborough Papers, PRO 30/12/14/5 [part 3]).

^{page 75 note 149} Sir Thomas Herbert Maddock (1790–1870) had been a member of the G.G.'s Council since 1843. He came to India in 1814 and saw political service in Nepal, Bhopal, and Oudh. He would act as president of the G.G.'s Council during Hardinge's long absence in the Northwest.

^{page 76 note 150} Hardinge had objected to Bombay's desire to augment its army and to some of the policies it had pursued during the Kolapur revolt.

^{page 77 note 151} Paolo di Avitabile (1791–1850), an Italian freebooter from Naples, saw service in both the Napoleonic and Bourbon armies. In 1827, with the help of Ventura, he joined Ranjit Singh's army but did not receive the rank of general until the early 1840s.

^{page 77 note 152} Dhian Singh rose to be the closest confidant and adviser of Ranjit Singh who in 1826 entitled him Raja-i-Rajgan (Raja of Rajas) and later appointed him the minister of the Sikh state. Intelligent, charismatic, but cunning, he emerged as the most powerful man in Panjab after Ranjit's death. His career was cut short in Sept. 1843 when he was killed by a rival faction.

^{page 77 note 153} Sohan Singh, Gulab Singh's second son, died with Hira Singh in Dec. 1844.

^{page 77 note 154} Hardinge is comparing the stormy career of Gulab Singh with that of Peel's manager, F. R. Bonham.

^{page 78 note 155} Burke seems to have been a nurseryman who helped landscape South Park.

^{page 79 note 156} A plant of Burmese origin which bears large, deep-red flowers with yellow spots and is considered holy by the Buddhists. It was named after Countess Amherst, the wife of Lord Amherst, G.G. of India, 1823–8, under whom the First Anglo-Burmese War was fought.

^{page 79 note 157} William Wells, a prominent Penshurst resident living at Redleaf.

^{page 79 note 158} William Cavendish, the 6th Duke of Devonshire, collected tropical plants at Chatsworth.

^{page 81 note 159} Not identified.

^{page 81 note 160} The Bombay governor felt that by an Anglo-Portuguese accord of 1838, Goa was obliged to surrender the Sawantwari chiefs who had taken refuge there. However, Hardinge asked G. Arthur not to send troops to capture the chiefs, for the intervention might be disapproved of by the British government as it could encourage France to act similarly elsewhere.

^{page 81 note 161} A handsome Brahman who had rapidly gained prominence since 1843. He was made a general and later served twice as the minister. Lai Singh's rise, however, was said to be due more to his scandalous liaison with Rani Jindan than to his own ability.

^{page 81 note 162} He formally assumed the ministry on 14 May.

^{page 82 note 163} Robert Fitzroy (1805–65), a nephew of Hardinge and a cousin of Walter James, was a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Londonderry on his mother's side. He took over as governor of New Zealand in Dec. 1843 where his efforts to reconcile violent disputes over land ownership between the English settlers and the local people aroused rancorous denunciations in England. Walter James' support of Fitzroy came in a Commons debate on 11 Mar. 1845, in which C. Buller, the M.P. from Liskeard, condemned Fitzroy's governorship in a long speech (3 Hansard, lxxviii. 658–70.)

^{page 82 note 164} While campaigning for a seat in the Commons during 1841, Fitzroy became embroiled in a dispute with a former political ally, Mr Sheppard, resulting in a challenge to a duel which, however, never took place. Their feud nevertheless continued and ultimately led to a public scuffle. This affair left doubts in the minds of some, including Hardinge, as to the level of Fitzroy's maturity.

^{page 82 note 165} Fitzroy was removed from the governorship in Nov. 1845.

^{page 82 note 166} The Company enjoyed a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt in Bengal. Although the salt duty was only one rupee and 3/4 of a rupee per maund in Madras and Bombay, respectively, it was 3 1/4 rupees in Bengal. In the autumn of 1845 Hardinge raised the duty to a rupee in Bombay but reduced it to three rupees in Bengal. The G.G. believed that the reduction of the duty would help the poor in Bengal, a move that was fully supported by Ripon. (Viscount Hardinge, pp. 64–5Google Scholar; Ripon to Hardinge, 4 Oct. 1844, Ripon Papers, Add. MS 40860.) However, many in England felt that the reduction in salt duties would damage the export of English salt to India. The Times repeatedly condemned Hardinge's policies, most scathingly on April 7 (p. 4): ‘Sir H. Hardinge is a gallant soldier, but a good soldier may be a bad financier. Does Sir Henry bear in mind that whilst he is taxing what comes into India, he is taxing what goes out of England?’ Calling Hardinge's position at variance with Peel's anti-protectionist policies, the newspaper asked: ‘Does he bear in mind the financial triumphs of his master, the PREMIER, and recollect that Sir Robert is reducing and repealing taxes while Sir Henry is laying them on? Will not the Minister feel that there is a game of foot and loose going on? That his policy is being thwarted?’

^{page 84 note 167} The Lex Loci Act, presented to the G.G.'s council in July 1845, proposed that the inheritance rights of those converting from one faith to another within the British presidencies would not be adversely affected.

^{page 85 note 168} Matabar Singh was murdered by his own aspiring nephew, Jung Bahadur Rana. Queen Rajya was a party to the act for, by feigning illness, she tricked Matabar into coming unprotected to her palace where he was killed.

^{page 85 note 169} Macaulay, an old political adversary of Ellenborough, had been a frequent critic of his Indian policies in Parliament and undoubtedly enjoyed his dismissal. However, despite the fears of Peel and Hardinge, Macaulay ultimately decided not to pursue the issue of Ellenborough's recall, presumably because Russell and Auckland on the one hand and the Court of Directors on the other decided not to press the matter.

^{page 87 note 170} Arthur was David Cunynghame's third son by his marriage to one of 1st Baron Thurlow's (1731–1806) three illegitimate daughters by a Mrs Hervey.

^{page 87 note 171} Mrs Brown, an aunt of Arthur, was another of Thurlow's illegitimate daughters. She was married to Gen. Samuel Brown who at one time was an assistant secretary to the commander in chief.

^{page 87 note 172} Lady Saltoun was Catherine, yet another of Thurlow's daughters and therefore also an aunt of Arthur Cunynghame. Her husband was Alexander George Fraser, 16th Baron Saltoun (1785–1853), then the C. in C. of the English forces in Canton.

^{page 87 note 173} Charles Alexander (Alick or Alex) Wood (1810–80) was an elder brother of Robert Wood. While in India, Hardinge often turned to him for assistance in attending to his personal affairs in England.

^{page 88 note 174} D'Esterre, a member of the Guild of Merchants in Dublin, was killed in a duel with O'Connell in Feb. 1815, when Peel was the chief secretary of Ireland. In Sept. of the same year, after a public exchange of insults, Peel, using his friend Samuel Brown as a go-between, invited the Irish leader to a duel. The challenge was accepted but Mrs O'Connell, fearing for her husband's life, had him arrested. The two men subsequently agreed to a bout in France, but while Peel and Brown crossed the English Channel the English government prevented O'Connell's departure from London by putting him in jail. In 1825, O'Connell ended the dispute by apologizing to Peel.

^{page 89 note 175} A farmhouse near South Park across Grove Road.

^{page 91 note 176} Hardinge's concern was caused by the sharp opposition to Peel's proposal to extend the grant to, and to endow, Maynooth College, the Roman Catholic seminary near Dublin. Peel told Hardinge on 4 May: ‘When we have … laid the foundations for a better state of things in Ireland, for detaching from treasonable agitation the great mass of Roman Catholic intelligence & wealth, we shall have fulfilled our mission; and, so far as I am concerned, right glad shall I be to be either compelled or permitted to retire from incessant toil, which is too much for human strength.’ Piqued by the attitude of ‘the old high Tories,’ Hardinge on June 12 responded to Peel: ‘They surely ought to see that a Conservative Party after the Reform Bill can only govern on Peel principles, & if they by their faction & folly lose the only man who has [the] wisdom & capacity to govern the country, the present generation will never see a Tory Party in power.’ Unknown to Hardinge at the time of his reply, the Maynooth Bill had already been passed by the Commons, thanks to a momentary union of the moderate Tories, Whigs, and the Irish members. Pleased with his victory, Peel wrote to Hardinge on May 27 that ‘we cannot by mere force—by mere appeals to selfish Protestant Ascendancy principles—govern Ireland in a manner in which a civilized country ought to be governed.’ However, the pragmatic prime minister added: ‘We have reduced protection to agriculture, and tried to lay the foundation of peace in Ireland; and these are offences for which nothing can atone’ (Peel Papers, Add. MS 40474; Gash, pp. 249–50).

^{page 93 note 177} Hugh Percy (1785–1847), 3rd Duke of Northumberland.

^{page 94 note 178} Emily commented: ‘That hope alas! was disappointed.’ Wells died before Hardinge's return.

^{page 96 note 179} Charles Hay Cameron (1795–1880) came to India in 1835 and collaborated with Macaulay in law reform. He served as the legal member of the G.G.'s council from 1843 until his retirement in 1848.

^{page 96 note 180} Not found.

^{page 98 note 181} During the Company period the term ‘mofussil’ meant the rural areas as compared to the urban centres in India.

^{page 99 note 182} Educated at Rugby and Cambridge, Lawrence Peel (1799–1884) became a barrister in 1824. He served in India from 1840 to 1855 in various positions including those of advocate general and chief justice of Bengal. After returning home, he was elected a director of the East India Company in 1857. He was Robert Peel's cousin.

^{page 104 note 183} Sir George Thomas Napier (1784–1855) saw action in the Peninsular campaigns, and served as the governor and C. in C. of the Cape Colony from 1837 to 1843.

^{page 104 note 184} Col. (afterwards Lt. Gen.) James Outram (1803–63), was then the resident at Satara. In 1843, as political agent at Hyderabad in Sind, he questioned the annexation of that state. His differences with Napier broke into an angry debate in the press after the appearance of W. Napier's book. Hardinge, who sympathized with C. Napier, then forbade the Company officials to air their official disagreements in the newspapers. However, the controversy did not subside, and Outram in 1846 responded to the Napiers in The Conquest of Scinde, a commentary (Edinburgh, 1846).Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 185} By the end of the eighteenth century India began to supply Britain with about 1/5 of her total imports in cotton for use in its great manufacturing centers. These Indian imports continued to increase during the nineteenth century and ultimately began to provide some challenge to the Americans whose southern-grown cotton was fulfilling a large percentage of British needs, and there was a strong movement to improve Indian cotton by adopting American methods. In the very first months of Hardinge's administration, experiments were begun in India with American cotton seeds. By 1845 the desire among English merchants for reliance on Indian cotton was so strong that a suggestion was made to create a separate East India Cotton Company. There were expectations, too, that the proposed establishment of Indian railways would increase the export of cotton. Nonetheless, the British were unable to remove various hurdles blocking the large-scale production of quality Indian cotton until the mid-1860s. (Gray, Lewis Cecil, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 [Gloucester, Mass., 1958], ii. 692–4Google Scholar; Martin, Thomas P., ‘Cotton and Wheat in Anglo-American Trade and Politics, 1846–1852,’ in the Journal of Southern History [08 1935], pp. 293–6Google Scholar; Trotter, Lionel J., History of India Under Queen Victoria, 1886, i. 22Google Scholar; The Times, 22 11 1845, p. 3d.)Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 186} John Frederick Lewis (1805–76), painter of numerous watercolours including the Harem (1850)Google Scholar and Door of a Café in Cairo (1865)Google Scholar, was a friend of the Hardinges.

^{page 108 note 187} Gough was the commander of the Mysore division of the Madras army in 1841 when he was sent to command the British forces in Canton during the Opium War.

^{page 112 note 188} Sir Robert Thomas Wilson (1777–1849) governed Gibraltar, 1842–9.

^{page 113 note 189} The D.N.B. (III. 471) characterized Cameron as ‘a disciple, and ultimately perhaps the last surviving disciple, of Jeremy Bentham.’ But some of Cameron's peers were uncertain about the degree of his faith in the utilitarian ideals of Jeremy Bentham. Edward Ryan, the chief justice of Bengal, felt that Cameron was ‘to a certain extent a disciple of the school of Mill and Bentham.’ William Macnaghten, the political seccretary to Auckland, believed that Cameron ‘though a Liberal is not, I am assured, half so devoted a Benthamite as Macaulay’ (Rosselli, John, Lord William Bentinck [Berkeley, 1974], p. 322Google Scholar). However, Eric Stokes, in The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959)Google Scholar, seems to establish firmly Cameron's credentials as a genuine Benthamite.

^{page 113 note 190} Sir James Emerson Tennant was the secretary of the Board of Control from 1841 to 1843.

^{page 114 note 191} The fancy ball hosted by Hardinge on Sept. 11 was, in the words of the Hurkaru (13 09 1845, p. 299Google Scholar), his ‘farewell entertainment to the community of Calcutta’ before departing for the Northwest.

^{page 114 note 192} Victoria was in Germany for most of August 1845.

^{page 117 note 193} Thomas Gray, ‘On A Distant Prospect of Eton College,’ line 99.

^{page 118 note 194} Charles' description of the Taj appears in a letter dated Nov. 5 to Sarah: ‘It strikes one as something superhuman—as a building suddenly raised by the wand of a magician. … At moonlight the scene is lovely. The white marble stands out in such bold relief against the dark blue sky, and the cypresses give such a sombre appearance to the tomb that the spectator can hardly believe that he is looking on the work of man’ (Charles Hardinge Letters, ii).

^{page 118 note 195} Although the mammoth Agra fort was constructed under Akbar, the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), like the Taj, was built by Shah Jahan.

^{page 119 note 196} James Thomason came to India at the age of 18 in 1822 as a member of the Bengal Civil Service. During his thirty-one year career in India he filled various positions, including foreign secretary to the Indian government (1842–3) and lieutenant governor of the Northwest Province (1843–53). He died on 27 Sept. 1853, the very day on which Queen Victoria approved his appointment as governor of Madras.

^{page 120 note 197} A large house at Ashurst Wood, near Grimstead, Sussex.

^{page 120 note 198} An estate near Penshurst.

^{page 121 note 199} Jowahir Singh was killed on 21 Sept. The army had been dissatisfied with him almost since the inception of his ministry. The immediate cause of his death was the troops' suspicion that the minister had instigated Peshora Singh's murder earlier in Sept. Lai Singh became the minister.

^{page 123 note 200} Buland Darwaza (high portal).

^{page 123 note 201} In the aftermath of the Second Maratha War, Gen. Gerald Lake failed to occupy the fortress of Bharatpur despite a three-month siege. However, in April of 1805 the defendants gave up and the two sides signed a treaty by which Bharatpur accepted British protection. In 1825 Baldeo Singh, the raja of Bharatpur, died, and the right of his young son Balwant Singh to succeed him was challenged by the late raja's nephew, Durjan Sal. The upstart seized Balwant Singh and took control of the state. Lord Amherst, the G.G., sent a force to Bharatpur under Gen. Stapleton Cotton Comber-mere, and, after a somewhat difficult campaign, Durjan Sal was defeated and imprisoned in Jan. 1826. Balwant Singh became the raja with his mother as his guardian, and a British resident was stationed in Bharatpur. When Hardinge visited the state, Balwant Singh, then 25, was still the ruler.

^{page 124 note 202} Hardinge's impression of the town, perhaps enhanced by the dazzling illumination, provides a contrast to that of Sir William Sleeman, who was appalled by it on a visit in Jan. 1836. He wrote that Bharatpur was, ‘though very populous, a mere collection of wretched hovels.’ See his Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official (1844; repr. 1915), p. 361.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 203} A corruption of the Persian word toshekhana meaning a treasury or storeroom.

^{page 128 note 204} Viscount Howick, a Whig, entered the Lords as the 3rd Earl Grey in July 1845.

^{page 130 note 205} Verses untraced.

^{page 130 note 206} Gen. Sir George Murray, the master general of the ordnance, died in July 1846.

^{page 131 note 207} James Coley was a clergyman employed by the East India Company; for his experiences with Hardinge, see his Journal of the Sutlej Campaign of 1845–46, and also of Lord Hardinge's Tour in the following winter (1856).Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 208} In Aug., Maj. Arthur William Fitzroy Somerset (1816–45), an A.D.C. to Hardinge, had married Emille-Louise, daughter of the Baron de Haumbache of Hesse.

^{page 131 note 209} He was the secretary to the Board of Control from July 1845 to July 1846.

^{page 132 note 210} Maj. Gen. (afterwards Lt. Gen.) Sir John Hunter Littler (1783–1856) was the commander of the British forces at Ferozepur. Hardinge made contact with Littler on 21 Dec. during the re-positioning of British forces before the battle of Ferozeshah, Dec. 21–22.

^{page 133 note 211} Lahore controlled a small piece of territory east of the Sutlej under the Anglo-Sikh Treaty of 1809.

^{page 133 note 212} Capt. John Munro (1821–45) of the 10th Bengal Light Cavalry, Hardinge's interpreter.

^{page 133 note 213} Maj. William Robert Herries (1819–45) of the 3rd Light Dragoons was the son of the former Cabinet minister, J. C. Herries.

^{page 133 note 214} The leg of Capt. Hillier, an A.D.C. to Hardinge, was shattered.

^{page 134 note 215} Hardinge, in a forty-two-page letter to Ripon dated 27 and 28 Dec., described the developments on the Panjab frontier from early Dec. to the battles of Mudki and Ferozeshah and indignantly criticized Gough's military organization and leadership. The G. G. discovered on his arrival at Ambala on 2 Dec. that ‘no supplies had been laid in on the route to Feroz-poor.’ He found Gough's staff particularly inefficient and wrote: ‘It is impossible for the C. C. to preserve discipline & conduct the public duties with regularity, with the assistance he now has.’ Hardinge added that more than once he had disagreed with Gough's viewpoint at Mudki and Ferozeshah, and in one instance, in his capacity as the G. G., had overruled the C. in C. (Ripon Papers, Add. MS 40874.)

^{page 138 note 216} Hardinge's strong feelings about Gough were further expressed in a letter to Peel dated 30 Dec. and marked ‘secret & confidential’: ‘[It] is my duty to Her Majesty, & to you as the head of the Government, to state, most confidentially, that we have been in the greatest peril, & are likely hereafter to be in great peril, if these very extensive operations are to be conducted by the com.-in-chief.’ Deeming Gough unfit to direct the Sikh war, he informed Peel: ‘I respect & esteem Sir H. Gough, but I cannot risk the safety of India by concealing my opinion from you.’ Hardinge recommended that Napier replace Gough in Panjab, but the future course of the war made such a change unnecessary. (Peel Papers, Add. MS 40475.)

^{page 139 note 217} At the battle of Aliwal on 28 Jan. 1846.

^{page 140 note 218} Hardinge's favourite Arab horse, named for the battle of Miani in which Napier defeated the Amirs of Sind in 1843. Hardinge rode Miani during the battle of Fero-zeshah and brought him home to Penshurst in 1848. (Viscount Hardinge, pp. 113, 114, 175Google Scholar; Doble, , p. 9.)Google Scholar

^{page 141 note 219} As the Irish potato blight deepened the Corn Laws crisis, a somber Peel had written to Hardinge: ‘A cloud is thrown over our actual prosperity and our prospects for the future by the prevalence of a lamentable disease in the potatoes’ (26 Oct. 1845, Peel Papers, Add. MS 40475).

^{page 142 note 220} William Peel (1824–78), of the 1st Bengal Dragoons, was the son of Peel's younger brother Edmund.

^{page 142 note 221} Lord Arthur Hay (1824–78), the future 9th Marquis of Tweeddale, was a lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. He was Hardinge's guest when the war broke out and voluntarily fought in it.

^{page 142 note 222} Emily's marginal notation: ‘Posterity has 2 in the hall given by the Court of Directors.’

^{page 143 note 223} Sir Harry G. W. Smith (1787–1860) commanded troops in all four battles of the Sikh War, and is particularly credited with the victory at Aliwal. He was baronetted in 1846.

^{page 144 note 224} Hardinge confirmed this to the Secret Committee on Feb. 19: ‘[The new minister] immediately put himself in communication with us, proferring every assistance in his power for the furtherance of any ends in regard to the state of Lahore which we might have in view’ (F.P.N.W.F., p. 67).

^{page 145 note 225} The last battle was fought there on 10 Feb.

^{page 146 note 226} A well-known fort in Amritsar built by Ranjit Singh in 1808.

^{page 146 note 227} Frederick Currie (1799–1875) had held various financial and legal offices in India from 1820 to 1842 when he became the foreign secretary to the government at Calcutta. He was with Hardinge both during and after the Sikh war and became his close adviser.

^{page 147 note 228} It is difficult to comprehend why the people of the Doab, a significant percentage of whom were Sikhs, would be anti-Sikh.

^{page 147 note 229} About this time Peel, who was busy advocating his free trade policy in a series of speeches, wrote to Hardinge with cautious optimism about the future: ‘I am fighting a desperate battle here—shall probably drive my opponents over the Sutlej—but what is to come afterwards I know not’ (24 Feb. 1846, Peel Papers, Add. MS 40475).

^{page 149 note 230} Bvt.-Maj. Henry Montgomery Lawrence (1806–57), one of the more reputable Company figures, had come to India in 1823. A veteran of the Burmese and Afghan wars, he eventually held various political positions in India. He served as resident in Nepal and, upon Broadfoot's death at Ferozeshah, was appointed the agent on the Sikh frontier.

^{page 151 note 231} Some of the best cannon in the Sikh arsenal were cast by Claude Auguste Court (1793–1861), an 1813 graduate of the Militaire Polytechnique in Paris, who served the Sikhs as an ordnance officer from 1827 to 1843.

^{page 153 note 232} He was a Hindu.

^{page 153 note 233} Ellenborough's action in 1842 of bringing the gates of Somnath back to India caused a political furore in Britain.

^{page 155 note 234} i.e. Ellenborough, appointed to that office in December 1845.

^{page 158 note 235} The peace treaty with the Sikhs was signed at Lahore on 9 Mar. The supplementary articles, which were added on 11 Mar., stipulated that a British force was to be stationed at Lahore until the year's end.

^{page 159 note 236} The treaty which made Gulab Singh the maharaja of Kashmir and other mountain territories was signed at Amritsar on Mar. 16.

^{page 159 note 237} Shakespeare, Henry IV, III.i.31.

^{page 159 note 238} Untraced.

^{page 161 note 239} The sketches of Dalip Singh, Lai Singh, and Gulab Singh all appear in Recollections.

^{page 161 note 240} The seventeenth century Italian landscape painter.

^{page 161 note 241} Deodar is a Himalayan tree similar to cedar.

^{page 161 note 242} Apparently Hardinge felt at the time that Walter might buy this estate.

^{page 162 note 243} Auckland House, as it began to be called, was built in 1839; Hardinge was the last G.G. to occupy it.

^{page 162 note 244} i.e. Auckland's announcement of 1 Oct. 1838, divulging his intentions to invade Afghanistan, and Ellenborough's proclamation, dated 1 Oct. 1842, condemning Auckland's policies and his readiness to recognize an Afghan government committed to peace.

^{page 163 note 245} Lal Singh reclaimed the ministry soon after the Kasur negotiations.

^{page 164 note 246} The pro-Whig Morning Chronicle carried on a relentless barrage of attacks from Jan. to Mar. on Hardinge's Northwestern policies. He was accused of incompetence, irresolution and timidity, which had permitted the Sikhs to cross the Sutlej: ‘it would at once be a great blessing to India and to England if it were thought advisable to relieve [Hardinge] from a task to the performance of which it must now be evident he is unequal.’ Arguing that a ‘corrupt, aggressive Panjab’ should have been punished earlier, the Chronicle demanded that Hardinge ought to annex immediately the whole Sikh kingdom, including Kashmir, and added: ‘In our humble opinion he has slumbered too much already, and had better remain wide awake for some time to come’ (20 Jan. p. 4; 6 Feb. p. 4; 7 Feb. p. 4; 12 Feb. p. 4; 14 Feb. p. 5; 16 Feb. p. 4; 23 Feb. p. 4; 24 Feb. p. 5; 26 Feb. p. 4; 27 Feb. p. 5; 2 Mar. p. 4).

^{page 165 note 247} There was no universal praise for Wellington in 1809 for Talavera because of the furor over his approval of the Convention of Cintra the previous year.

^{page 165 note 248} The Sunday Times (15 02 1846, p. 4)Google Scholar had, in fact, angrily reacted to The Times, which had reported and condoned Hardinge's supposed ‘plan for massacring fifty thousand Seikhs’ after tricking them into crossing the Sutlej.

^{page 165 note 249} John Elphinstone (1807–60), the 13th Baron Elphinstone, governed Madras, 1837–42. He travelled extensively in India from 1845 to 1847 as a private citizen.

^{page 165 note 250} Dr James Thomas Walker (1826–96) of the Bombay Engineers.

^{page 165 note 251} Sarah's elder sister, Laura Jane, died on Feb. 26, 1846, at the age of 35; leaving three sons and five daughters; she was married to 3rd Baron Kensington (1801–72).

^{page 167 note 252} More than one Indian newspaper, at least initially, denounced Hardinge's postwar arrangements. The Whig-oriented Hurkaru (27 02 1846, p. 229)Google Scholar favoured full annexation, adding: ‘There appears to us to be no alternative consistent with the security of our territory from aggression between this complete and … justifiable and politic measure, and subsidizing the country.’ But criticism was not confined just to the Whig newspapers.

The Friend of India, generally pro-Hardinge, criticized the stationing of British troops at Lahore, fearing it could lead to another collision (April 2, 1846, p. 210). The conservative Englishman (28 03 1846, p. 2)Google Scholar condemned Hardinge for permitting the Sikh state to continue, however much reduced, suggesting that this gesture of good will would earn no gratitude: ‘In this country the friends of one season are enemies in the next, and we may have to contend against combinations already planned, or hitherto frustrated by the fortune of Providence which rules our British destiny in the East.’

^{page 168 note 253} The Sikh commander of the Kangra fort refused to surrender; Hardinge sent a British force with heavy cannon over difficult terrain, the fort being taken on 26 May.

^{page 168 note 254} Viscount Jocelyn was a secretary to the Board of Control from Feb. 1845 to July 1846.

^{page 168 note 255} William Bingham Baring was paymaster general of the army.

^{page 168 note 256} Bertram Ashburnham, the 4th Earl of Ashburnham, opposed Peel's free trade policies.

^{page 169 note 257} Hardinge is probably referring to the lofty mountain ranges of Hatu Dhar, Chwaurtu Dhar and Gansai Dhar.

^{page 170 note 258} A large house located on the western outskirts of Penshurst.

^{page 170 note 259} Baron Christian von Bunsen (1791–1860) was then the Prussian ambassador in London.

^{page 172 note 260} The G.G. was now to be addressed as Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and King's Newton. The lineage of his family, which once lived at King's Newton in Derbyshire, can be traced back to the Stuart period. (See nos. 90 and 96; notes 265 and 282.)

^{page 173 note 261} Early in June, George-Stephens Gough (1815–95) married Jane, daughter of George Arbuthnot of Elderslie, Surrey.

^{page 174 note 262} Both letters untraced. However, excerpts acquired from V.A.P. and Peel Papers appear above in the introduction.

^{page 174 note 263} Aberdeen conveyed to Hardinge ‘the most cordial congratulations on the splendid deeds you have performed.’

^{page 175 note 264} Sarah gave birth on March 21 to Walter Henry James, later M.P. for Gateshead; in 1893 he succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Northbourne and died in 1923.

^{page 175 note 265} ‘The old Danish pirate’ refers to Harding, the son of Eadnoth, who was called ‘a noble Dane’ and was a wealthy merchant of Bristol at the time of William the Conqueror's invasion in 1066. His son Robert (also known as Robert Fitz-Harding) became the founder of the house of Berkeley through the friendship of King Henry II. The connection of the Hardinge family to the original Robert Fitz-Harding and, in turn, to the Berkeleys, is not fully substantiated.

^{page 177 note 266} Mary Henrietta, wife of Robert Fitzroy.

^{page 177 note 267} Henry Charles Hardinge (1857–1924), the first son of the 2nd Viscount Hardinge and Lavinia, became the 3rd Viscount Hardinge in 1894. His eldest son, Henry R. Hardinge, died, and he was succeeded by his second son, Caryl Nicholas Charles Hardinge, as the 4th Viscount Hardinge in 1924.

^{page 178 note 268} Ellen Louisa was married to Capt. (afterwards Lt. Gen.) Edward D. H. E. Napier (1808–70), the stepson of Adm. Sir Charles Napier (1786–1860) who, in turn, was a cousin of Charles James Napier.

^{page 178 note 269} Not identified.

^{page 178 note 270} This was in reaction to an angry letter dated April 24, 1846, from John Wilson Croker, the Tory politician, charging that Peel had ‘ruined the character of public men, and dissolved [the Tory party] by dividing the great landed interest’ (D.N.B., v. 130).

^{page 179 note 271} Sir Charles Hardinge (1780–1864), 2nd Bart of Bellisle, Fermanagh, Ireland, was the vicar of Tunbridge and Henry Hardinge's eldest brother.

^{page 179 note 272} A chapel then under construction near Penshurst.

^{page 183 note 273} Discussion on the annuities for Hardinge and Gough continued in Parliament from May to July (3 Hansard, lxxxvi and lxxxvii, passim). Part of the delay was caused by Peel's enemies in an effort to embarrass him. At one stage of the impasse Wellington advised Peel to resign if Parliament did not promptly pass the pensions bill (letter of 8 June 1846, in Parker, , iii. 353.)Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 274} In a memo dated 19 May 1846, Wellington suggested steps to be taken to protect and safely withdraw British troops left at Lahore in case of a surprise attack upon them. Hardinge responded in a letter written on 22 July explaining with detailed figures and a sketch, the measures already in effect to safeguard the British force in the Sikh capital (Wellington Papers, 145/53–145/59.)

^{page 186 note 275} For O'Connell's remarks about Disraeli in the Taunton by-election in 1835, see Blake, Robert, Disraeli (1966), 125.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 276} Hardinge was aroused by George A. Gleig's article ‘The War of the Punjab’ appearing in The Quarterly Review, lxxviii. 175–215Google Scholar, which praised Cough's policies before and during the war while implying criticism of Hardinge's.

^{page 186 note 277} Outram, James, The Conquest of Scinde, a commentary (Edinburgh, 1846).Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 278} This praise was largely lip service and Hardinge was then unaware of Napier's charlantry. In private letters to his brother William Napier, the general was very critical of Hardinge's policies and regretted that the entire Sikh state, including Kashmir, had not been conquered (Napier, W., The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier [1857], iii, 391, 400, 458–9.)Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 279} Henry's elder brother, George Nicholas Hardinge, was commanding the frigate San Fiorenzo in Mar. 1808 when he was killed by grape shot fired from the French cruiser Piémontaise.

^{page 187 note 280} The Athalante, a Dutch brig, was seized by G. N. Hardinge in March 1804 after a naval battle near Texel island off the Dutch coast.

^{page 187 note 281} SirDugdale, William, The Visitation of Derbyshire taken in 1662, and reviewed in 1663 (1879), p. 27.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 282} Nicholas Hardinge (1699–1758) served as Clerk of the Commons for twenty years.

^{page 188 note 283} Sir James Law Lushington (1779–1859) was then a member of the Court of Directors.

^{page 188 note 284} This presumably is a reference to the differences during a Commons debate in July between Adm. Sir George Cockburn, who had been the first sea lord under Peel, and those who wanted an end to naval floggings. (3 Hansard, lxxxvii. 344–5Google Scholar; lxxxviii. 272–3.)

^{page 189 note 285} Ellenborough was indignant about the post-war arrangements in the Northwest. He particularly singled out the creation of the Kashmir state and wrote to Hardinge (April 22) that ‘there have been times when the treaties with Golab Singh as the minister of the Lahore government and the detaching from the Lahore dominions a very extensive territory for the purpose of placing it under the independent authority of that minister, thus rewarding a traitor, would have been measures a little too oriental in principle.’ Hardinge, however, rejected this charge and bluntly asked his predecessor in a letter of 7 June if the British were ‘to treat the only man who had not lifted his arm against us with indifference’ (Ellenborough Papers, PRO, 30/12/21, no. 7).

^{page 189 note 286} John Cam Hobhouse (1786–1869), Baron Broughton, succeeded Ripon. He had previously served as president of the Board of Control, 1834–41.

^{page 190 note 287} The 2nd Duke of Buckingham (Richard Grenville) had opposed the Corn Laws' repeal.

^{page 192 note 288} One of the more troublesome problems arising out of the peace settlements of Mar. 1846 was the refusal of Sheikh Imam-ud-Din, the Lahore-appointed governor of Kashmir, to hand over the Himalayan province to Gulab Singh. Kashmir passed under Gulab Singh's official control in Nov.

^{page 193 note 289} Aelbert Cuyp (1620–91).

^{page 193 note 290} Claude Lorrain (1600–82).

^{page 193 note 291} Antony Vandyke Copley Fielding (1787–1855).

^{page 193 note 292} Anthony Salvin, a Tudor style architect, built or remodelled various prominent buildings in Kent, including Betteshanger and South Park (Newman, pp. 112n, 460).

^{page 194 note 293} Perhaps a housekeeper.

^{page 194 note 294} This resulted from the continuing struggle for power at Kathmandu involving King Rajendra, Queen Rajya, and others. The massacre took place on the night of Sept. 15 at the royal courtyard in the presence of the Queen, and victims included Fateh Jung Shah, the prime minister. Although the Queen was at least a partial accomplice, the main culprit responsible for the carnage was Jung Bahadur Rana, who in 1845 had killed Malabar Singh. Jung Bahadur Rana succeeded Fateh Jung and started the line of hereditary prime ministers who governed Nepal until 1950.

^{page 194 note 295} Hardinge, in a letter of the same date to Hobhouse, described the gruesome event: ‘A few days ago, a Brahmin, of the small district of Rewah, in Rajapootana, having a quarrel with his raja, took out his ten wives on the road to the fort, cut off their heads with his sword, and his son murdered his mother and two or three infant children. The Brahmin then stabbed himself. And these atrocities take place in every direction’ (Broughton papers, dcccliii. 207).

^{page 195 note 296} Auckland's sisters, Emily and Fanny Eden, lived with him in Calcutta.

^{page 196 note 297} The strong brick fort atop a hill in Srinagar, reportedly built by Akbar in 1597, where a Dogra force had been held up since early summer.

^{page 199 note 298} Ganesa (Ganapati).

^{page 201 note 299} The Kangra fort stood almost 2500 feet above sea level at the top of a mountain encircled by the Bar Ganga River nearly 150 feet below.

^{page 201 note 300} The British troops, however, did not enter Kashmir.

^{page 202 note 301} No sooner had Iman-ud-Din quit Kashmir than he claimed that his opposition to Gulab Singh had been at the urgings of the Lahore minister. Considering the charge serious, Hardinge appointed a court of inquiry presided over by Currie. Early in Dec. the court found Lal Singh guilty, stripped him of his office, and expelled him from Panjab (Minute of the Court of Inquiry, 3 Dec. 1846, B.G.L.D., pp. 27–41).

^{page 202 note 302} Near Sandwich in Kent, it later became Sir Walter's country seat.

^{page 203 note 303} Before he learned that the war was over, Ellenborough, in a letter dated 3 Mar. 1846, had indeed advised Hardinge: ‘If there were a govt. at Lahore you might perhaps, after what has passed, make peace without dishonor, or injury to our position, on the condition of the cession of all the Lahore dominions on the left bank.’ However, Ellenborough had added that ‘there is no govt. at Lahore and can be none and I fear the die must be considered to have been cast by them & that you have no alternative but must take the whole country—that is, if you can’ (Ellenborough Papers, PRO, 30/12/21/7).

^{page 204 note 304} Narinder Singh ruled Patiala from 1845 to 1862.

^{page 205 note 305} Henry M. Elliot (1808–53), a member of the East India Company's civil service, succeeded Currie.

^{page 206 note 306} A more comprehensive Anglo-Sikh treaty, signed in Hardinge's presence on Dec. 26, 1846, at Bhairowal, removed Rani Jindan from her role as regent. Though the treaty established a council of regency consisting of eight Sikh notables who were to serve at the G.G.'s pleasure, the real power was concentrated in the hands of the British resident who was not only to steer the regency council but also to have unlimited control over the Sikh government for eight years, at which time Dalip Singh's minority would end. In addition, Lahore was to pay for the permanent stationing of a British force in Panjab (B.G.L.D., pp. 41–54.)

^{page 208 note 307} George Stevens Byng, the 1st Viscount Enfield, was the secretary of the Board of Control from July 1846 to Nov. 1847.

^{page 210 note 308} Encouraged also by new official reports that the Ganges Canal, with proper safeguards, would not cause malaria, Hardinge ordered its construction resumed, telling Hobhouse that the canal would be a work ‘of peace and prosperity’ (21 Feb. 1847, Broughton Papers, dcccliii). Hardinge sanctioned an annual disbursement of £240,000 to finance the project which was completed in 1856 and ultimately irrigated large areas of the Gangetic plain.

^{page 211 note 309} George Frederick Harvey (1809–84), a member of the Northwestern Province civil service, later became the Commissioner of Agra.

^{page 212 note 310} Not identified.

^{page 212 note 311} A taxidermist.

^{page 215 note 312} Arrizn, Anabasis, V. 18.

^{page 216 note 313} Eleven dispatches and enclosures from Hardinge to the Secret Committee, dating from 3 Sept. 1846, to 2 Jan. 1847, and dealing with Panjab affairs, were presented to Parliament and published in Mar.

^{page 217 note 314} Not found. Hardinge seems to be referring to the editorial of 20 Jan. as reprinted in The Bombay Times' bimonthly summary of intelligence, Feb. 1, 1847, p. 13.

^{page 218 note 315} He had a serious bilious attack accompanied by high fever.

^{page 218 note 316} On 22 April, during a lengthy Commons debate dealing with education, Walter ‘unfeignedly regretted’ the attempt to deprive Catholics of the right to an equal education. Alluding to the reforms of recent decades, he declared: ‘During the present century, they had removed the Roman Catholic disabilities; yet it was impossible to deny that the proposed scheme, as far as the Roman Catholics were concerned, did, by excluding them, create a new Roman Catholic disability’ (3 Hansard, xci. 1177–8).Google Scholar

^{page 219 note 317} Hardinge, in a letter to Hobhouse on 7 July 1847, called his Aden Memorandum ‘long winded’ but expressed relief that the matter had now been resolved (Broughton Papers, dcccliv, 60).

^{page 219 note 318} Col. (afterwards Gen.) John Bloomfield Gough (1804–91) was then on his uncle's staff.

^{page 221 note 319} Probably ‘Nimrod’ [C.J. Apperley], The Horse and the Hound: their various uses and treatment (Edinburgh, 1842).Google Scholar

^{page 222 note 320} The capital of the medieval Bahamani kingdom fabled for its gold.

^{page 222 note 321} Ellenborough's estate in Gloucestershire.

^{page 223 note 322} Hardinge would have preferred Graham as his successor. ‘I hope for the sake of India,’ Hardinge wrote to Hogg, ‘Graham will be selected. He has great experience, sound judgment and [is] indefatigable in business’ (23 June 1847, Hogg Correspondence, 342/6).

^{page 223 note 323} Apparently a builder working with Salvin.

^{page 224 note 324} Not identified.

^{page 225 note 325} Not found.

^{page 225 note 326} Charles William Stewart, the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry.

^{page 227 note 327} Hobhouse was defeated in the 1847 election at Nottingham but re-elected from Harwich in 1848. His tenure as president of the Board of Control continued uninterrupted until 1852.

^{page 227 note 328} Actually he wrote to the Queen only on 27 July expressing ‘most sanguine expectations that peace has been securely established beyond the Northwest frontier as well as throughout India’ (V.A.P.).

^{page 231 note 329} Grey was secretary at war and the colonies under Russell.

^{page 231 note 330} In June Rani Jindan, divested of political power since the Bhairowal Treaty, was suspected of plotting Henry Lawrence's murder, but the charge was never substantiated. ‘The rani as usual is said to be at the bottom of it all,’ wrote Charles to Walter on 9 June, ‘but much is attributed to her in which in reality she has no share’ (Charles Hardinge Letters, i). Later in Aug., Jindan was accused of humiliating Tej Singh, the regency council president. The moralistic Hardinge, who had long considered the Rani to be a noxious influence on Dalip Singh, personally approved of her removal to Sheikhupura, some 25 miles from Lahore. She later found asylum in Nepal. Eventually the Rani joined Dalip Singh in England where she died in 1863.

^{page 231 note 331} Adolphus Vane (1825–64) was the third son of the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry.

^{page 231 note 332} Adolphus's half-brother Frederick was then styled Viscount Castlereagh; in 1854 he became the 4th Marquess of Londonderry.

^{page 231 note 333} Adolphus's elder brother George was then styled Viscount Seaham; he was later the 5th Marquess of Londonderry.

^{page 231 note 334} Not identified.

^{page 232 note 335} Possibly Sir Nesbit Josiah Willoughby (1777–1849) who had a colourful though checkered career in the English navy.

^{page 232 note 336} Buckingham's assets were sequestered in Aug. 1847, following his bankruptcy.

^{page 232 note 337} Sir Hugh Arbuthnot, a military veteran, sat in Parliament for nearly forty years.

^{page 233 note 338} George Frederick Samuel Robinson, styled Viscount Goderich from 1833 to 1859, the second but the oldest surviving son of the 1st Earl of Ripon. The ‘more brilliant cousin’ very well could be Henrietta Anne Theodosia, a granddaughter of Ripon's brother whom Goderich married in 1851. Goderich was later, as marquess of Ripon, Viceroy of India, 1880–4. Emily Caroline Hardinge never married and died in 1876.

^{page 235 note 339} Sir John Grey (1780?–1856), who had served in India under Wellesley, returned to India in 1840. He later became C. in C. of Bombay from 1850 to 1852 and was promoted to lieutenant general in 1851.

^{page 237 note 340} Untraced.

^{page 238 note 341} Maj. Gen. Sir Robert Dick (1785–1846), an officer in the Madras Army since 1837, was one of the last English casualties at Sobraon.

^{page 238 note 342} Hardinge had been dissatisfied ever since his arrival in India with the corruption and lawlessness in Oudh, and conditions worsened under Wajid Ali Shah (1822–87) who took over as nawab in Feb. 1847. On Nov. 22 at the British residency in Lucknow, Hardinge asked Wajid Ali to put his house in order or ultimately face the alternative of a British takeover of Oudh's internal administration. Apart from telling Hardinge that he considered ‘his counsels as if they had been addressed by a father to a son,’ the nawab said little ‘and made no promises with reference to his future intentions’ (Board's Collections 112885, enc. 17, letter 33, MS. in IOL).

^{page 239 note 343} The collapse of the London-based financial institutions such as Cockerell, Larpent and Co; Lyall, Matheson, and Co; and Church, Lake, and Co was announced by their branches at Calcutta in Nov. Many Englishmen in India, including Hardinge, had invested with one or more of these institutions. There was speculation that yet others might fail. These developments caused ‘great gloom and despondency’ at Calcutta (The Friend of India, 25 11 1847, p. 738Google Scholar), and shook investors throughout British India.

^{page 240 note 344} Sir George Russell Clerk (1800–89) took over the governorship of Bombay from George Arthur. Clerk had served in India from 1817 to 1842 in various positions including political agent on the Sikh frontier and lieutenant governor of the Northwestern Province.

^{page 240 note 345} Hobhouse was annoyed by Clerk's lukewarm attitude toward army cuts, and wrote to Hardinge: ‘I somewhat distrust that gentleman and have no hesitation in telling you, as indeed I tell you everything, that if that appointment was to be made over again, I do not think he could be governor of Bombay’ (6 Sept. 1847, Broughton Papers, dcccliv. 53–4).

^{page 240 note 346} The Bombay Times continued its strong support of army reductions. In an editorial on 6 Nov. 1847 (p. 876), it advocated further curtailments, in fact suggesting that Hardinge should be ‘doing away with drums and fifes, and substituting in their places buglers armed with muskets’ to save almost four more lakhs of rupees.

^{page 243 note 347} Lt. Thomas Waghorn (1800–50) of the Royal Navy was a strong advocate of public steam transportation between England and India via the Red Sea and established a shipping firm, Waghorn & Co., in 1840.