¹ Goschen to Grey, dated 6 Aug. 1914, F.O. 371/2164; B.D., xi, no. 671; cited hereafter as ‘no. 671’; for a discussion of the real date of this document see below.

² See below, p. 51; also Appendix B.

³ R. P. Rumbold wrote on the envelope containing this document: ‘A rough account by me of the crisis at Berlin during the 12 days which preceded the European war. This account was written immediately after I returned to England on 7 August, 1914.’ Martin Gilbert in his Sir Horace Rumbold (1973), pp. 104–25Google Scholar, to which I am much indebted, quotes at length from this document, cited hereafter as ‘Rough Account’.

⁴ ‘Ancestral Tree,’ the property of the family.

⁵ De Bunsen to Hilda von Deichmann, 9 Jan. 1910, de B.P., MB/I/11. I have made enquiries at Rugby School, but have been unable to confirm de Bunsen's statement. However, there seems to be no reason to question its correctness: Goschen was a good athlete.

⁶ Goschen to Rumbold, 21 March 1915, Gr. P., F.O. 800/1107.

⁷ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 122.Google Scholar

⁸ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 28 05 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 29 11 1913Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/371.

¹⁰ Goschen, to Hardinge, , ‘Xmas Eve’, 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

¹¹ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 122.Google Scholar

¹² It has sometimes been stated or implied that Goschen was of Jewish descent. To prove that he had no Jewish ancestry at all would be impossible. However, the ‘Ancestral Tree’ affords no evidence of any. Several of Goschen's forebears were Lutheran pastors.

¹³ D.A.B., i, p. 26.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 5 05 1911Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/348.

¹⁵ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 18 05 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/355.

¹⁶ Goschen, G. J. to Goschen, , 5 03 (1896)Google Scholar; year not specified, but evident from contents; Go. P.

¹⁷ Goschen, G. J. to Goschen, , 29 04 1896Google Scholar, Go. P.

¹⁸ Goschen, G. J. to Goschen, , 21 12 1897Google Scholar, Go. P.

¹⁹ Goschen, G. J. to Goschen, , 5 03 (1896)Google Scholar, Go. P.

²⁰ Goschen, G. J. to Goschen, , 29 04 1896Google Scholar, Go. P.

²¹ Goschen to G. J. Goschen (draft), undated, but evidently written early in 1896, Go. P.

²² Ibid.

²³ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 10 06 1910Google Scholar, H.P., 20.

²⁴ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 132.Google Scholar

²⁵ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 115.Google Scholar

²⁶ Goschen to G. J. Goschen (draft), undated, but evidently written early in 1896, Go. P.

²⁷ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 121.Google Scholar

²⁸ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 4 12 1908Google Scholar, H.P., 12.

²⁹ Goschen, to Lascelles, , 4 02 1907Google Scholar, Las. P., F.O. 800/13.

³⁰ Goschen, to Grey, , 21 02 1913Google Scholar, F.O. 371/1650.

³¹ Baring, , op. cit., p. 214.Google Scholar

³² Rattigan, , op. cit., p. 134.Google Scholar

³³ Bruce, , op. cit., p. 93.Google Scholar

³⁴ Facing, p. 92.Google Scholar

³⁵ D.A.B., i, p. 26.Google Scholar

³⁶ Goschen to G. J. Goschen (draft), undated, but evidently written early in 1896, Go. P.

³⁷ See Petrovich, M. B., A History of Modern Serbia 1804–1318 (New York, 1976), ii, p. 474Google Scholar, to which I am much indebted.

³⁸ Goschen, draft memorandum, undated, Go. P.

³⁹ Mensdorff, to Goluchowski, , 8 03 1905Google Scholar, P. A. VIII/134, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna. I am indebted to Dr F. R. Bridge for transcripts of this document and of that quoted immediately below.

⁴⁰ Mensdorff, Tagebuch, 29 May 1905, Nachlass Albert Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrich-stein, Karton IV, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.

⁴¹ Goschen, to Lansdowne, , 30 06 1905Google Scholar, Lan. P., F.O. 800/117.

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⁴³ Goschen, to Grey, , 13 12 1905Google Scholar, Gr. P., F.O. 800/40.

⁴⁴ Goschen, to Lascelles, , 11 04 1906Google Scholar, Las. P., F.O. 800/13.

⁴⁵ Goschen, to Grey, , 19 04 1907Google Scholar, Gr. P., F.O. 800/40.

⁴⁶ Goschen, to Grey, , 13 12 1905Google Scholar, Gr. P., F.O. 800/40.

⁴⁷ Goschen, to Grey, , 19 04 1907Google Scholar, Gr. P., F.O. 800/40.

⁴⁸ Bridge, F. R., Great Britain and Austria-Hungary 1908–1914 (1972), p. 18.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ ‘Views of the Foreign Office on subjects which the German Emperor may possibly raise during the visit of His Majesty to Windsor,’ 9 11 1907Google Scholar, R.A., W. 52/55.

⁵⁰ FitzRoy, A., Memoirs (1925), i, p. 337Google Scholar; see also Nicolson, H., Sir Arthur Nicolson (1930). p. 290.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Steed, to Bell, , 14 08 1908Google Scholar, Steed Papers. See also Steed, op. cit., i, p. 282.

⁵⁵ Bell, to Steed, , 10 07 1908Google Scholar, Bell Papers.

⁵⁶ Steed, to Bell, , 19 08 1908Google Scholar, Steed Papers.

⁵⁷ Schwabach, to Holstein, , 22 08 1908Google Scholar, von Schwabach, P., Aus meinen Akten (Berlin, 1927), p. 149.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Grey, to Bertie, and others, 2 10 1908Google Scholar, B.D., v, no. 278.

⁵⁹ Grey, to Goschen, , 2 10 1908Google Scholar, B.D., v, no. 279.

⁶⁰ Goschen, to Grey, , 4 10 1908Google Scholar, B.D., no. 289.

⁶¹ Grey, to Goschen, , 5 10 1908Google Scholar, B.D., v, no. 299.

⁶² Chirol, to Steed, , 19 10 1908Google Scholar, Chirol Papers.

⁶³ Hardinge, to Knollys, , 26 10 1908Google Scholar, R.A., W. 54/120.

⁶⁴ Hale, O. J., Publicity and Diplomacy (New York, 1940), p. 319.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Hardinge, to Goschen, , 3 11 1908Google Scholar (copy), H.P., 13.

⁶⁶ Goschen, to Grey, , 5 11 1908Google Scholar, B.D., v, no. 430.

⁶⁷ Das politische Tagebuch Joseph Redlichs, ed. Fellner, F. (Graz, Köln, 1953)Google Scholar, 9 Dec. 1908, i, p. 3.

⁶⁸ Aehrenthal, to Mensdorff, , 17 12 1908Google Scholar, Ö.U.A., i, no. 768.

⁶⁹ Aehrenthal, to Mensdorff, , 25 02 1909Google Scholar, Ö.U.A., i, no. 1055.

⁷⁰ Aehrenthal, to Mensdorff, , 17 12 1908Google Scholar, Ö.U.A., i, no. 768.

⁷¹ Radziwill, Marie to Robilant, , 5–7 12 1908Google Scholar, Lettres de la Princesse Radziwill au Géneral de Robilant (Bologna, 1934), iv, p. 52.Google Scholar

⁷² Rumbold, , op. cit., p. 7Google Scholar; for a picture of the Embassy see p. 6.

⁷³ Goschen, to Grey, , 12 11 1908Google Scholar, B.D., vi, no. 134; for Kiderlen's waistcoat see Goschen, to Hardinge, , 27 11 1908Google Scholar, H.P., 11, quoted below.

⁷⁴ Goschen, to Grey, , 13 11 1908Google Scholar, B.D., vi, no. 136.

⁷⁵ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 21 11 1908Google Scholar, H.P., 11.

⁷⁶ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 27 11 1908Google Scholar, H.P., 11.

⁷⁷ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 4 12 1908Google Scholar, H.P., 11.

⁷⁸ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 26 02 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁸⁰ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 14 10 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/344.

⁸¹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 4 11 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/344.

⁸² Goschen, to Hardinge, , 26 03 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁸³ Goschen, to Grey, , 16 04 1909Google Scholar, B.D., vi, no. 174.

⁸⁴ Minutes by Grey, Hardinge, Crowe and others, Ibid.

⁸⁵ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 22 05 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁸⁶ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 28 05 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁸⁷ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 17 07 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15.

⁸⁸ Bethmann Hollweg, Memorandum, 13 Aug. 1909, G.P., xxviii, no. 10,325.

⁸⁹ Goschen, to Grey, , 21 08 1909Google Scholar, B.D., vi, nos. 186–7.

⁹⁰ Goschen, to Grey, and to Hardinge, , 15 10 1909Google Scholar, B.D., vi, nos. 200–1.

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⁹² Goschen to Hardinge, 28 Aug. and ‘Xmas Eve’ 1909, and 28 Jan. 1910, H.P., 15, 20.

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⁹⁴ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 4 03 1910Google Scholar, H.P., 20.

⁹⁵ Goschen to Edward VII, 1 Dec. 1905, R.A., W. 47/345.

⁹⁶ Goschen, to Hardinge, , 1 07 1910Google Scholar, H.P., 20.

⁹⁷ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 25 11 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/344.

⁹⁸ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 17 12 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/344.

⁹⁹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 18 11 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/344.

¹⁰⁰ Goschen, to Grey, , 16 08 1911Google Scholar, B.D., no. 476.

¹⁰¹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 22 09 1911Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/350.

¹⁰² Grey, to Goschen, , 2 02 1912Google Scholar, B.D., vi, no. 494.

¹⁰³ On this point see Langhorne, R. T. B., ‘Great Britain and Germany, 1911–1914’, in British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, ed. Hinsley, F. H. (Cambridge, 1977), p. 604, n. 19.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Haldane, R. B., Autobiography (1929), p. 240.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Cambon, Paul to Poincare, , 7 Feb. 1912Google Scholar, D.D.F., 3, i, no. 628.

¹⁰⁶ Haldane, Diary, 8 Feb. 1912, B.D., vi, no. 506.

¹⁰⁷ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 9 02 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/353.

¹⁰⁸ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 10 02 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/353.

¹⁰⁹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 18 05 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/355.

¹¹⁰ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 21 06 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/357.

¹¹¹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 3 05 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/355.

¹¹² Goschen, to Nicolson, , 18 04 1913Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/365.

¹¹³ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 28 10 1910Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/346.

¹¹⁴ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 26 01 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/353.

¹¹⁵ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 18 05 1912Google Scholar, N.P., 800/355.

¹¹⁶ For example, Goschen, to Hardinge, , 22 and 28 05 1909Google Scholar, H.P., 15; to Nicolson, , 17 11 1911Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/352.

¹¹⁷ Lee, , op. cit., ii, p. 612.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Davidson, to Nicolson, , 22 08 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/358.

¹¹⁹ Wilhelm II to Bethmann Hollweg, 30 Sept. 1912. Professor John Röhl has kindly supplied me with the text of the surviving part of this telegram, the original of which is in the Deutsches Zentralarchiv, Merseburg, Rep. 53J, Lit. B No. 7. It is quoted in Professor Röhl's Zwei deutsche Fürsten zur Kriegsschuldfrage (Düsseldorf, 1971), p. 116Google Scholar. The words ‘darned ass’ are in English in the original. It would be interesting to know the source of the Kaiser's belief that Goschen's fellow-countrymen regarded him in this way. See entry for 7 Dec. 1911.

¹²⁰ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 25 11 1912Google Scholar, N.P., F.O., 800/360.

¹²¹ Nicolson, to Goschen, , 26 11 1912Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/360.

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¹²⁴ Röhl, J., ‘An der Schwelle zum Weltkrieg,’ Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, xxi (1977), p. 77.Google Scholar

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¹²⁶ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 1 02 1913Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/363.

¹²⁷ Nicolson, to Goschen, , 11 02 1913Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/363.

¹²⁸ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 11 02 1913Google Scholar (probably misdated), N.P., F.O. 800/363.

¹²⁹ Granville, to Nicolson, , 4 12 1913Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/371.

¹³⁰ Nicolson, to Goschen, , 8 12 1913Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/371.

¹³¹ Goschen, to Nicolson, , 12 12 1913Google Scholar, N.P., F.O. 800/371.

¹³² Nicolson, to Goschen, , 19 01 1914Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/372.

¹³³ Nicolson, to Goschen, , 5 05 1914Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/374.

¹³⁴ Hobhouse, , Inside Asquith's Cabinet, ed. E. David (1977), p. 163.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Goschen to George V, undated, but evidently written in June 1914, R.A. G.V. P.586/3.

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¹⁴⁰ Lord President of the Council.

¹⁴¹ Colonial Secretary.

¹⁴² Liberal peer and his wife.

¹⁴³ On 21 July 1914. The conference had been summoned in the hope of finding a solution for the Irish problem.

¹⁴⁴ Goschen, to Rumbold, , 22–23 07 1914Google Scholar R.P.

¹⁴⁵ Cecil, L., Albert Ballin (Princeton, 1967), pp. 201–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁴⁷ Goschen to Nicolson, undated, but evidently written on 1 Aug. 1914, N.P., F.O. 800/375.

¹⁴⁸ Grey to resident clerk, 26 July 1914, B.D., xi, no. 139.

¹⁴⁹ Foreign Office to Bertie, and also to Goschen, 26 July 1914, B.D., xi, no. 410.

¹⁵⁰ Goschen, to Grey, , 27 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 185.

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¹⁵³ Goschen, to Grey, , 29 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 293; no. 677; Bethmann Hollweg, version of draft prepared by Jagow, 29 July 1914, D.D.K., ii, no. 373.

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¹⁵⁵ Lichnowsky to Imperial Foreign Office, 29 July 1914, D.D.K., ii, no. 368.

¹⁵⁶ Goschen, to Grey, , 30 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 305.

¹⁵⁷ Lerchenfeld, to Hertling, , 30 07 1914Google Scholar, B.H.L., i, no. 111.

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¹⁵⁹ Grey, to Goschen, , 31 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 340.

¹⁶⁰ Grey, to Goschen, , 31 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 348.

¹⁶¹ Goschen, to Grey, , 31 07 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, nos. 383 and 385.

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¹⁶³ Goschen, to Grey, , 1 08 1914Google Scholar, B.D., xi, no. 404.

¹⁶⁴ Berta de Bunsen, Vienna Diary, 4 Aug. 1914, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, li (1978), p. 223.Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁶ Cf. Berta de Bunsen, Diary, 8 Dec. 1914, de B.P., BB/III/a, quoted below.

¹⁶⁷ Szögyény to Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 30 May 1914, Ö.U.A., viii, no. 9775.

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¹⁷⁰ Goschen to Imperial Foreign Office, 4 Aug. 1914, D.D.K., iv, no. 823.

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¹⁷⁵ No. 671.

¹⁷⁶ Rumbold, , op. cit., p. 316.Google Scholar

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¹⁷⁸ Rough Account, p. 29.

¹⁷⁹ Clerk, minute, 13 Aug. 1914, B.D., xi, no. 667.

¹⁸⁰ Goschen, to Grey, , 4 08 1914Google Scholar, F.O. 371/2164; B.D., xi, no. 666.

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¹⁸⁵ No. 671.

¹⁸⁶ Gerard, J. W., My Four Years in Germany (1917), p. 91.Google Scholar

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¹⁹² No. 671; Rough Account, p. 30.

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¹⁹⁴ Goschen, to Grey, , 4 08 1914Google Scholar, F.O. 371/2164; B.D., xi, no. 667.

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¹⁹⁶ Nicolson, , op. cit., p. 424.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ See also Albertini, L., The Origins of the War of 1914 (Oxford, 1965), iii, p. 500.Google Scholar

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¹⁹⁹ Wolff, T., Der Krieg des Pontius Pilatus (Zürich, 1934), p. 371Google Scholar; the Extrablatt of 4 Aug. 1914 is reproduced in Wile, F., The Assault (1916), p. 134.Google Scholar

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²⁰⁶ Rattigan, , op. cit., p. 139Google Scholar. A similar story has appeared in more than one book, according to which Goschen was told by Jules Cambon that there were three people in Berlin who regretted that war had broken out—Goschen, Jules Cambon and the Kaiser. In a letter to Goschen, dated 4 Aug. 1914 and preserved in the diary, Cambon wrote: ‘J’ai vivement regretté de ne m'être pas trouvé à l'Ambassade quand vous y êtes venu. J'aurais voulu vous dire adieu après les années que nous avons passées ici ensemble, si unis et si associés dans une politique commune.’

²⁰⁷ R.A., King George V, Diary, 4 Aug. 1914.

²⁰⁸ No. 671; see also FitzRoy, , op. cit., ii, p. 561.Google Scholar

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²²³ Goschen to Grey, dated 6 Aug. 1914, F.O. 371/2164; printed, B.D., xi, no. 671, without indication of original date.

²²⁴ Date stamp, 19 Aug. 1914, F.O. 371/2164.

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²⁴⁰ Rumbold, to Maxse, , 18 09 1914Google Scholar, M.P. 469.

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²⁶⁴ Times, 22 05 1924Google Scholar, quoting German press comment.

²⁶⁵ Rumbold, to Maxse, , 27 09 1914Google Scholar, M.P., 469.

²⁶⁶ Goschen to ‘Tommy’, 25 Jan. 1923 (copy), Go. P.; Times, 2 12 1926.Google Scholar

²⁶⁷ Nicolson, to Goschen, , 19 01 1914Google Scholar (copy), N.P., F.O. 800/372.

²⁶⁸ No. 677.

²⁶⁹ A point made by Steiner, Z. S., The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898–1914 (Cambridge, 1969), p. 183.Google Scholar