^{page 11 note 1} BL Add. Ms. 24,965. A series of Dacre letter books of slightly later date survived until the eighteenth century; Nicolson and Burn, i, p. lx.

^{page 11 note 2} The manuscripts of His Grace the duke of Rutland preserved at Belvoir Castle, i, HMC, Twelfth Report App. iv (1888); A Calendar of Shrewsbury and Talbot Papers in Lambeth Palace Library and the College of Arms, i, ed. C.Jamison, rev. E. G. W. Bill; ii, ed. G. R. Batho (Derbyshire Archaeological Society Record Ser., i, iv, 1966, 1971). (The College of Arms collection is now also at Lambeth.)

^{page 11 note 3} A. G. Dickens (ed.), Clifford Letters of the Sixteenth Century (Surtees Soc. clxxii, 1962 for 1957), hereafter Dickens, Clifford Letters.

^{page 11 note 4} Chatsw., BA, unnumbered volume.

^{page 12 note 5} Numbers in bold refer to a letter printed in this edition.

^{page 12 note 6} The volume does not appear in the list of Bolton Abbey Books brought to Chatsworth from the Estate Office.

^{page 12 note 7} The book is rectangular with pages 8½″ wide and 12½″ long. Each page has a ruled margin of approximately 1″ along all edges. It is not clear whether the manuscript was bound before the present inter-war binding of white leather-covered boards was added. Internally the book is very clean suggesting that it has been little used.

^{page 13 note 8} On fo. 16r is a copy of a letter of Elizabeth I to the third earl of Cumberland, from Bishop's Waltham, 19 September 1591. At fo. 37r is found a copy of a ‘letter from the Great Magull to King james [T]’.

^{page 13 note 9} HMC, Third Report (1872), 37Google Scholar. (These letters now form Chatsw., Londesborough D.)

^{page 14 note 10} There remain in B1 five letters, of which four are addressed to the third earl, the accounts of Thomas Clifford, receiver of the coheirs of the duke of Suffolk for lands in Lincolnshire etc, 4 Elizabeth (fos. 95–104), a seventeenth-century tract on free trade (fos. 107r–113v), a printed oath of the East India Company and the wrapper mentioned previously.

^{page 14 note 11} These details of the descent of the manuscripts are taken from the draft catalogue of the Althorp papers available in the manuscript reading room of the British Library.

^{page 14 note 12} The basic sources for the history of the family are contained in Clay, ‘Clifford Family’. In this section I have also drawn upon the introduction to Dickens's Clifford Letters. Lady Anne Clifford's account remains useful especially for family tradition; it is printed by Dickens, 127–150.

^{page 15 note 13} For an account of the enlargement of the estates in Craven, Hoyle, ‘Land and Landed Relations’, 33–6.

^{page 15 note 14} Calendar of Patent Rolls, Mary, i, 116–7.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 15} See the notes to letters 63 and 101 below.

^{page 15 note 16} For Clifford's undistinguished performance in 1487, Goodman, A., The Wars of the Roses (1981), 103–4.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 17} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 28–9, 62–74.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 18} Batho (ed.), Shrewsbury and Talbot Papers, 325.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 19} On this period of the earl's life, see Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 21–2Google Scholar. The letter is printed in Whitaker, , Craven, 327.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 20} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 22.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 21} Cf. Dickens, , Clifford LettersGoogle Scholar, no. 1 and below, 93.

^{page 16 note 22} Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’, 91.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 23} james, , ‘First Earl’.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 24} Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 25} My understanding of this derives mostly from an unpublished paper lent me by Dr Steven Ellis. See also III below. At one level this was a straightforward dispute over the possession of property in Bewcastledale (Cumberland), but Dr Ellis has suggested to me in correspondence that it also relates to the defection of Musgrave from the Dacre circle to Cumberland.

^{page 18 note 26} The purloining of Dacre's goods is described by Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 36–7Google Scholar, the notes to 88 below and Dickens, , Clifford LettersGoogle Scholar, no. 28 (which I would date rather later than Dickens). The triangular factional feuding between the second earl of Cumberland, lord Dacre and lord Wharton in mid-century forms the subject of a paper in preparation. For the moment see PRO STAC 10/15; fos. 114–15 endorsed ‘15 Dec. 1554, the lord Dacre's articles against the l[ord] Wharton’. I owe this reference to the kindness of Alan Fellows.

^{page 18 note 27} Ellis, S. G., ‘Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic Worlds in the late Middle Ages], Irish Historical Studies xxv (1986), 14.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 28} Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’, 78–83.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 29} Ibid. 75–8.

^{page 19 note 30} for the earl's troubles during the Pilgrimage, Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’, 83–91.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 31} I hope to show in a forthcoming book on the Pilgrimage that the same is true of Henry's dealings with Darcy.

^{page 20 note 32} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 149.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 33} Ibid. 149. His illness can be dated to the summer of 1549; PRO STAC 3/4/46. A letter of the earl's of 12 June 1564 refers to a moment of illness ‘worse than any of the previous seven years’, Chatsw., Londesborough D.

^{page 20 note 34} Tyler, P., ‘The Ecclesiastical Commission for the province of York, 1561–1641’ (unpublished Oxford D.Phil thesis, 1965), 191.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 35} Aveling, H., ‘The Catholic Recusants of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1558–1790’, Proc. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soc., x (1963), 206, 280, 283.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 36} Chatsw., Londesborough K.

^{page 21 note 37} Slopes, C. C., Shakespeare's Environment (1918), 247–57Google Scholar (based on Requests pleadings in the PRO which I have been unable to locate). For the disastrous Strange-Clifford marriage, Coward, B., The Stanleys, lords Stanley and earls of Derby, 1385–1672 (Chetham Soc. third ser., xxx, 1983), 28–32.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 38} Whitaker, , Craven, 338.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 39} We await the full study of the Clifford estates after 1579 which Dr R. T. Spence has in hand.

^{page 22 note 1} Mackie, J. D., ‘Henry VIII and Scotland’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc 4th ser. xxix (1947)Google Scholar; Rae, Scottish Frontier, Ferguson, W., Scotland's Relations with England to 1707 (1977).Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 2} For the problem of Canonbie, Mackenzie, W. Mackay, ‘The Debateable Land’, Scottish Hist. Rev. xxx (1951)Google Scholar; LP v nos. 535, 537 (amongst other references there).

^{page 23 note 3} Ibid. nos. 844, 845, 854, 1047, 1078.

^{page 23 note 4} The Hamilton Papers, J. Bain (ed.), i, (1890), 2–6Google Scholar; LP v no. 1079.

^{page 23 note 5} LP vi no. 19. The gradually deteriorating relations between two kingdoms makes sense of Hall's report that after Easter 1532 the Commons were told of the need to refurbish the defences of the English border to prevent Scottish incursions and offered a fifteenth towards this end. Hall, , Chronicle, 785–6.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 6} LP v nos. 1246, 1286.

^{page 23 note 7} Ibid. no. 1286.

^{page 24 note 8} Bodl, Ms jesus College 74 fo. 213v; LP v no. 1254. For Archibald Douglas, 6th earl of Angus (c. 1489–1557), exiled from Scotland 1528–1542, see Scots Peerage, i, 190–3Google Scholar. He was active during the war, raiding into Scotland, advising the warden and council at Berwick and Warkworth and using his servants to spy in Scotland (LP v no. 1635, 1638; vi no. 143). His brother George acted as Northumberland's ‘underofficer’ in a raid into Scotland (49) and was appointed keeper of the Cawmills. On the evidence of the letters printed subsequently, Angus was on good terms with Cumberland with whom he shared a taste in hawking (35 and 36)

^{page 24 note 9} LP v no. 1367, vi no. 19.

^{page 24 note 10} Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, i, (1858), 31Google Scholar. The letter is abstracted here, without source (and I have been unable to locate it) and palpably misdated to July 1533.

^{page 24 note 11} LP v nos. 1460, 1559, 1635, 1638; 9, 35, 49 and 74 below.

^{page 24 note 12} 8, LP v nos. 1559, 1674.

^{page 24 note 13} Ibid. no. 1655.

^{page 24 note 14} LP vi nos. 205, 260.

^{page 25 note 15} Ibid. nos. 51, 124.

^{page 25 note 16} Ibid. nos. 124–5, 217, 260; 75 below.

^{page 25 note 17} Ibid. nos. 322, 375–6, 409.

^{page 25 note 18} Ibid. no. 409.

^{page 25 note 19} Ibid. nos. 544, 553, 664.

^{page 25 note 20} Ibid. no. 259.

^{page 25 note 21} Ibid. nos. 184, 198. In his absence, Henry instructed Rochford (newly appointed ambassador to France) to warn Francis that he was prepared to escalate the war. Ibid. no. 230.

^{page 26 note 22} Ibid. nos. 242, 259, 351, 408.

^{page 26 note 23} cf. LP vi no. 485.

^{page 26 note 24} On tensions within Scotland, see Northumberland's comments in 49 below and LP v nos. 1286, 1460. James sought assistance from the parlement of Paris on 28 Feb. and had an ambassador in France in late April; LP vi nos. 190, 408.

^{page 26 note 25} Ibid nos. 722, 745.

^{page 26 note 26} Ibid. nos. 745, 777, 895, 897. In a neat piece of racialism, Lawson reported that no Englishman would be garrisoned there in either peace or war unless it was repaired: the English garrison there under Douglas were doubtless Scots.

^{page 26 note 27} Ibid. no. 968.

^{page 27 note 28} Ibid. no. 908.

^{page 27 note 29} If the redating of this letter (13) can be accepted. Dickens, Clifford Letters no. 33 clearly bears on this mobilisation. Unfortunately it is undated and in the light of this argument Dickens's estimate of c. 23 Aug. 1533 needs to be revised by perhaps three weeks.

^{page 27 note 30} LP vi nos. 1113–4.

^{page 27 note 31} Ibid. nos. 1162, 1187, 1283.

^{page 27 note 32} Ibid. nos. 1196, 1283.

^{page 27 note 33} LP vii nos. 114, 393.

^{page 27 note 34} Ibid. nos. 252, 393, 647–8.

^{page 28 note 35} Mackenzie, , ‘The Debateable Land’.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 1} For the history of the manor of Hart, Austin, D., ‘Fieldwork and Excavation at Hart, co. Durham, 1965–1975’, Archaeoligia Aeliana, 5th ser. iv (1976), 72–78Google Scholar. Cf Kitching, C. in Marcombe, D. (ed.), The Last Principality. Politics, Religion and Society in the bishopric of Durham, 1494–1660 (1987), 64–5.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 2} Durham, Dept of Paleography and Diplomatic, CC 189984–6, ex inf (in common with the other Durham references) Dr. M. G. Snape.

^{page 30 note 3} Durham, Dept of Paleography and Diplomatic, CC 220197 fo. 88v, CPR 1494–1509, 81–3.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 4} Chatsw., Londesborough A unlisted. The roll lacks Clifford's bill, but has Foxe's answer and further pleadings yet adds little to our understanding of the case. Raine, J. (ed.), Historiae Dunelmensis, Scriptores Tres, (Surtees Soc., ix, 1839), PP. ccccxlix–cccclivGoogle Scholar; Hutchinson, J., History of Durham (1817 ed), i, 433–5Google Scholar (which I owe to Dr A. J. Pollard). Miss Margaret Condon kindly searched her itinerary of Henry VII for a year when he was at ‘Farlborn’ on the appropriate day but without success.

^{page 30 note 5} Durham, Dept of Paleography and Diplomatic, CC 189986 m. 2; 189987.

^{page 30 note 6} Raine, (ed.), Historiae Dunelmensis, 150.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 7} Hall, , Chronicle, 588–592Google Scholar; Manning, R. B., Village Revolts. Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509–1640 (1988), 196–9.Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 8} Scarisbrick, J.J., Henry VIII (1968), 76.Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 9} Much of the material is gathered together in Goldesborough, A., Memorials of the Family of Goldesborough (1930), 95–8.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 10} LP i (1) no. 132 (73), also (2) no. 2137 (26); ii (1) no. 2541; also PRO STAC 2/32/58. For Wriothesley see DNB.

^{page 36 note 11} PRO, STAC 2/32/58; Goldesborough, , Memorials of the Goldesborough Family, 96.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 12} BL Harleian Ms 4900, fo. 33, cited Goldesborough, , Memorials of the Goldesborough Family 97.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 13} Somerville, R., History of the Duchy of Lancaster (2 vols, 1953, 1970), i, 526Google Scholar; LP iv (2) no. 4687 (20).

^{page 36 note 14} It might be added that in 1566 the second earl of Cumberland claimed and sold the wardship of Anne Goldesborough, granddaughter of Richard. Chatsw., Curry 46/4.

^{page 37 note 15} See Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 253–4.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 16} LP iv (2) nos. 4531, 4829.

^{page 37 note 17} Dobson, R. B., ‘Richard III and the Church of York’, in R. A. Griffiths and J. Sherborne (eds), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages, (1986), 142.Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 18} Scarisbrick, , Henry VIII, 259–60Google Scholar; Ives, E. W., Anne Boleyn (1986), 164Google Scholar. For Leighton, Emden, A. B., A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford, 1501–1540 (1974), 349Google Scholar. The present reference to Leighton as king's chaplain predates the earliest known to Emden by three years. For Wriothesley, HP 1509–1558, iii, 663–6Google Scholar. The accounts for this journey survive in LP iv (3) no. 6489.

^{page 39 note 19} Above 23–9.

^{page 39 note 20} LP v nos. 1286, 1630.

^{page 40 note 21} Hoyle, , ‘The fall of the House of Percy’, 187, 209.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 22} LP no. 1674; xiii (1) no. 837.

^{page 41 note 23} The letter cannot be dated to 3 November 1532 when Henry VIII was in Calais but could belong to any of the other years. PRO, OBS 1418.

^{page 42 note 24} Cf. 91 and 104 below.

^{page 42 note 25} For the barony see Nicolson and Burn, i, 30–65. For the purchase of the Lumley fraction for Richmond, below 107.

^{page 42 note 26} Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 38–42.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 27} LP vi nos. 306, 1620.

^{page 42 note 28} LP v no. 966.

^{page 42 note 26} PRO, REQ 2/11/24; Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 81.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 30} Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D/Ay/1/198.

^{page 43 note 31} Bodl., Ms Dodsw. 83 fo. 98. The transcript is dated 8 May [ ] Henry VIII. The careers of the four judges named date the recognisance to one of May 1532, 1533 or 1534.

^{page 43 note 32} Chatsw., BA 8 fo. 20r has, under Kendal Ward, £4 4s 7d amerced on the tenants of the duke of Richmond that year (1534) and written off as uncollectable.

^{page 46 note 33} The heading suggests that it is addressed to Cumberland, but the contents show otherwise. For a similar heading where the letter is clearly to the commissioners in the borders, see 14 below.

^{page 46 note 34} Above 27.

^{page 46 note 35} 12 reads as though it might be incomplete, Henry stopping short of accepting the truce offered by the Scots.

^{page 50 note 36} LP vi nos. 1080, 1161.

^{page 50 note 37} The manoeuvres are described in greater detail at 28 above.

^{page 52 note 38} LP xi no. 544.

^{page 52 note 39} Dodds, , Pilgrimage, i, 193–5Google Scholar; LP xi no. 504.

^{page 52 note 40} LP xi no. 535.

^{page 52 note 41} 85 below.

^{page 52 note 42} LP xi no. 760 (2). The letter of 12 October is lost; for a brief notice of it, R. W. Hoyle, ‘Thomas Masters' Narrative of the Pilgrimage of Grace’, NH xxi (1985), 66.

^{page 52 note 43} LP xii (1) no. 546.

^{page 53 note 44} LP xi nos. 564, 604.

^{page 55 note 45} Ibid. no. 712 and errata p. 718.

^{page 55 note 46} Hoyle, , ‘Thomas Masters' Narrative’, 66.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 47} Ibid. 66, 70.

^{page 58 note 48} LP xi no. 927.

^{page 58 note 49} LP xi no. 1002. A similar clause has been removed from a letter of the same date to the earl of Westmorland. Ibid. no. 1003. The clause Cumberland never saw reads ‘And to thintent you may the bettre knowe what we entend to doo in this matier, you shal understand that having pitie of the multitude which have been deceyvid by false and forged tales, lyes and reaportes, we do entend to tak them to mercy and to give them a general free pardon for life, landes and gooddes, a very small nomber of the notable villaines that have begonne this insurrection only excepted. And therfore you maye be bold to put them out of dispair and of your honor to warrant the multitude that we wil not fail to be gracious and merciful towardes them. Advising them thereupon in no wise at any manes wil or comaundment to mak any further assemblie but rather for our satisfaction to take hede that suche escape not from them as were the busiest and the greatest auctors amonges them of this sedicion and thus to put them in hope. For we be resolved with all convenient spede to sende downe our proclamacion for this purpose. Desiring you to handle this matier with suche dexterite as it may work some good effecte in the steyeng of the commons aboute you’. (PRO, SP1/111 fo. 1). But see also the notes to 87 below.

^{page 59 note 50} LP xi nos. 1207–8.

^{page 60 note 51} Bernard, G. W., The Power of the early Tudor Nobility (1985), 44–5.Google Scholar

^{page 60 note 52} PRO, PRO 30/26/116 fos. 8r–9v, 21r–v; cf LP xi no. 1235.

^{page 60 note 53} LP xi no. 1207.

^{page 61 note 54} LP xi no. 1299. Lord Clifford's letter was misdated by the editors of Letters and Papers and may be found at LP v no. 573. For Musgrave see 110 below and for these events in general, Dodds, Pilgrimage, i, 224–5, 299Google Scholar; ii, 42–3.

^{page 61 note 55} Ibid. i, 224–5, 299.

^{page 63 note 56} The two William Parrs must be distinguished. Sir William Parr of Horton, Northants, cr. lord Parr in 1543, d. 1547 was the younger son of Sir William Parr of Kendal. He served as chamberlain in Richmond's household. HP 1509–1558, iii, 60–2. William Parr esq. was his nephew, cr. earl of Essex 1543, Marquess of Northampton 1547 and 1553, d. 1571. For a letter from this man, 112 below.

^{page 63 note 57} LP xii (1) no. 372.

^{page 64 note 58} LP xii (1) nos. 225, 552–3, 614 and 58–9 below.

^{page 64 note 59} For Browne's career see HP 1509–1558, i, 518–21.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 60} LP xiv (1) nos. 625, 674, 731 and 764; also xii (1) no. 804.

^{page 65 note 61} LP xvi nos. 496–7, 533, 650. The letter of credence assigned to this tour (Ibid. no. 497) seems unlikely to refer to this year.

^{page 66 note 62} Scarisbrick, , Henry VIII, 427–8.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 63} LP xvi no. 1130.

^{page 67 note 64} Scarisbrick, , Henry VIII, 434–5Google Scholar. A version of 27, with many variants, but of equal date and addressed to Sir John Willoughby, has appeared in print; Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the manuscripts of lord Middleton, preserved at Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire (1911). 510–1Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 65} Somerville, , Duchy of Lancaster, i, 525.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 66} York Civic Records, iv, ed. A. Raine (YASRS cviii, 1945), 79–80Google Scholar, printing York City Archives E40 no. 1, and the notes to 81 below.

^{page 69 note 67} PRO, OBS 1418.

^{page 70 note 68} Somerville, , Duchy of Lancaster, i, 501, 508.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 69} PRO, IND 7041 m. 89; Hoyle, ‘Land and Landed Relations’, 245, 249.

^{page 70 note 70} C1/466 no. 32; C54/400 between nos. 39 & 40; W. Farrer, (ed. J. F. Curwen), Records relating to the Barony of kendale, i (Cumberland and Westmorland AAS, record ser., iv, 1923), 269.

^{page 70 note 71} Clay, , ‘The Clifford Family’, 373–4Google Scholar prints the IPM.

^{page 71 note 72} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 126–7Google Scholar; Foster, Joseph, Pedigrees recorded at the Heralds' visitations of the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, 1615, 1666 (?1869), 4Google Scholar; Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 130–1.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 73} G. H. Rogers-Harrison in Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. iv (1869)Google Scholar, pedigree opp. p. 42.

^{page 72 note 74} For a letter to Cumberland written two days previously which relays much the same news, see Dickens, , Clifford Letters no. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 75} LP iv (1) no. 1763.

^{page 74 note 76} Hoyle, , ‘First earl’, 73–4.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 77} Clifford, H., The House of Clifford (1988), 130.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 78} HP 1509–1558, ii, 395.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 79} Hall, , Chronicle, 745–6Google Scholar. For other accounts of the depression, MacCulloch, D., Suffolk and the Tudors (1986), 298Google Scholar and Gwyn, P., The King's Cardinal. The rise and fall of Thomas Wolsey (1990), 459–462Google Scholar. For the work of a nobleman sent to defuse tensions, Gunn, S. J., Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 (1988), 80–1.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 80} LP iv (1) nos. 705, 1431 (6), 2052; (2) nos. 4828, 2374 (misdated in LP but printed in full in Armstrong, R. B., The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale … and the Debateable Land, i (1883), App. xxii).Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 81} LP ii (1) no. 549; iv (1) no. 1779; (2) nos. 2435, 2729, 4313 (22).

^{page 76 note 82} LP iv (3) nos. 5748 (22), 5906 (6); 5952. For the purchase, Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Addenda, 1547–65 (1870), 468.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 83} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 345–351Google Scholar for the family and 347 for the dispute; PRO C1/541 no. 96; 656 nos. 16–19, KB9/519 m. 14.No arbitration survives amongst the family manuscripts copied by the Rev. Thomas Machell in the seventeenth century, Cumbria RO, Carlisle, Mss of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle, Machell Mss vol 5. Machell's will is in Nicolson and Burn, i, 348–9.

^{page 78 note 84} Chatsw., BA 8, fo. 11r.

^{page 79 note 85} LP v no. 1558.

^{page 80 note 86} For other accounts of the same events see a letter of 20 November from Northumberland to Henry VIII, LP v no. 1559, and letter 74 below.

^{page 83 note 87} LP no. 1558; viii no. 310.

^{page 85 note 88} For his career as a royal officeholder, see YAJ xlii (1967–1970), 486Google Scholar and the biography by Palliser in HP 1509–1558, ii, 500–2.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 89} Hoyle, , ‘Land and Landed Relations’, 251–2Google Scholar; Dickens, , Clifford Letters, IDIGoogle Scholar; compare HP 1509–1558, ii, 450–1.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 90} For all of this, Haigh, C., The Last Days of the Lancashire Monasteries and the Pilgrimage of Grace (Chetham Soc., 3rd ser., xvii, 1969), 104–7.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 91} LP xii (1) nos. 882–3.

^{page 88 note 92} For Wyber, Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 418Google Scholar; Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 116Google Scholar. For Sandford LP iv (1) no. 1310; for the family, Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 425–6Google Scholar and Ragg, F. W. in CW^{page 2 note 2} xxi (1921), 194–5Google Scholar, also 207–9, 211.

^{page 88 note 93} PRO, E164/47 fo. 92r.

^{page 88 note 94} Dickens published a letter of 1526–7 from the fifth earl of Northumberland and letters of 1526, 1528, and two of 1533 from the sixth earl, all to Cumberland. Clifford Letters nos. 30–34.

^{page 88 note 95} LP iv (2) no. 3380 (p. 1530).

^{page 89 note 96} Hoyle, R. W. (ed.), Early Tudor Craven, subsidies and assessments c. 1510–1547 (YASRS cxlv, 1987), 7, 10, 13 etc.Google Scholar

^{page 89 note 97} Chatsw., Curry 46/5, signet of 3 November 16 Henry VIII, seen in a very decayed condition.

^{page 89 note 98} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, no. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 89 note 99} James, , ‘First Earl’Google Scholar; Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’Google Scholar. I have considered the life of the sixth earl of Northumberland further in ‘The fall of the House of Percy’.

^{page 90 note 100} Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vi (1840), 374–8.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 101} PRO, STAC 3/6/46 in which Percy is named as one of a number of Clifford servants in a hunting party which clashed with the servants of Thomas lord Wharton in September 1549. He received a new years gift in 1551; Chatsw., BA 223 fo. 27r.

^{page 95 note 102} For references to the medieval school, see Moran, J. A. H., The Growth of English Schooling, 1340–1548 (1985), 244–5.Google Scholar

^{page 96 note 103} Hall, , Chronicle, 688–91Google Scholar; also Young, Alan, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (1987), 146Google Scholar (the castle itself being illustrated on p. 147); LP iv (1) no. 965.

^{page 96 note 104} Hoyle, , ‘Fall of the House of Percy’, 183–6.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 105} LP iv (2) nos. 3134, 3184.

^{page 98 note 106} Rae, , Scottish Frontier, 237Google Scholar; LP v no. 1460. For Douglas see 24–5 above.

^{page 98 note 107} Marton's father Henry, d. 1533, served as steward of the household, master forester and steward in Craven at different times. Hoyle, , ‘Land and Landed Relations’, 245.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 108} Smith, , Land and Politics, 202, 207.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 109} It is possible to compile an itinerary of the earl's movements from the dating clauses of his privy seals found (mainly) in Mss of the duke of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, Letters and Papers no. 2. This shows that Northumberland was at Alnwick in April, has no references for May but has him back at Warkworth on 10 June.

^{page 100 note 110} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, no. 33.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 111} Cf 50 above and Dickens, , Clifford LettersGoogle Scholar no. 34. For the marriage, Bernard, The power of the early Tudor Nobility, 153–4.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 112} Gunn, , BrandonGoogle Scholar. I am grateful to Dr Gunn for his suggestions as to the dates of a number of the letters.

^{page 101 note 113} Cf Lady Anne Clifford printed by Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 141–2Google Scholar and Dickens himself, 26, together with Gunn, , Brandon, 132Google Scholar. It is not clear when the extension to the castle was built.

^{page 102 note 114} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 141, 144.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 115} LP Add. i no. 1037.

^{page 103 note 116} Gunn, , Brandon, 144–152.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 117} Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’, 87–8.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 118} The account of the Dodds, Pilgrimage, i, 210Google Scholar, is the most sober.

^{page 105 note 119} LP xi no. 1005.

^{page 105 note 120} Cf. Gunn's comments, Brandon, 149.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 121} LP xii(1) no. 698 (3).

^{page 106 note 122} LP xi no. 1236.

^{page 109 note 123} For a discussion of the reorganisation of northern government in the early months of 1537, Bush, M. L., ‘The Problem of the Far North: a study of the crisis of 1537 and its consequences’, NH vi (1971), 40–63.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 124} For Browne's instructions see LP xii (1) no. 225.

^{page 109 note 125} LP xii (1) nos. 372–4.

^{page 111 note 126} Hoyle, R. W., ‘Monastic Leasing before the Dissolution: the evidence of Bolton Priory and Fountains Abbey’, YAJ lxi (1989), 111–37.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 127} LP xvi no. 1500 at p. 721.

^{page 111 note 128} E315/108 nos. 103–4, discussed by Hoyle, ‘Monastic Leasing’.

^{page 111 note 129} C54/426 nos. 57–8, the originals of which survive in the unlisted Londesborough Mss at Chatsworth.

^{page 112 note 130} Gunn, , BrandonGoogle Scholar, passim.

^{page 113 note 131} For the manor of Hatfield and the ‘manor house’ there, see Birch, J. and Ryder, P., ‘Hatfield Manor House, South Yorkshire’, YAJ lx (1988).Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 132} Chatsw., BA 3 fo. 41; a further payment of 1515 may be found in an unnumbered accountant's notebook. This last payment was made by Roger Tempest.

^{page 115 note 133} Hoyle, , ‘First Earl’, 68Google Scholar; Hall, , Chronicle, 591.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 134} LP xii (1) nos. 96, 99, 100, 101. For the duke's mission in general, Dodds, Pilgrimage, ii, ch. 18 and his movements through the North, LP xii (1) nos. 336–7, 362.

^{page 116 note 135} Ibid. nos. 775, 777, 809–10, 825, below letter 69.

^{page 116 note 136} Ibid. no. 703.

^{page 116 note 137} Dodds, , Pilgrimage, ii, 240–56Google Scholar summarises the material.

^{page 118 note 138} LP xii (i) nos. 846, 863.

^{page 119 note 139} LP xiv (i) no. 398, discussed by Hale, J. R. in Colvin, H. M. et al. , The History of the King's Works, iv (ii) (1982), 369–70.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 140} James, , ‘Change and Continuity in the Tudor North’, Borthwick Paper, xxvii (1965)Google Scholar, repr. in his Society, Politics and Culture, 91–147Google Scholar. For a brief factual account of his life, HP 1509–1558, iii, 597–99.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 141} Hoyle, , ‘The fall of the House of Percy’, 189–90, 193.Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 142} Details of estate offices are taken from Chatsw., BA 8 fo. 23v (1534) and Cumbria RO, Kendal, D/Hoth box 45 (receiver's account for 1541). For Sandford see Nicolson and Burn, i, 425–6; for Fallowfield Ibid., 448 and HP 1509–1558, ii, 116–7.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 143} For other accounts of the same events in November 1532, see letter 35 above and LP v no. 1559 (a letter of Northumberland's).

^{page 124 note 144} Jack also appears in a letter published by Dickens, , Clifford Letters, no. 34.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 145} For Sir Ralph Ellerker of Risby, Yorks (d. 1546), see HP 1509–1558, ii, 89–90Google Scholar. Moray was appointed warden general by James V in October 1532, Rae, , Scottish Frontier, 239.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 146} LP vi nos. 217, 260, 269.

^{page 127 note 147} LP vi nos. 1528, 1541–3.

^{page 129 note 148} Knecht, R. J., Francis I (1982), 234–5Google Scholar; LP v no 1507.

^{page 129 note 149} Cf Rae, , Scottish FrontierGoogle Scholar, app. 6 for dates.

^{page 130 note 150} LP xi no. 1227.

^{page 131 note 151} Clay, , ‘Clifford Family’, 379Google Scholar. Scrope appears to have taken refuge in Skipton earlier in the rising, Hoyle, , ‘First earl’, 83–4.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 152} The marriage probably took place c.1550 and the settlement was still a matter of contention in 1553, Metcalfe, W. C. and Metcalfe, Gilbert, Records of the Family of Metcalfe formerly of Nappa in Wensleydale (1891), 99–101.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 153} Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Leeds, DD121/29/10, 34/1; Clay, , ‘Clifford Family’, 379Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 154} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 131Google Scholar; Hoyle, , ‘First earl’, 72.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 155} Above 70–1.

^{page 132 note 156} Skaife, R. H., Catalogue of the Mayors, Bailiffs, Lord Mayors …‥ of the City of York (1895)Google Scholar, unpublished Ms penes York City Archives, sub nomine.

^{page 133 note 157} Palliser, D. M., ‘Civic Mentality and the Environment in Tudor York’, NH xviii (1982), 81–5.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 158} For what follows see York Civic Records, iv, ed. A. Raine (YASRS cviii, 1945), 79–80Google Scholar, (printing York City Archives, E40 no. 1), 101, 103, 123.

^{page 133 note 159} York Civic Records, iii, ed. A. Raine (YASRS cvi, 1942), 40–1.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 160} For Bulmer see HP 1509–1558, i, 542–3.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 161} For Butts see DNB. Recent writers have emphasised his protestantism and association with Anne Boleyn. See Dowling, M., ‘Anne Boleyn and Reform’, J. Ecclesiastical History 35 (1984), 30–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 137 note 162} , J. and Venn, J. A., Alumni Cantabrigiensis, pt i, (4 vols, 1922–1927), i, 282Google Scholar and DNB give major references.

^{page 137 note 163} The tithes of Long Preston, Bolton in Craven, Broughton, Carleton and Skipton were leased by Christ Church to Sir Thomas Chaloner in October 1547 for 80 years. In 1554 he assigned the remainder of the term to Cumberland for £400. Chatsw., Curry 46/8.

^{page 138 note 164} Northumberland County History, x (1914), 397–402Google Scholar; Hoyle, , ‘The fall of the House of Percy’Google Scholar, passim

^{page 139 note 165} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, 28–9, 62–74.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 166} LP iii (1) no. 704 at p. 241.

^{page 141 note 167} Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 36–7Google Scholar offers the fullest account. The reference to 1536 is a letter dated 21 September (LP xi no. 477) addressed to Cromwell as lord privy seal; it cannot be earlier than 1536 but may be later.

^{page 141 note 168} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, no. 28.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 169} LP xvii no. 283 (11); xxi (2) no. 200 (50).

^{page 143 note 170} For his life, see HP 1509–1558, i, 660–1.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 171} Hoyle, , ‘Thomas Masters' Narrative’, 59–60.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 172} Ives, E. W., The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England (1983), 457–8Google Scholar; Baker, J. H., The Order of Serjeants at Law (Selden Soc. Supp. Ser., v, 1984)Google Scholar; Somerville, , Duchy of Lancaster, i, 470, 473.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 173} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 249, 509Google Scholar. For Coningsby's interest in the Pickering estates, see PRO, E40/6485. KB9/1063 mm. 16–7.

^{page 146 note 174} For Lowther see the notes to 103–5 below.

^{page 147 note 175} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 368–9Google Scholar; PRO, STAC 3/6/46.

^{page 148 note 176} LP xii (2) nos. 249 (6); 250 (i, ii).

^{page 148 note 177} Dr Bellows can be identified as Dr Anthony Bellasis, DCL, called by Robertson Cromwell's patronage secretary. He was in Cromwell's service by late 1536. Robertson, M. L., ‘Thomas Cromwell's Servants: The Ministerial Household in early Tudor Government and Society’ (UCLA Ph.D thesis, 1975), 181–4, 446.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 178} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 368.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 179} PRO, SC6/Henry VIII/7348 m. 24d; LP xviii (2) no. 449 (17).

^{page 149 note 180} For the full story, Hoyle, , ‘Land and Landed Relations’, 263–72.Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 181} For his life see HP 1509–1558, ii, 1–2.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 182} For Sir Thomas of Denton and his son, see HP 1558–1603, ii, 99–101.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 183} Leeds City Archives DB 205.

^{page 153 note 184} Rae, , Scottish Frontier, 235, 244Google Scholar: Scots Peerage, viii, 537–42.Google Scholar

^{page 153 note 185} Cumberland received the grant of the wardenship and the stewardship of Penrith on 24 August and the governorship of Carlisle on 3 September, but Hussey, Lisle's agent, knew of his appointment by 29 July and Cumberland had the lease of the honour of Penrith on 31 July. LP vii nos. 1217 (7–9), 1014, 1018.

^{page 154 note 186} For Fox see DNB.

^{page 154 note 187} Scarisbrick, , Henry VIII, 313–320.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 188} Smith, , Land and Politics, 134, 145–7, 290Google Scholar. Lumb, G. D., Testamenta Leodiensia, 1539–1553, (Proc. Thoresby Soc., xix, 1913), 307Google Scholar prints his will (which is also abstracted in Test. Ebor. vi, 234–5).Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 189} For a letter of Roche to the first earl, Dickens, Clifford Letters, no. 11.

^{page 156 note 190} PRO, SC6 Henry VIII/4534 m.7.

^{page 157 note 191} Arthington's will is printed in Lumb (ed.), Testamenta Leodiensia, 1539–1553, 83–4Google Scholar. The possibility that Henry Pudsey was of the gentle family of that name resident at Bolton in Bowland proved not to be the case.

^{page 158 note 192} Borthwick Institute, York, CP G159; Chatsw., BA 5 fo. 22v.

^{page 158 note 193} Ms Dodsw. 83 fos. 81, 55r; PRO C1/1112 no. 26.

^{page 158 note 194} Whitaker, , Craven, 127.Google Scholar

^{page 158 note 195} Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D/Lons/L/deeds/CL7.

^{page 159 note 196} Whitaker, , Craven, 95Google Scholar, pedigree opposite p. 150.

^{page 159 note 197} HP 1509–1558, ii, 482–3.Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 198} Ms Dodsw. 74, fo. 113r–v.

^{page 160 note 199} The text of the settlement survives in the unlisted tracts of Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D/Lons/L but could not be traced in 1989: it is mentioned in D/Lons/L3/1/7 fo. 17v and the marriage has pride of place in the genealogical table on fos. 99v–100r.

^{page 160 note 200} Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D/Lons/L/deeds/L02/3; Ms Dodsw., 83 fo. 55r. J. Raine jun., (ed.), Wills and Inventories from the registry of the Archdeaconry of Richmond (Surtees Soc., xxvi, 1853), 73–5.Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 201} Dickens, , Clifford Letters, no. 4Google Scholar; LP vii no. 1589; viii no. 310.

^{page 161 note 202} Nicolson, and Burn, , i, 382, ii, 316Google Scholar; Huddleston, C. R. and Boumphrcy, R. S., Cumberland Families and Heraldry, (Cumberland and Westmorland Anti. and Arch. Soc, extra ser., xxiii, 1978), 83Google Scholar; Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 81.Google Scholar

^{page 162 note 203} LP xi no. 512, 631.

^{page 162 note 204} Chatsw., BA 8 fo. 19v.

^{page 163 note 205} LP xii (i) no. 843 and passim.

^{page 163 note 206} Ibid. nos. 863, 993.

^{page 163 note 207} McCarthy, M. R., Summerson, H. R. T. and Annis, R. G., Carlisle Castle, a survey and documentary history (1990), chs 10, 11Google Scholar; Colvin, et al. (ed.), History of the King's Works, iv (2), 664–673.Google Scholar

^{page 163 note 208} Chatsw., BA 8 fo. 22r.

^{page 164 note 209} Statute 23 Henry VIII c.28; CPR Mary, i, 157–9.Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 210} Test. Ebor. v, 232–5.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 211} James, , ‘First earl’, 166–7Google Scholar; Hoyle, ‘First earl’, 80–1.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 212} Test. Ebor. v, 232–5.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 213} Rae, , Scottish Frontier, 26, 240, 243Google Scholar etc. Also Scots Peerage, vi, 479–81.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 214} For Bewcastle, see Colvin, et al. (eds.), History of the King's Works, iv (i), 233–4Google Scholar. Musgrave's career is described in HP 1509–1558, ii, 646–48Google Scholar. Appointments to Bewcastle can be found in LP ii (1) no. 1084; ii (2) no. 3747 (6); v no. 220 (6), 1370 (20).

^{page 168 note 215} Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 31–5Google Scholar. The whole question is studied much more thoroughly by Dr S. G. Ellis in a forthcoming paper.

^{page 169 note 216} PRO, STAC2/19/127, 20/52, 18/269 (and LP xiii (2) app. no. 36).

^{page 170 note 217} HP 1509–1558, iii, 9–10.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 218} LP xii (1) no. 713.

^{page 171 note 219} Harrison, , Pilgrimage of Grace, 139.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 220} For Sir Ingram Clifford, see HP 1509–1558, i, 659–60.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 221} Chatsw., Curry 28/1 (copy of his inquisition post mortem); Test. Ebor. v, 319–23.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 222} Indenture of 25 July 1529, Chatsw., Curry 28/1.

^{page 173 note 223} Copy of the inquisition post mortem, Chatsw., Curry 28/3; Curry 28/1.

^{page 173 note 224} For whom see YAJ xlii (1967–1970), 373–4.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 225} HP 1558–1603, iii, 325–6.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 226} LP iii (2) no. 2524.

^{page 176 note 227} For Tempest, see HP 1509–1558, iii, 430–1.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 228} Hoyle, (ed.), Early Tudor Craven, 35, 53, 62.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 229} Thompson, A. H. and Clay, C. T. (eds.), Fasti Parochiales, i, pt i, (YASRS lxxxv, 1933).Google Scholar