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¹⁶ For a fascinating discussion of the metaphor of line drawing in bioethics, see Scully JL. Drawing a line: Situating moral boundaries in genetic medicine. Bioethics 2001;15(3):189–204.

¹⁷ See note 3, Petersen 2011.

¹⁸ See note 16, Scully 2001, at 204.

¹⁹ See note 16, Scully 2001, at 204.

²⁰ Article 12, Respect for Cultural Diversity and Pluralism, reads, “The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms, nor upon the principles set out in this Declaration, nor to limit their scope.” United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 2005. Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID¼1883&URL_DO¼DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION¼201.html

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²⁵ This notion, on which the fair benefit approach is based, originates from Alan Wertheimer, who makes a distinction between “harmful exploitation” and “mutually advantageous exploitation”: “By mutually advantageous exploitation, I refer to those cases in which both parties (the alleged exploiter and the alleged exploitee) reasonably expect to gain from the transaction as contrasted with the pretransaction status quo. . . . I shall generally presume that mutually advantageous transactions are also consensual.” Wertheimer, A.Exploitation on clinical research. In: Hawkins, S., Emanuel, E.J., eds. Exploitation and Developing Countries: The Ethics of Clinical Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2008:63–104, at 67–68.Google Scholar

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