Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T18:24:25.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Research Priorities and the Future of Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2011

Extract

The term “ectogenesis” has been around for about a century now, and it is generally understood as the development of embryos and fetuses outside a uterus. In this sense, all in vitro fertilization (IVF) is ectogenesis, but in vitro development can only proceed to a certain point, at which time human embryos are then either implanted in the attempt to achieve a pregnancy, frozen for that use in the future, used in research, or discarded.

Type
Special Section: Open Forum
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Klass, P.The artificial womb is born. New York Times 1996 Sept 29.Google ScholarPubMed

2. Liu, HC, He, Z, Chen, C, Rosenwaks, Z. Ability of three-dimensional (3D) engineered endrometrial tissue to support mouse gastrulation in vitro. Fertility and Sterility 2003;80:78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. Smajdor, A.The moral imperative for ectogenesis. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2007;16:336–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

4. Smajdor 2007, at 340.

5. Ber, R.Ethical issues in gestational surrogacy. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 2000;21:153–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Smajdor 2007, at 343.

7. Burley, J. The price of eggs: Who should bear the cost of fertility treatments? In: Harris, J, Holm, S, eds. The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice, and Regulation. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1998:127–49.Google Scholar

8. Dworkin, R. Foundations of liberal equality. In: Peterson, GB, ed. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, vol. XI. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; 1990:3–119.Google Scholar

9. Smajdor 2007, at 338.

10. Ibid., at 343.

11. Rawls, J.Justice as Fairness. Cambridge: Belknap Press; 1971:42–3.Google Scholar

12. Rawls 1971, at 60.

13. Ibid., at 42–3.

14. Smajdor 2007, at 339.

15. Ibid., at 340.

16. Cunningham, FG, Gant, NF, Leveno, KJ, Gilstrap, LC, Hauth, JC, Wenstrom, KD.Williams Obstetrics, 21st ed.New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001.Google Scholar

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. “Maternal Mortality and Related Concepts,” Feb 2007; available at cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_033.pdf (last accessed 26 Sept 2011).

18. Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. World Health Organization, Geneva 2007; available at http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf (last accessed 26 Sept 2011).

19. Smajdor 2007, at 339.

20. Ibid., 343.

21. National Vital Statistics, 2009;57 (Apr 17); available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf. (last accessed 26 Sept 2011).

22. Smajdor 2007, at 340.

23. Murphy, TF. The ethics of responding to pain and suffering. In: Angelos, P, ed. Ethical Issues in Cancer Patient Care, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2008:117–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. Smajdor 2007, at 340.

25. Ibid., at 341.

26. Takala, T. Human before sex? Ectogenesis as a way to equality. In: Simonstein, F, ed. Reprogen-Ethics and the Future of Gender. Dordrecht: Springer; 2009:187–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27. Spain: 10-year-old gives birth. New York Times 2010 Nov 3.

28. Heffner, CJ.Advanced maternal age. How old is too old? New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351:1927–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

29. Mori, TT.Post-menopausal pregnancy is permissible for women below 60 years of age. Human Reproduction 1994:9:187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed