Because of the emphasis on individualism and self-governance, medical interventions and medical research in Western nations are preceded by attempts to obtain informed consent from the individual patient or potential research subject. Individual autonomy expresses our belief that persons are ends in themselves and not merely instrumentalities to achieve the goals of others. By respecting the patient or potential research subject in the context of medical decisionmaking, we acknowledge that these individuals are moral agents. Thus, individual autonomy is an important feature of morality as it is practiced in the West. However, there are at least two circumstances in which individual autonomy appears to be threatened. One is embodied in nonwestern societies that favor collective decisionmaking over that of the individual. The other is related to the need for family histories and family testing to determine the susceptibility of family members to some genetically based disease. In both cases, individual judgment appears to be made subordinate to collective judgment.