Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:08:36.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Digital African Literatures and the Coloniality of Data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2022

James Yékú*
Affiliation:
University of Kansas, Lawrence

Abstract

Digital iterations of African literary texts present scholarly opportunities to interrogate how literature produced and circulated on digital media becomes entangled with the capitalist politics of datafication. In the data paradigm described in the article, literary representations are subject to the workings of neoliberal capital and the constraints of algorithmic systems. Through a postcolonial approach that puts the digital humanities in conversation with African literary studies, the article transcends how digital technologies have evidently changed African literature and tackles the costs of digital literary cultures and networks from Africa. I examine data relations through an African literary culture, which, in the current moment, indisputably exhibits the attainment of new and complex elements including the integration of digital affordances in the production and critical reception of texts. How African literary expressions in a digital age circulate in market-driven digital platforms like Facebook and YouTube makes the subjects of data capitalism or the coloniality of data as important for African literature as the expanded literary networks enabled by the digital.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Amatoritsero Ede, “Personal Communication.”

2 Yékú, James, “Deference to Paper: Textuality, Materiality, and Literary Digital Humanities in Africa,” Digital Studies/le Champ Numérique 10.1 (2020): 128 Google Scholar.

3 West, Sarah Myers, “Data Capitalism: Redefining the Logics of Surveillance and Privacy,” Business & Society 58.1 (2019): 2041 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 I am primarily focused here on the digital labor of online cultural producers, although there are other dimensions of digital labor that are not immediately explicit. One example that comes to mind is the backend work of programmers and coders, or even the digital labor that goes into creating digital tools for DH projects serving as new knowledge ecologies.

5 Castells, Manuel, “Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society,” International Journal of Communication 1 (2007): 238–66Google Scholar.

6 Couldry, Nick, and Jejias, Ulises A., The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

7 Bhakti Shringarpure, “African Literature and Digital Culture,” Los Angelis Review of Books, January 4, 2021 (https://www.lareviewofbooks.org/article/african-literature-and-digital-culture/).

8 In recent years, online literary magazines and platforms such as Brittle Paper, Enkare Review, and Agbowo have been locations for some of these controversies and debates, with some of them becoming the subjects of contentions. For instance, aside from the 2020 online hashtag to cancel Brittle Paper because of perceived censorship, Enkare Review in 2019 was the site of controversies based on the ethics and politics of a graphic story based on pedophilia.

9 One example of this is how internet memes—as quotidian expressions of everyday digital communication—draw from and regenerate an earlier cultural form such as Nollywood films. As Nollywood-derived memes on social media circulate as aesthetics of politicized speech in cultural and political commentaries, they rearticulate the remix culture of digital media. Please see: Yékú, James. 2022. Cultural Netizenship: Social Media, Popular Culture, and Performance in Nigeria (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana UP, 2022).

10 Risam, Roopika, New Digital Worlds: Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis and Pedagogy (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2019), 5Google Scholar.

11 Some examples of these new names include Nigeria’s Rasak Malik Gbolahan and Ghana’s Henneh Kyereh Kwaku, both of whom post works on social media.

12 Hart, Jennifer, “Introduction: Digital History in African Studies,” History in Africa 47 (2020): 269–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Mbembe, Achille, Critique of Black Reason (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2017)Google Scholar.

14 One notable example of this kind of DH work is Slave Voyages, a trans-Atlantic and intra-American slave trade database that culminates several decades of independent and collaborative research by scholars drawing upon data in libraries and archives around the Atlantic world. See https://www.slavevoyages.org/about/about# for more information.

15 Liu, Alan, “The Meaning of the Digital Humanities,” PMLA 128.2 (2013): 409–23Google Scholar; Kirschenbaum, Matthew, “What Is Digital Humanities and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things about It?Differences 25. 1 (2014): 4663 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Berry, David, “Introduction: Understanding Digital Humanities ,” Understanding Digital Humanities, ed. Berry, David M. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 120 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Risam, New Digital Worlds, 5.

17 Besides preserving movie posters, Digital Nollywood also supports the digital publication of new stories and counter-histories through other initiatives such as an oral history projects as well as exhibitions drawn from its collection of visual materials. See https://digitalnollywood.ku.edu/collections/browse for more information.

18 For instance, Nigerian computer scientist Tunde Adegbola started his African Languages Technology Initiative (Alt-i) in 2002 and did some pioneering work on natural language processing and machine learning. This kind of digital labor is often absent in the genealogies of the DH.

19 Risam, New Digital Worlds, 4.

20 Liu, Alan, “Where Is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?Debates in the Digital Humanities, ed. Gold, Matthew K. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012), 490509 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Couldry and Mejias. The Costs of Connection, 2019, p. xiii.

22 Noble, Safiya U., Algorithms of Oppression: Data Discrimination in the Age of Google (New York: New York University Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Benjamin, Ruha, Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

23 Nkonde, Mutale, “Automated Anti-Blackness: Facial Recognition in Brooklyn, New York,” Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Policy 20 (2019): 3036 Google Scholar.

24 Although Adenekan published his book in 2021, he had written a dissertation on the topic as far back as 2011, while the first major peer-reviewed article on the topic appeared in 2014.

25 Adenekan, Shola, African Literature in the Digital Age: Class and Sexual Politics in New Writing from Nigeria and Kenya (Suffolk, England, and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer), 12 Google Scholar.

26 Bourdieu, Pierre, The Field of Cultural Production (Cambridge and Oxford: Polity Press, 1993), xii Google Scholar.

27 Adenekan, African Literature in the Digital Age, 19.

28 Wallis, Kate, “Exchanges in Nairobi and Lagos: Mapping Literary Networks and World Literary Space,” Research in African Literatures 49.1 (2018): 163–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Nesbitt-Ahmed, Zahrah, “Reclaiming African literature in the Digital Age: An Exploration of Online Literary Platforms,” Critical African Studies 9.3 (2017): 377–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Santana, Stephanie Bosch, “From Nation to Network: Blog and Facebook Fiction from Southern Africa.” Research in African Literatures 49.1 (2018): 187208 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; James Yékú, “Deference to Paper.”

30 Opoku-Agyemang, Kwabena, “Flash Fiction Ghana, African Electronic Literature, and Imagining Social Communities,” Postcolonial Text 15.3–4 (2020): 118 Google Scholar.

31 Cole, Teju, Open City: A Novel (New York: Random House, 2012)Google Scholar.

32 Cobham-Sander, Rhonda, “Open City, Open Text: Teju Cole, Digital Humanities, and the Limits of Epistemology,” Postcolonial Text 15. 3–4 (2020): 117 Google Scholar.

33 Fitzpatrick, Kathleen, “The Pleasure of the Blog: The Early Novel, the Serial, and the Narrative Archive,” Blogtalks Reloaded: Social Software-Research & Cases, eds. Burg, Thomas N. and Schmidt, Jan (Vienna: Social Software Lab, 2007), 167–86Google Scholar.

34 Adichie, Chimamanda, Americanah (New York: Penguin Random House, 2013)Google Scholar.

35 Adichie, Americanah, 233.

36 Lauren Tuiskula, “Digital Adichie: Identity, Diaspora, and Transmedia Practice” (master’s thesis, Amherst College, 2017 http://dhamericanah.com/]).

37 Newell, Stephanie, “Paracolonial Networks: Some Speculations on Local Readerships in Colonial West Africa,” Interventions 3.3 (2001): 336–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Santana, Stephanie Bosch, “The Story Club: African Literary Networks Offline,” Routledge Handbook of African Literature, eds. Adejunmobi, M. and Coetzee, C. (Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2019), 385–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Santana, “The Story Club.”

40 Rachel, Adam, “Can Artificial Intelligence Be Decolonized?Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 46 (2021): 176–97Google Scholar; Oyedemi, Toks Dele, “Digital Coloniality and ‘Next Billion Users’: The Political Economy of Google Station in Nigeria,” Information, Communication & Society 24.3 (2021): 329–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 In 2015, Nigeria’s Electoral Commission (INEC) confirmed in a tweet that its website had been hacked by some cyberwarriors. “Independent National Election Commission.” Twitter. March 28, 2015 (https://twitter.com/inecnigeria/status/581771140403765248). Similarly in Ghana, the official Twitter handle of the electoral commission of Ghana deplored “the attempt to hack,” the electoral commission urging hackers to “respect the integrity and independence of the EC.” “Electoral Commission of Ghana,” Twitter. December 8, 2016 (https://twitter.com/ECGhanaOfficial/status/806754788964634624).

42 Oguibe, Olu, The Culture Game (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 169 Google Scholar.

43 McLuhan, Marshall, “Culture Without Literacy,” Explorations 1 (1953): 117–27Google Scholar.

44 Arenberg, Meg, “Swahili Poetry’s Digital Geographies: WhatsApp and the Forming of Cultural Space,” Postcolonial Text 15.3–4 (2020): 124 Google Scholar.

45 Jodi, Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.

46 Srnicek, Nick, Platform Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020), 6 Google Scholar.

47 Adenekan, African Literature in the Digital Age, 14.

48 Adenekan, African Literature in the Digital Age, 6.

49 Karppi, Tero et al., “Affective Capitalism: Investments and Investigations.” Ephemera 16.4 (2016): 113 Google Scholar.

50 Zuboff, Shoshana, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology 30.1 (2015): 7589 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51 Moretti, Franco, Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History (London: Verso Books, 2007)Google Scholar.

52 Piper, Andrew, Enumerations: Data and Literary Study (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019), 2Google Scholar

53 See Jeyifo, Biodun, “Okonkwo and His Mother: Things Fall Apart and Issues of Gender in the Constitution of African Postcolonial Discourse,” Callaloo, 16.4 (1993): 847–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

54 Jeyifo, “Okonkwo and His Mother,” 848.

55 Of course, this point is already in the know, but the example, which less significantly relates to my main thesis on data colonialism, is intended to show the supplementary dimensions of distant reading as an additional method for African literary studies.

56 Underwood, Ted, Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 2019, xx CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 Scott Khusner, “Comparative Non-Literature and Everyday Digital Textuality,” The 2014–2015 Report on the State of the Discipline of Comparative Literature, April 18, 2015 (https://stateofthediscipline.acla.org/entry/comparative-non-literature-and-everyday-digital-textuality-0).

58 N. Katherine Hayles, “Electronic Literature: What Is It?? The Electronic Literature Organization, January 2, 2007 (http://www.eliterature.org/pad/elp.html).

59 James Rue, “The Future of Poetry in the Digital Era-Instapoetry and Remediation,” (thesis, Utrecht University, 2019).