1 This is a revised version of a paper first presented at the African Literature Association in Bayreuth, Germany, in June 2015. My gratitude to Kwaku Korang, ALA Executive Council member, for organizing this panel on behalf of the ALA. His brief charge written to the panelists was weighty and thought-provoking. A note on “post-global” with a hyphen. I employ this to polemically call attention to chronological supersession, with its potential to engender energetic debate. I have, however, in my elaborations strongly privileged a historico-conceptual understanding now more conventionally represented without a hyphen.

2 I have historicized aspects of the problematic and the transformation in an essay, “African Cultural Studies: Of Travels, Accents, and Epistemologies,” Rethinking African Cultural Production, eds. Ken Harrow and Frieda Ekotto (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015), 94–108. See also my presidential address at the African Literature Association annual meeting at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, “African Literature Is Doing Well, Thank You. But Is African Literary Studies?” African Literature Association Newsletter 1.1 (2014): 1–6 Google Scholar.

3 Now older pieces better capture the energy of the moment. See my “On ‘Post-Colonial Discourse’: An Introduction,” On “Post-Colonial Discourse”: A Special Issue: Callaloo 16.4 (Fall 1993): 743–49; and “Postmodernity, Postcoloniality, and African Studies,” Postmodernism, Postcoloniality, and African Studies, ed. Zine Magubane (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2003), 39–60.

4 Deaglio, Mario, Postglobal (Roma: Editori Laterza, 2004; no English translation)Google Scholar. See the useful review of Deaglio by Lucia Re in Jura Gentium: Rivista di filosofia del diritto internazionale e della politica globale 2005. http://www.juragentium.org/books/it/deaglio.htm.

5 Lopez, Alfred J., “’Everybody else Just Living Their Lives’: 9/11, Race and the New Postglobal Literature,” Patterns of Prejudice 42.4–5 (2008): 509–529 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 509.

6 “In my view, the United States and the Soviet Union form the first world. Japan, Europe and Canada, the middle section, belong to the second world. We are the third world. . . . With the exception of Japan, Asia belongs to the third world. The whole of Africa belongs to the third world, and Latin America too.” Zedong, Mao, “Chairman Mao’s Theory of the Differentiation of the Three Worlds Is a Major Contribution to Marxism-Leninism,” Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), November 1, 1977 Google Scholar. Reprinted in pamphlet form in English by Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1977. https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-5/theory-3-worlds/section1.htm.

Worsley’s, Peter The Three Worlds: Culture and Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984)Google Scholar is a contextually thoughtful sociological study of the idea of the tripartite division of the world reigning then.

7 Two excellent studies of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) formed in Belgrade in 1961 are Mohammed, Bala, Africa and Nonalignment: A Study in the Foreign Relations of New Nations (Kano: Triumph, 1978)Google Scholar; and Willetts, Peter, The Non-Aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance (New York: Nichols, 1978)Google Scholar.

8 The sociologist Martin Albrow tried admirably to underscore the global dependence on the assumption of a decentered nation-state. See his The Global Age: State and Society Beyond Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). On studies of sovereignty in Africa and generally, see Englebert, Pierre, Africa: Unity, Sovereignty, and Sorrow (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009)Google Scholar; Kalmo, Hent and Skinner, Quentin, Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar; and Grimm, Dieter, Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept, trans. Belinda Cooper (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

9 See the useful volumes, Cohen, Tom, ed., Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol. 1 (Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Sussman, Henry, ed., Impasses of the Post-Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol. 2. (Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

10 My gratitude to the thoughtful peer reviewers of this article.

11 There are so many useful historical studies out there. I have benefitted from Hunt, Lynn, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: Norton, 2008)Google Scholar and Donnelly, Jack, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice 3e (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013)Google Scholar. See also Moyn, Samuel, The Last Utopia. Human Rights in History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

12 On the state in Africa and generally, see these summative and cogent studies: Young, Crawford M., The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Davidson, Basil, The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation State, (New York: Random House, 1992)Google Scholar; Mbembe, Achille, On The Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)Google Scholar; and Bourdieu, Pierre, On the State (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

13 See Thiong’o, Ngugi Wa, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (London: Heinemann, 1986)Google Scholar.

14 See Barkan, Sandra, “Emerging Definitions of African Literature,” African Literature Studies: The Present State/L’Etat Present, ed. S. Arnold (Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1985), 26–46 Google Scholar.

15 This is the ground invented by and on which African Marxist criticism of African literature stood. Any reading, of course, is “ideological,” but it was Marxist criticism that became synonymous with “ideological” criticism beginning from the 1970s. See, for instance, Thiong’o’s, Ngugi wa Writers in Politics: Essays (London: Heinemann, 1981)Google Scholar and Jeyifo’s, Biodun The Truthful Lie: Essays in a Sociology of African Drama (London: New Beacon Books, 1985)Google Scholar. The classic magisterial text, however, is Omafume Onoge’s “The Crisis of Consciousness in Modern African Literature,” Marxism and African Literature, ed. Georg Gugelberger (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1985 [article written in 1974]), 21–49. The lasting advantage of this “ideological” criticism is now evident in the generalized awareness of the partiality of every point of view and the questioning of the position from which every view is uttered. Feminist criticism of African literature benefitted richly from it. See, for instance, Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara, Recreating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994)Google Scholar, and Davis, Carole Boyce and Graves, Anne Adams, Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986)Google Scholar. The effectiveness of the deployment of ideological awareness or critique today does not depend on knowing much about its conceptual subtleties in Marxist criticism whether generally or in African literary studies in particular.